Yazarlar, bay Ray Lee, Bay HC Leung ve Bay Wallace So'ya ışık kaynağı ve toz oytucusu yapma konusundaki nazik yardımları için teşekkür etmek istiyor; ve hayvan görüntüleme yardımı için Fakülte Çekirdek Tesisi. Çalışma, Hong Kong Araştırma Hibe Konseyi (17300319) tarafından desteklendi.

Bu çalışmada yapılan deneyler, Hong Kong Üniversitesi Öğretim ve Araştırma için Canlı Hayvanların Kullanımı Komitesi (CULATR) tarafından onaylanmıştır. Luciferaz messenger RNA'nın (mRNA), %5 sentetik peptit PEG12KL4'ünü ve mannitolün %94,5'ini (w/w) içeren sprey dondurma kurutma (SFD) ile hazırlanan kuru toz formülasyonları akciğerde mRNA ekspresyonunun16. SFD tozunun kütle ortanca aerodinamik çapı (MMAD) 2,4 μm'dir. Sprey kurutulmuş (SD) mannitol tozu, toz dağılımında kullanılan hava hacminin etkisini araştırmak için kullanılır16. SD tozunun MMAD'si 1,5 μm'dir.
1. Kuru toz insufflator imalatı ve kuru tozun yüklenmesi
<ol><li>(İsteğe bağlı) Kuru tozun statik yüklerini (bir şişede) ve 200 μL filtresiz yuvarlak jel yükleme pipet ucunu nötralize edin. Üreticinin talimatına göre anti-statik bir top veya deiyonizasyon işlevine sahip bir terazi kullanın.</li>
	<li>Yaklaşık 4 cm x 4 cm büyüklüğünde bir tartım kağıdı hazırlayın. Kağıdı çapraz olarak ikiye katlayın ve açın.</li>
	<li>Tartım kağıdında 1-2 mg kuru toz ağırlığındadır.</li>
	<li>Jel yükleme pipet ucunu ucun daha geniş açıklığı boyunca tozla doldurun. Toz, ucun dar ucuna yakın gevşek aglomeralar oluşturana kadar tozu paketlemek için hafifçe dokunun (Şekil 1A). Toz dağılımını engelleyebileceğinden tozu çok sıkı paketlemekten kaçının.</li>
	<li>Toz yüklü ucu üç yönlü bir stopcock aracılığıyla 1 mL şırındıya bağlayın (Şekil 1B). Şırındın boyutu tozu dağıtmak için kullanılan hava hacmine göre değiştirilebilir. Tozun dökülmesini önlemek için bağlantı sırasında ucu ve şırınnayı dikey olarak tutun. Uygulama hemen yapılmazsa, ucun açıklıklarını kapatmak için parafilm kullanın ve idareye kadar geçici olarak uygun durumda saklayın.</li>
</ol>2. Entübasyon cihazının imalatı
<ol><li>Işık kaynağı (Şekil 2)<ol>
<li>Işık yayan diyot (LED) torcu ve 0,8-1 mm çapında esnek bir optik fiber ile özel yapım bir ışık kaynağı hazırlayın.</li>
		<li>Led torcunun net lensine bir el matkabı veya matkap ucu ile ortalanmış bir delik yapın, böylece optik fiber zar zor geçebilir.</li>
		<li>Optik fiberi delikten geçirin. Optik fiberin diğer ucundaki maksimum parlaklık için yerleştirmenin konumunu ve derinliğini ayarlamak için LED torcu kapatın.</li>
		<li>Optik fiberi net epoksi tutkal ile yerine yapıştırın.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Kılavuzak canül (Şekil 3)<ol>
<li>1 mL plastik Pasteur pipet (Şekil 3A) alın ve pipeti her iki ucunda tutun.</li>
		<li>Pipet ortasını alevin 5-10 cm üzerine yerleştirerek ısıtmak için bir alkol lambası (veya Bunsen brülörü gibi laboratuvardaki diğer ısı kaynakları) kullanın (Şekil 3B). Pipetleri eşit şekilde ısıtıldığından emin olmak için döndürün.</li>
		<li>Plastik yumuşak ve deforme olduğunda, pipeti alevden uzaklaştırın ve pipeti hafifçe uzatın.</li>
		<li>Ortadaki gerilmiş pipetleri bir çift makasla A ve Bölüm B'ye kesin (Şekil 3C-E). Bölüm A'yı ince uç pipet, Bölüm B'yi ise yol gösterici bir kaval kemiği olarak kullanın. Kılavuz ampul ile başarılı entübasyon şansını artırmak için, Bölüm B'nin sonunda(Şekil 3F)bir eğim yapın (hayvanın yaralanma riskini artırabilecek çok keskin değil). Kılavuz kanüle 200 μL jel yükleme pipet ucu (toz yükleme için) yerleştirildiğinde, kanülü 1-2 mm çıkıntı yapmalıdır. NOT: Entübasyon için uygun boyuta (iç ve dış çap) sahip kılavuz bir kanül (Bölüm B), içine 21 kalibrelik bir iğne sığabilirken, 17 kalibrelik bir iğnenin içine de sığabilir. Uygun boyuta ulaşmak için pipetlerin gerilmesinde birden fazla girişim gerekebilir.</li>
