We thank Michelle Goody, PhD, from Edanz Group (https://en-author-services.edanzgroup.com/) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

All animal experimental protocols were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jichi Medical University and were performed in accordance with the Use and Care of Experimental Animals guidelines from the Jichi Medical University Guide for Laboratory Animals.
1. The sham surgery
<ol>
	<li>Prepare the following items: isoflurane, cork sheet, depilatory cream, laboratory wipes, Petri dish with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 4-0 nylon, tweezers, surgical scissors, cotton swabs, and 8-week-ol...

<ol>
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W., Oris, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+commercially-available+automated+and+manual+extraction+kits+for+the+isolation+of+total+RNA+from+small+tissue+samples.">A comparison of commercially-available automated and manual extraction kits for the isolation of total RNA from small tissue samples.</a> BMC Biotechnology. 14, 94 (2014).</li><li>Mestdagh, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+quantitative+miRNA+expression+platforms+in+the+microRNA+quality+control+(miRQC)+study.">Evaluation of quantitative miRNA expression platforms in the microRNA quality control (miRQC) study.</a> Nature Methods. 11 (8), 809-815 (2014).</li><li>Kang, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+real-time+PCR+assay+of+microRNAs+using+S-Poly(T),+a+specific+oligo(dT)+reverse+transcription+primer+with+excellent+sensitivity+and+specificity.">A novel real-time PCR assay of microRNAs using S-Poly(T), a specific oligo(dT) reverse transcription primer with excellent sensitivity and specificity.</a> PLoS One. 7 (11), 48536 (2012).</li><li>Lv, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+potential+of+microRNAs+for+the+treatment+of+renal+fibrosis+and+CKD.">Therapeutic potential of microRNAs for the treatment of renal fibrosis and CKD.</a> Physiological Genomics. 50 (1), 20-34 (2018).</li><li>Liu, S. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C/EBP+homologous+protein+(CHOP)+deficiency+ameliorates+renal+fibrosis+in+unilateral+ureteral+obstructive+kidney+disease.">C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) deficiency ameliorates renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstructive kidney disease.</a> Oncotarget. 7 (16), 21900-21912 (2016).</li><li>Buchtler, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+Origin+and+Functional+Relevance+of+Collagen+I+Production+in+the+Kidney.">Cellular Origin and Functional Relevance of Collagen I Production in the Kidney.</a> Journal of the American Society Nephrology. 29 (7), 1859-1873 (2018).</li><li>Bustin, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MIQE+guidelines:+minimum+information+for+publication+of+quantitative+real-time+PCR+experiments.">The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments.</a> Clinical Chemistry. 55 (4), 611-622 (2009).</li><li>Rao, X., Huang, X., Zhou, Z., Lin, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improvement+of+the+2^(-delta+delta+CT)+method+for+quantitative+real-time+polymerase+chain+reaction+data+analysis.">An improvement of the 2^(-delta delta CT) method for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data analysis.</a> Biostatics Bioinformatics and Biomathematics. 3 (3), 71-85 (2013).</li><li>Chevalier, R. L., Forbes, M. S., Thornhill, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ureteral+obstruction+as+a+model+of+renal+interstitial+fibrosis+and+obstructive+nephropathy.">Ureteral obstruction as a model of renal interstitial fibrosis and obstructive nephropathy.</a> Kidney International. 75 (11), 1145-1152 (2009).</li><li>Radonic, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guideline+to+reference+gene+selection+for+quantitative+real-time+PCR.">Guideline to reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 313 (4), 856-862 (2004).</li><li>Zubakov, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MicroRNA+markers+for+forensic+body+fluid+identification+obtained+from+microarray+screening+and+quantitative+RT-PCR+confirmation.">MicroRNA markers for forensic body fluid identification obtained from microarray screening and quantitative RT-PCR confirmation.</a> International Journal of Legal Medicine. 124 (3), 217-226 (2010).</li><li>Brazma, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimum+information+about+a+microarray+experiment+(MIAME)-toward+standards+for+microarray+data.">Minimum information about a microarray experiment (MIAME)-toward standards for microarray data.</a> Nature Genetics. 29 (4), 365-371 (2001).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