		<li>(İsteğe bağlı): Optik fiberi tutmanın daha kolay olması için daha esnek hale getirmek için kılavuz kolayın geniş ucunda küçük bir açıklık kesin (Şekil 3F). Bu açıklık ayrıca sıvı aerosolun yönetimi için bir mikrosprayer takılmasına izin verir.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. Entübasyon
<ol><li>Fareyi (BALB/c, 7-9 hafta) ketamin (100 mg/kg) ve ksilazin (10 mg/kg) ile intraperitoneal enjeksiyonla uyuşturun.</li>
	<li>Pleksiglastan yapılmış bir platform hazırlayın ve bir kelepçe ile bir standa monte etmenin (Şekil 4A). Anestezi edilmiş fareyi platforma (yaklaşık 60° eğimde) bir destek pozisyonunda yerleştirin. Platformun eğim yüksekliği ve açısı, standın üzerindeki kelepçenin konumuna göre ayarlanabilir.</li>
	<li>Kesici dişlerini naylon bir diş ipi üzerine bağlayarak fareyi askıya alın (Şekil 4B). Farenin konumunu bir bant parçası veya lastik bantla sabitleyin.</li>
	<li>Optik fiberi, kılavuz kanülün açılmasıyla fiber seviyesinin ucuyla entübasyondan önce kılavuz kanüle yerleştirin. Aydınlatmak için LED torcu açın.</li>
	<li>Nefes nefese bırakmak için farenin dilini bir çift asa ile hafifçe çıkıntılayın.</li>
	<li>Diğer yandan, içinde optik fiber olan kılavuzlu canülleri tutmak için kullanın. Ağız boşluğundan yerleştirin. Optik fiberden gelen aydınlatma ile nefes borusunun açılması ses telleri arasında bir delik olarak görselleştirilebilir.</li>
	<li>Kılavuz canüllerin eğimini açıklığın orta çizgisine doğru hizalayın (Şekil 5A). Trakeal açıklığındaki canülün en iyi ucunu hedef alarak kılavuzlu kanolü optik fiberle nefes borusuna hafifçe entübe edin.</li>
	<li>Entübasyon üzerine, optik fiberi hızla çıkarın ve kılavuz damarı nefes borusunun içinde bırakın (Şekil 5B). Normal bir solunum gözlenmelidir.</li>
	<li>Kılavuzlu kaval kemiğinin (Bölüm A) açılışında ince uç pipetini (Bölüm A) tutun ve farenin akciğerine küçük bir hava kabarcığım (yaklaşık 0,2 mL) insufflate edin. Farenin göğsünde hafif bir enflasyon uygun entübasyonu gösterir. İnce uç pipetini toz uygulamadan önce çıkarın.</li>
</ol>4. Toz yönetimi
<ol><li>Şırınna bağlı toz yüklü ucu adım 1.5'te açıklandığı gibi tutun. Şırınd ile uç arasındaki hava akışının kesildiğini sağlayın.</li>
	<li>Şırınd pistonu geriye doğru çekerek 0,6 mL havayı geri çekin. NOT: Tozu dağıtmak için kullanılan hava hacmi tozun özelliklerine ve yüklenen toz miktarına bağlıdır. Bu, sonuç bölümünde daha ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır.</li>
	<li>Şırıngam ile toz yüklü uç arasındaki hava akışını bağlamak için üç yönlü stopcock'un vanasını çevirin.</li>
	<li>Toz yüklü ucu farenin nefes borusuna yerleştirilmiş kılavuz kanüle yerleştirin (Şekil 5C). Kılavuz kanül tutun ve tozu aerosol olarak akciğere dağıtmak için şırıngan pistonu tek bir sürekli eylemde zorla itin. NOT: Hayvanın yaralanmasını önlemek için cihazın ileriye doğru hareketi en aza indirilmelidir.</li>
	<li>Ucu çıkarın ve ucun içindeki tozun boşaltılıp boşaltıldığını kontrol edin. Değilse, 4.1 ile 4.4 arasında olan adımı yineleyin. NOT: Toz aşırı dokunma nedeniyle çok sıkı paketlenmişse, düzgün dağıtılamayabilir.</li>
	<li>Yönetim tamamlandıktan sonra, kılavuzlu mayayı nefes borusundan çıkarın.</li>
	<li>Farenin, hava yollarının tıkanmasını önlemek için dilinin yarısı çıkıntılı bir şekilde yatay olarak konumlandırarak iyileşmesine izin verin.</li>
</ol>

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Yazarların açıklayacak çıkar çatışmaları yoktur.

Bu yazıda kuru toz insufflation ve intratrakial entübasyon için özel yapım cihazlar sunulmuştur. Toz yükleme adımında, kuru toz 200 μL jel yükleme pipet ucuna yüklenir. Ucun dar ucunda gevşek toz paketlemeye izin vermek için uca hafifçe dokunmak önemlidir. Bununla birlikte, toz çok sıkı paketlenirse, ucuna sıkışırlar ve düzgün bir şekilde dağılamazlar. Özellikle düşük yoğunluklu ve düşük bağıl nemde toz yüklemesini kolaylaştırmak için tozun ve pipet ucunun statik yüklerinin nöt...

Pulmoner uygulama yolu, hem lokal hem de sistemik eylemler için terapötiklerin sağlanmasında çeşitli faydalar sunmaktadır. Akciğer hastalıklarının tedavisi için, pulmoner doğumla yüksek lokal ilaç konsantrasyonu elde edilebilir, böylece gerekli doz azaltılabilir ve sistemik yan etkilerin insidansı düşürülebilir. Ayrıca, akciğerdeki nispeten düşük enzimamatik aktiviteler erken ilaç metabolizmasını azaltabilir. Akciğerler ayrıca büyük ve iyi perfüzyonlu yüzey alanı, son derece ince epitel hücre tabakası ve pulmoner kılcal damarlardaki yüksek kan hacmi nedeniyle sistemik etki için ilaç emilimi için de etkilidir1.
Solunan kuru toz formülasyonları astım, kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı, diabetes mellitus ve pulmoner aşılama 2,3 ,4gibi çeşitli hastalıkların önlenmesi ve tedavisi için yaygın olarak araştırılmıştır. Katı durumdaki ilaçlar genellikle sıvı formda olduğundan daha kararlıdır ve kuru toz inhalatörleri nebülizörlerden daha taşınabilir ve kullanıcı dostudur5,6. Solunan kuru toz formülasyonlarının geliştirilmesinde, pulmoner uygulamadan sonra preklinik hayvan modellerinde güvenlik, farmakokinetik profil ve terapötik etkinliğin değerlendirilmesi gerekir7. Kuru tozu aktif olarak soluyabilen insanların aksine, kuru tozun küçük hayvanlara pulmoner teslimatı zordur. Hayvanların akciğerlerine kuru toz teslim etmek için verimli bir protokol oluşturmak gerekir.
Fareler, ekonomik oldukları ve iyi üredikleri için araştırma hayvanı modelleri olarak yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca kullanımı kolaydır ve birçok hastalık modeli iyi kurulmuştur. Kuru tozu farenin akciğerine uygulamak için iki ana yaklaşım vardır: soluma ve intratrakiyeal uygulama. Soluma için, fare kuru tozun aerosolleştirildiği ve hayvanların sakinleştirilmeden aerosolde nefes aldığı tüm vücut veya sadece burun odasına yerleştirilir8,9. Pahalı ekipman gereklidir ve ilaç dağıtım verimliliği düşüktür. Tüm vücut odası teknik olarak daha az zorlu olsa da, sadece burun maruziyet odası ilaçların vücut yüzeyine maruz kalmasını en aza indirebilir. Ne olursa olsun, akciğerlere teslim edilen dozu hassas bir şekilde kontrol etmek ve belirlemek hala zordur. Kuru toz esas olarak mukozal boşluğun belirgin olduğu nazofarenks bölgesinde biriktirilir10. Ayrıca, odanın içindeki fareler yönetim sürecinde önemli bir stres altındadır, çünkü kısıtlanmış ve yiyecek ve su temininden mahrumdurlar11. Intratraseral uygulama için, genellikle maddenin doğrudan nefes borusuna girmesini ifade eder. Bunu başarmak için iki farklı teknik vardır: trakeotomi ve orotrakeal