The above-described protocol with qRT-PCR successfully determined the expression levels of the targeted miRNAs. The assessment of extracted miRNAs is important when seeking to obtain meaningful qRT-PCR data, and in order to confirm the quality of the miRNAs before performing the qRT-PCR, the ratio of absorbance at 260 nm to that at 280 nm should be checked with a spectrophotometer. If a single PCR amplification of the expected length and melting temperature or a monomodal melting curve cannot be obtained by qRT-PCR, ther...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs)&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;the short, noncoding RNAs that cause the degradation and transcriptional inhibition of messenger RNA (mRNA)1&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;have been shown to regulate the expression of various mRNAs that have crucial roles in both physiology and disease (e.g., inflammation, fibrosis, metabolic disorders, and cancer). Some of the miRNAs may therefore be candidate novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for a variety of diseases2,3,4,5. Although miRNA expression profiles in mouse organs and tissues including brain, heart, lung, liver, and kidney have been described6,7,8,9,10, there have been no standard methods for the extraction and evaluation of miRNAs in mouse kidney with renal interstitial fibrosis.
We have designed a protocol to reliably purify and detect the expressions of miRNAs in the kidneys of mice with renal interstitial fibrosis. The protocol involves five main steps, as follows. (1) 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice are divided into groups of mice that undergo a sham-operation (controls) and mice that are subjected to a surgery providing unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), which is linked to renal interstitial fibrosis. (2) Kidney samples are extracted from the sham and UUO mice, homogenized separately in a silicon homogenizer, and then transferred to a biopolymer-shredding system on a microcentrifuge spin column11,12. (3) The total RNA containing miRNA is extracted from the kidney samples by a silica membrane-based spin column12,13. (4) Using this extracted total RNA, complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized from the total RNA with the use of reverse transcriptase, poly(A) polymerase, and oligo-dT primer14,15. (5) The expressions of miRNAs are evaluated by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using an intercalating dye14,15.
This protocol is based on investigations that obtained meaningful extractions and evaluations of miRNAs in a variety of tissues11,12,13,14,15, and the biopolymer-shredding system used in the protocol was shown to purify high-quality, total RNA from tissues in 200612. In addition, prior studies have confirmed the accuracy and sensitivity of aspects of the protocol (i.e., the cDNA synthesis with reverse transcriptase, poly(A) polymerase, and oligo-dT primers from extracted total RNA) for the determination of miRNA expression by qRT-PCR with an intercalating dye14,15. Since the new protocol has the advantages of simplicity, time-saving, and the reduction of technical errors, the protocol can be used in research that requires the accurate and sensitive identification of the miRNA profile in mouse kidney. Moreover, the protocol could be applied to investigations of many pathological conditions.
We next describe the determination of the miRNA expression profiles in mice with UUO, which is linked to renal interstitial fibrosis. In humans, renal interstitial fibrosis is a common and important feature of both chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease, regardless of their etiology16,17. This renal interstitial fibrosis is associated with the progression of renal failure, and it is characterized by increased expressions of extracellular matrix components in the interstitial spaces (e.g., collagen, fibronectin, and &#945;-smooth muscle actin)17,18.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>79216</td>
			<td>Wash buffer 2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>1067933</td>
			<td>Wash buffer 1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tokyo Laboratory Animals Science</td>
			<td>Not assigned</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4316813</td>
			<td>96-well reaction plate</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4311971</td>
			<td>Adhesive film for 96-well reaction plate</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>MS00001701</td>
			<td>5&#39;-UUAAUGCUAAUUGUGAUAGGGGU-3&#39;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>MS00065141</td>
			<td>5&#39;-UUACACUCCAGUGGUGUCGGGU-3&#39;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>MS00068067</td>
			<td>5&#39;-UGCAGGGUUUAGUGUAGAGGG-3&#39;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>MS00068081</td>
			<td>5&#39;-UGUGUUAGAGCUCAGGGUUGAGA-3&#39;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>217004</td>
			<td>Membrane anchored spin column in a 2.0 mL collection tube</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>218161</td>
			<td>Reverse transcriptase kit</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>218073</td>
			<td>Green dye-based PCR kit</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>79654</td>
			<td>Biopolymer spin columns in a 2.0 mL collection tube</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>79306</td>
			<td>Phenol/guanidine-based lysis reagent</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4472380</td>
			<td>Real-time PCR instrument</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4472380</td>
			<td>Real-time PCR instrument software</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>129112</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>MS00033740</td>
			<td>Not disclosed</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Takara Bio</td>
			<td>9790B</td>
			<td>Silicon homogenizer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ASKUL</td>
			<td>GA04SW</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AS ONE</td>
			<td>ER1004NA45-KF2,62 -9968-32</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantitative real-time pcr evaluation of microrna expressions in mouse kidney with unilateral ureteral obstruction