entübasyon. Birincisi, trakeada bir kesi yapan cerrahi bir prosedür gerektirir, bu da invazivdir ve nadiren toz uygulama için kullanılır. Burada sadece ikinci teknik açıklanmıştır. Soluma yöntemi ile karşılaştırıldığında, intratrakiel uygulama, minimum ilaç kaybı ile yüksek teslimat verimliliği nedeniyle farede pulmoner doğum için daha yaygın kullanılan yöntemdir12,13. Fareye birkaç miligram içinde az miktarda toz teslim etmek basit ve hızlı bir yöntemdir. Fare anatomik ve fizyolojik olarak insanlara farklı olmasına ve entübasyon işlemi sırasında anestezi yapılması gerekmesine rağmen, intratrakimyasal uygulama üst solunum yollarını atlar ve pulmoner emilim, biyoyararlanım ve terapötik etkiler gibi kuru toz formülasyonunun biyolojik aktivitelerini değerlendirmek için daha etkili bir yol sunar14,15.
Kuru tozu intratrakisel olarak uygulamak için, farenin entübe edilmesi gerekir, bu da zor olabilir. Bu yazıda, özel yapım kuru toz insufflator ve entübasyon cihazının imalatı açıklanmıştır. Farenin akciğerinde kuru tozun entübasyon ve insufflation işlemleri gösterilmiştir.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BALB/c mouse</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Female; 7-9 weeks old; Body weight 20-25 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CleanCap Firefly Luciferase mRNA</td>
			<td>TriLink Biotechnology</td>
			<td>L-7602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry Powder Insufflator</td>
			<td>PennCentury</td>
			<td>Model DP-4M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine 10%</td>
			<td>Alfasan International B.V.</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light emitting diode (LED) torch</td>
			<td>Unilite Internation</td>
			<td>PS-K1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mannitol (Pearlitol 160C)</td>
			<td>Roquette</td>
			<td>450001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-filter round gel loading pipette tip (200 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Labcon</td>
			<td>1034-800-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon floss</td>
			<td>Reach</td>
			<td>30017050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>One milliliter syringe without needle</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SS-01T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical fibre</td>
			<td>Fibre Data</td>
			<td>OMPF1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEG12KL4 peptide</td>
			<td>EZ Biolab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>(PEG12)-KLLLLKLLLLKLLLLKLLLLK-NH2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic Pasteur fine tip pipette</td>
			<td>Alpha Labotatories</td>
			<td>LW4061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Three-way stopcock</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>D201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine 2%</td>
			<td>Alfasan International B.V.</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zerostat 3 anti-static gun</td>
			<td>MILTY</td>
			<td>5036694022153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intratracheal administration of dry powder formulation in mice