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single stranded, non-coding RNA molecules that typically regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding to partially complementary target sites in the 3&#39; untranslated region (UTR) of messenger RNA (mRNA), which reduces the mRNA&#39;s translation and stability. The miRNA expression profiles in various organs and tissues of mice have been investigated, but standard methods for the purification and quantification of miRNA in mouse kidney have not been available. We have established an effective and reliable method for extracting and evaluating miRNA expression in mouse kidney with renal interstitial fibrosis by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The protocol required five steps: (1) creation of sham and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) mice; (2) extraction of kidney samples from the UUO mice; (3) extraction of total RNA, which includes miRNA, from the kidney samples; (4) complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis with reverse transcription from miRNA; and (5) qRT-PCR using the cDNA. Using this protocol, we successfully confirmed that compared to the controls, the expression of miRNA-3070-3p was significantly increased and those of miRNA-7218-5p and miRNA-7219-5p were significantly decreased in the kidneys of a mouse model of renal interstitial fibrosis. This protocol can be used to determine the miRNA expression in the kidneys of mice with UUO.

A UUO mouse model was created by left ureteral ligation as described21 in 8-week-old male mice weighing 20&#8211;25 g. Ureters were completely obstructed by double ligation with 4-0 silk sutures. An analgesic (meloxicam 5 mg/kg, subcutaneous injection) was administered before surgery and also daily on the 2 days post-surgery. At 8 days post-surgery, kidneys were collected, rinsed with PBS, dissected, and stored in liquid nitrogen for further analysis. Sham-operated mice served as controls. The dou...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Real-Time PCR Evaluation of microRNA Expressions in Mouse Kidney with Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction at JoVE.com

Quantitative Real-Time PCR Evaluation of microRNA Expressions in Mouse Kidney with Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

We describe a method for evaluating the microRNA expression in the kidneys of mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. This protocol is suitable for studying kidney microRNA expression profiles in mice with UUO and in the context of other pathological conditions.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single stranded, non-coding RNA molecules that typically regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by binding to ...