Solunabilir kuru toz formülasyonlarının geliştirilmesinde, biyolojik faaliyetlerini preklinik hayvan modellerinde değerlendirmek esastır. Bu makale, farelerde kuru toz formülasyonunun intratraskial teslimatının noninvaziv bir yöntemini tanıtmaktadır. Üç yönlü bir stopcock aracılığıyla 1 mL şırındıya bağlı 200 μL jel yükleme pipet ucundan oluşan kuru toz yükleme cihazı sunulur. Pipet ucuna az miktarda kuru toz (1-2 mg) yüklenir ve şırınnada 0,6 mL hava ile dağılır. Pipet uçları tek kullanımlık ve ucuz olduğundan, farklı kuru toz formülasyonları önceden farklı uçlara yüklenebilir. Çeşitli formülasyonlar, cihaz temizliği ve doz doldurma olmadan aynı hayvan deneyinde değerlendirilebilir, böylece zamandan tasarruf edilir ve artık tozdan çapraz bulaşma riski ortadan kalkar. Toz dağılımının kapsamı pipet ucunda kalan toz miktarına göre incelenebilir. Farede özel yapım ışık kaynağı ve yol gösterici bir canül içeren bir entübasyon protokolü dahildir. Uygun entübasyon, kuru toz formülasyonunun farenin derin akciğer bölgesine intratrakial olarak teslimini etkileyen önemli faktörlerden biridir.

Bir hayvanın akciğerine toz aerosol sağlamak için kuru bir toz oyucu kullanıldığında, kullanılan hava hacmi, toz dağılımı verimliliğinin yanı sıra güvenliği de etkilediği için kritik öneme sahiptir. Yöntemi optimize etmek için, kuru tozu dağıtmak için farklı hava hacimleri (0,3 mL, 0,6 mL ve 1,0 mL) kullanıldı (1 mg sprey kurutulmuş mannitol) ve farelerin ağırlığı uygulamadan sonra 48 saat boyunca izlendi(Şekil 6). 0.3 mL ve 0.6 mL hava kullanımı, farele...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice at JoVE.com

Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice

Soluma için kuru toz formülasyonları solunum yolu hastalıklarının tedavisinde büyük potansiyele sahiptir. İnsan çalışmalarına girmeden önce, preklinik çalışmalarda kuru toz formülasyonunun etkinliğini değerlendirmek gerekir. Farelerde intratrakiel yoldan kuru tozun yönetiminin basit ve invaziv bir yöntemi sunulmuştur.

Farelerde Kuru Toz Formülasyonunun Intratrakial Yönetimi

In the development of inhalable dry powder formulations, it is essential to evaluate their biological activities in preclinical animal models. This paper ...

intratracheal-administration-of-dry-powder-formulation-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.8K Görüntüleme.  The University of Hong Kong. Soluma için kuru toz formülasyonları solunum yolu hastalıklarının tedavisinde büyük potansiyele sahiptir. İnsan çalışmalarına girmeden önce, preklinik çalışmalarda kuru toz formülasyonunun etkinliğini değerlendirmek gerekir. Farelerde intratrakiel yoldan kuru tozun yönetiminin basit ve invaziv bir yöntemi sunulmuştur.

Video: Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Diabetes mellitus is a major independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality in the hospitalized patient, and elevated blood glucose concentrations, even in non-diabetic patients, predicts poor outcomes.1-4 The 2008 consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) states that "hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients, irrespective of its cause, is unequivocally associated with adverse outcomes."5 It is important to recognize that hyperglycemia occurs in patients with known or undiagnosed diabetes as well as during acute illness in those with previously normal glucose tolerance.
The Normoglycemia in Intensive Care Evaluation-Survival Using Glucose Algorithm Regulation (NICE-SUGAR) study involved over six thousand adult intensive care unit (ICU) patients who were randomized to intensive glucose control or conventional glucose control.6 Surprisingly, this trial found that intensive glucose control increased the risk of mortality by 14% (odds ratio, 1.14; p=0.02). In addition, there was an increased prevalence of severe hypoglycemia in the intensive control group compared with the conventional control group (6.8% vs. 0.5%, respectively; p&lt;0.001). From this pivotal trial and two others,7,8 Wyoming Medical Center (WMC) realized the importance of controlling hyperglycemia in the hospitalized patient while avoiding the negative impact of resultant hypoglycemia. 
Despite multiple revisions of an IV insulin paper protocol, analysis of data from usage of the paper protocol at WMC shows that in terms of achieving normoglycemia while minimizing hypoglycemia, results were suboptimal. Therefore, through a systematical implementation plan, monitoring of patient blood glucose levels was switched from using a paper IV insulin protocol to a computerized glucose management system. By comparing blood glucose levels using the paper protocol to that of the computerized system, it was determined, that overall, the computerized glucose management system resulted in more rapid and tighter glucose control than the traditional paper protocol. Specifically, a substantial increase in the time spent within the target blood glucose concentration range, as well as a decrease in the prevalence of severe hypoglycemia (BG &lt; 40 mg/dL), clinical hypoglycemia (BG &lt; 70 mg/dL), and hyperglycemia (BG &gt; 180 mg/dL), was witnessed in the first five months after implementation of the computerized glucose management system. The computerized system achieved target concentrations in greater than 75% of all readings while minimizing the risk of hypoglycemia. The prevalence of hypoglycemia (BG &lt; 70 mg/dL) with the use of the computer glucose management system was well under 1%.

When compared to the previous paper protocol, implementation of a computerized glucose management system results in a substantial increase in blood glucose concentration measurements within the target range. Using a computerized glucose management system to monitor blood glucose levels, decreases in severe hypoglycemia (&lt;40 mg/dL), clinical hypoglycemia (&lt;70 mg/dL), and hyperglycemia (&gt;180 mg/dL) also can be observed.

Bir Topluluk Hastanesi IV insülin uygulaması Geliştirilmesi

Diabetes mellitus is a major independent risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality in the hospitalized patient, and elevated blood glucose ...

Tıp

A Novel Surgical Approach for Intratracheal Administration of Bioactive Agents in a Fetal Mouse Model

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and acquired diseases. Apart from congenital or inherited abnormalities with the requirement for long-term expression of the delivered gene, several non-inherited perinatal conditions, where short-term gene expression or pharmacological intervention is sufficient to achieve therapeutic effects, are considered as potential future indications for this kind of approach. Candidate diseases for the application of short-term prenatal therapy could be the transient neonatal deficiency of surfactant protein B causing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome1,2 or hyperoxic injuries of the neonatal lung3. Candidate diseases for permanent therapeutic correction are Cystic Fibrosis (CF)4, genetic variants of surfactant deficiencies5 and &alpha;1-antitrypsin deficiency6.
Generally, an important advantage of prenatal gene therapy is the ability to start therapeutic intervention early in development, at or even prior to clinical manifestations in the patient, thus preventing irreparable damage to the individual. In addition, fetal organs have an increased cell proliferation rate as compared to adult organs, which could allow a more efficient gene or stem cell transfer into the fetus. Furthermore, in utero gene delivery is performed when the individual's immune system is not completely mature. Therefore, transplantation of heterologous cells or supplementation of a non-functional or absent protein with a correct version should not cause immune sensitization to the cell, vector or transgene product, which has recently been proven to be the case with both cellular and genetic therapies7.
In the present study, we investigated the potential to directly target the fetal trachea in a mouse model. This procedure is in use in larger animal models such as rabbits and sheep8, and even in a clinical setting9, but has to date not been performed before in a mouse model. When studying the potential of fetal gene therapy for genetic diseases such as CF, the mouse model is very useful as a first proof-of-concept because of the wide availability of different transgenic mouse strains, the well documented embryogenesis and fetal development, less stringent ethical regulations, short gestation and the large litter size.
Different access routes have been described to target the fetal rodent lung, including intra-amniotic injection10-12, (ultrasound-guided) intrapulmonary injection13,14 and intravenous administration into the yolk sac vessels15,16 or umbilical vein17. Our novel surgical procedure enables researchers to inject the agent of choice directly into the fetal mouse trachea which allows for a more efficient delivery to the airways than existing techniques18.

We developed a novel surgical approach for intratracheal administration of bioactive agents into the mouse fetus. The delivery route is more efficient in targeting the fetal mouse lungs than the commonly used intra-amniotic injection. This procedure has to date not been described in a mouse model.

Bir Fetal Fare Modelinde Biyoaktif Ajan intratrakeal Yönetimi İçin Yeni Bir Cerrahi Yaklaşım

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and ...