This method makes it possible to provide microRNA expression in kidneys of mice with a wide range of pathological conditions, such as renal fibrosis. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables microRNA expression profiling with high accuracy and sensitivity by using a simple process that saves time and prevents technical error. To perform the sham surgery, use surgical scissors and tweezers to make an incision in the skin at the abdomen and cut the muscle and peritoneal membrane from the bladder to the left lower edge of the ribs.Moisten two cotton swabs with PBS and carefully pull the intestines to the side. Place the moistened swabs to identify the left kidney and ureter. Close the peritoneal membrane and then the incision with 4-0 nylon.To perform the unilateral urethral obstruction, or UUO, make an incision in the skin at the abdomen and cut the muscle and peritoneal membrane as demonstrated for the sham surgery. Place a 2.5-milliliter syringe underneath the mouse. Moisten two cotton swabs with PBS, then pull the intestines carefully to the side with the tweezers and place the swabs to identify the left ureter.Use the tweezers to lift the left kidney. Use 4-0 silk to ligate the left ureter in two places approximately one centimeter apart. Cut the ureter at the center point of the two ligations and then use 4-0 nylon sutures to close the peritoneal membrane and incision.After cutting the peritoneal membrane, as previously demonstrated, lift it with tweezers and use surgical scissors to make a sideways incision at the upper edge, then continue the incision along the lowest edge of the ribs. Identify the left kidney and reflux it with PBS until the kidney turns yellow-white. Remove the kidney by cutting the left renal artery and vein with the surgical scissors and place it in a Petri dish, then wash it carefully with PBS.Cut the kidney into approximately 10-milligram samples with the surgical scissors and tweezers, put each piece of the kidney in its own 1.5-milliliter microcentrifuge tube and close the tube's cap. Put a kidney sample in the silicone homogenizer and add 700 microliters of a phenyl/guanidine-based lysis reagent. Slowly press and twist the homogenizer's pestle against the kidney sample to homogenize it.Repeat the pressing and twisting until the sample is completely dissolved in the lysis reagent. To further homogenize the sample, transfer the homogenized lysate to the biopolymer spin column and spin it at 14, 000 times G for three minutes, then transfer the precipitated lysate to an unused 1.5-milliliter microcentrifuge tube. Combine the lysate in the tube with 140 microliters of chloroform and cap the tube tightly.To mix the lysate and chloroform, invert the tube 15 times. Incubate the samples for two to three minutes at room temperature, then spin them at 12, 000 times G for 15 minutes at four degrees Celsius. Without disturbing the precipitate, transfer the supernatant to a new 1.5-milliliter microcentrifuge tube, and add 1.5 times its volume of 100%ethanol.Vortex the mixture for five seconds. Load 700 microliters of the sample onto a membrane-anchored spin column in a two-milliliter collection tube. Close the column cap and spin the column at 15, 000 times G for 15 seconds, then throw away the precipitated lysate in the collection tube.Wash the sample thoroughly by adding 700 microliters of wash buffer one to the membrane anchored spin column in a two-milliliter collection tube. Then repeat the centrifugation and throw away the collection tube. Repeat the wash twice with 500 microliters of wash buffer two per wash.After the last wash, spin the membrane-anchored spin column in a two-milliliter collection tube at 15, 000 times G for one minute and throw away the precipitated lysate. Transfer the membrane-anchored spin column to a new 1.5-milliliter tube. Dissolve the total RNA by adding 30 microliters of RNase-free water to the column, close the column cap, and leave it for five minutes at room temperature.Then spin the column at 15, 000 times G for one minute. Transfer the sample containing total RNA to a new microcentrifuge tube on ice, and measure the concentration of total RNA by spectrophotometry. Prepare a master mix solution according to the manuscript directions and add eight microliters to each tube of an eight-well tube strip.After adjusting the total RNA density, place a 12-microliter aliquot of total RNA into each tube and close the cap. Centrifuge the tubes for 15 seconds. Put the tubes in the thermocycler and incubate them for 60 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius.When finished, immediately incubate them for five minutes at 95 degrees Celsius for the synthesis of cDNA. Transfer the cDNA into a new 1.5-milliliter microcentrifuge tube and dilute it 10 times with distilled water. Vortex and centrifuge the tube for five seconds, then perform quantitative real-time PCR, as described in the text manuscript.This protocol was used to create a unilateral urethral obstruction mouse model via left ureteral ligation in eight week old male mice weighing 20 to 25 grams. Ureters were completely obstructed by double ligation with 4-0 silk sutures. Kidneys were collected at eight days post surgery.The microRNA qRT-PCR data indicated that the level of microRNA 3070-3p was significantly increased and the levels of microRNA, 7218-5p and microRNA 7219-5p were decreased in the kidneys of the UUO mice compared to the controls. When attempting this protocol, remember to repeat twisting the kidney sample until it is completely dissolved in phenyl/guanidine-based lysis reagent to achieve a good RNA extraction.

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6.1K Görüntüleme.  Jichi Medical University. Bu yöntem, böbrek fibrozisi gibi çok çeşitli patolojik rahatsızlıkları olan farelerin böbreklerinde mikroRNA ekspresyonu sağlamayı mümkün kılmasıdır. Bu tekniğin en büyük avantajı, zaman kazandırır ve teknik hatayı önleyen basit bir işlem kullanarak mikroRNA ifade profillemesini yüksek doğruluk ve hassasiyetle mümkün kılmasını sağlamasıdır. Sahte cerrahi gerçekleştirmek için, karın deride bir kesi yapmak ve kaburga sol alt kenarına mesane kas ve periton...