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is non-invasive and allows large molecules that do not cross the blood-brain barrier access to the CNS. Drugs are directly targeted to the CNS with intranasal delivery, reducing systemic exposure and thus unwanted systemic side effects1. Delivery from the nose to the CNS occurs within minutes along both the olfactory and trigeminal neural pathways via an extracellular route and does not require drug to bind to any receptor or axonal transport2. Intranasal delivery is a widely publicized method and is currently being used in human clinical trials3.
Intranasal delivery of drugs in animal models allows for initial evaluation of pharmacokinetic distribution and efficacy. With mice, it is possible to administer drugs to awake (non-anesthetized) animals on a regular basis using a specialized intranasal grip. Awake delivery is beneficial because it allows for long-term chronic dosing without anesthesia, it takes less time than with anesthesia, and can be learned and done by many people so that teams of technicians can dose large numbers of mice in short periods. Efficacy of therapeutics administered intranasally in this way to mice has been demonstrated in a number of studies including insulin in diabetic mouse models 4-6 and deferoxamine in Alzheimer's mouse models. 7,8
The intranasal grip for mice can be learned, but is not easy and requires practice, skill, and a precise grip to effectively deliver drug to the brain and avoid drainage to the lung and stomach. Mice are restrained by hand using a modified scruff in the non-dominant hand with the neck held parallel to the floor, while drug is delivered with a pipettor using the dominant hand. It usually takes 3-4 weeks of acclimating to handling before mice can be held with this grip without a stress response. We have prepared this JoVE video to make this intranasal delivery technique more accessible.

A method to intranasally administer drugs to awake mice for the purpose of targeting the brain is described. This method allows for repeat dosing over long periods using intranasal administration of drug without anesthesia, and nose-to-brain delivery with minimal systemic exposure.

Uyanık Fare CNS Therapeutics İntranazal İdaresi

Intranasal administration is a method of delivering  therapeutic agents to the central nervous system (CNS). It is  non-invasive and allows large ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

Farelerde Taksanlar Farmakokinetik ve Farmakodinamik Analiz Karotis Arter İnfüzyonlar

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

Intubation-mediated Intratracheal (IMIT) Instillation: A Noninvasive, Lung-specific Delivery System

Respiratory disease studies typically involve the use of murine models as surrogate systems. However, there are significant physiologic differences between the murine and human respiratory systems, especially in their upper respiratory tracts (URT). In some models, these differences in the murine nasal cavity can have a significant impact on disease progression and presentation in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) when using intranasal instillation techniques, potentially limiting the usefulness of the mouse model to study these diseases. For these reasons, it would be advantageous to develop a technique to instill bacteria directly into the mouse lungs in order to study LRT disease in the absence of involvement of the URT. We have termed this lung specific delivery technique intubation-mediated intratracheal (IMIT) instillation. This noninvasive technique minimizes the potential for instillation into the bloodstream, which can occur during more invasive traditional surgical intratracheal infection approaches, and limits the possibility of incidental digestive tract delivery. IMIT is a two-step process in which mice are first intubated, with an intermediate step to ensure correct catheter placement into the trachea, followed by insertion of a blunt needle into the catheter to mediate direct delivery of bacteria into the lung. This approach facilitates a &#62;98% efficacy of delivery into the lungs with excellent distribution of reagent throughout the lung. Thus, IMIT represents a novel approach to study LRT disease and therapeutic delivery directly into the lung, improving upon the ability to use mice as surrogates to study human respiratory disease. Furthermore, the accuracy and reproducibility of this delivery system also makes it amenable to Good Laboratory Practice Standards (GLPS), as well as delivery of a wide range of reagents which require high efficiency delivery to the lung.

Intubation-mediated Intratracheal IMIT Instillation: A Noninvasive, Lung-specific Delivery System

Intubation-mediated intratracheal (IMIT) instillation of reagents is an excellent, noninvasive method for studying respiratory disease, as well as a method for instilling therapeutic reagents directly into the lung. It is a rapid and highly reproducible method which is suitable for preclinical testing.

Entübasyon-aracılı intratrakeal (IMIT) damlatma: A Noninvaziv, Lung-özel Dağıtım Sistemi

Respiratory disease studies typically involve the use of murine models as surrogate systems. However, there are significant physiologic differences ...

Transarterial Administration of Oncolytic Viruses for Locoregional Therapy of Orthotopic HCC in Rats

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a disease with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. In recent years, oncolytic virotherapies have proven themselves to be potentially powerful tools to fight malignancy. Due to the unique dual blood supply in the liver, it is possible to apply therapies locally to orthotopic liver tumors, which are predominantly fed by arterial blood flow. We have previously demonstrated that hepatic arterial delivery of oncolytic viruses results in safe and efficient transduction efficiency of multifocal HCC lesions, resulting in significant prolongation of survival in immune competent rats. This procedure closely mimics the application of transarterial embolization in patients, which is the standard palliative care provided to many HCC patients. The ability to administer tumor therapies through the hepatic artery in rats allows for a highly sophisticated preclinical model for evaluating novel viral vectors under development. Here we describe the detailed protocol for microdissection of the hepatic artery for infusion of oncolytic virus vectors to treat orthotopic HCC.

Oncolytic virotherapies are under development as novel therapeutics for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we describe a method for locoregional therapy of HCC via hepatic arterial administration of oncolytic virus.

Sıçanlarda Ortotopik HCC Lokorejyonel Tedavisi için oncolytic virüs transarteryel İdaresi

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a disease with limited treatment options and poor prognosis.  In recent years, oncolytic virotherapies have proven ...

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator drugs. Despite the availability of multiple treatments, both diseases are growing public health concerns. The majority of asthma patients are well controlled on current inhaled therapies but a substantial number of patients with severe asthma are not. Asthma affects an estimated 300 million people worldwide and approximately 20 percent have a severe form of the disease. In contrast to asthma, there are few effective therapies for COPD. An estimated 10% of the population has COPD and the trend in death rates is increasing for COPD while decreasing for other major diseases. Although developing drugs for inhaled delivery is challenging, the nose-only inhalation unit enables direct delivery of novel drugs to the lung of rodents for pre-clinical efficacy and safety/toxicology studies. Inhaled drug delivery has multiple advantages for respiratory diseases, where high concentration in the lung improves efficacy and minimizes systemic side effects. Inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators benefit from these advantages and inhaled delivery may also hold potential for future biologic therapies. The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs of rodents, key data required before initiating clinical development.

The inhalation unit described herein can generate, sample for characterization, and uniformly deposit a drug aerosol in the lungs of rodents. This enables the pre-clinical determination of the efficacy and safety of drug doses deposited in the lungs; key data enabling clinical inhaled drug development.

Kuru Toz ve Eczacılık Nebulize Aerosol Soluma bir Burun sadece Pozlama Sistemi Kullanarak Fare teslim

Obstructive respiratory diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are currently treated by inhaled anti-inflammatory and ...

A Pleural Effusion Model in Rats by Intratracheal Instillation of Polyacrylate/Nanosilica

Pleural effusion is a prevalent clinical finding of many pulmonary diseases. Having a useful animal pleural effusion model is very important to study these pulmonary diseases. Previous pleural effusion models paid more attention to biological factors rather than nanoparticles in the environment. Here, we introduce a model to make pleural effusion in rats by intratracheal instillation of polyacrylate/nanosilica, and a method of nanoparticle isolation in the pleural effusion. By intratracheal instillation of polyacrylate/nanosilica with concentrations of 3.125, 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg&#8729;mL, the pleural effusion in rats presented on day 3, peaked at days 7-10 in 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg&#8729;mL groups, then slowly decreased and disappeared on day 14. When the concentration of polyacrylate/nanosilica increased, the pleural effusion is produced more and faster. This pleural fluid was detected by ultrasound examination or CT chest scanning and confirmed by dissection of rats. Silica nanoparticles were observed in the rats' pleural effusion by transmission electron microscope. These results showed that the exposure to polyacrylate/nanosilica leads to the induction of pleural effusion, which was consistent with our previous report in humans. Additionally, this model is beneficial for the further study of nanotoxicology and the pleural effusion diseases.

Here, we present a protocol to construct a pleural effusion model in rats by intratracheal instillation of polyacrylate/nanosilica.

Plevral efüzyon manken poliakrilat/Nanosilica boğaza korumak tarafından Sıçanlarda

Pleural effusion is a prevalent clinical finding of many pulmonary diseases. Having a useful animal pleural effusion model is very important to study ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. Various approaches have been described, such as the inhalation of aerosolized LPS as well as nasal or intratracheal instillation. The presented protocol describes a detailed step-by-step procedure to induce ALI in mice by direct intratracheal LPS instillation and perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and lung tissue. After intraperitoneal sedation, the trachea is exposed and LPS is administered via a 22 G venous catheter. A robust and reproducible inflammatory reaction with leukocyte invasion, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier is induced within hours to days, depending on the LPS dosage used. Collection of blood samples, BAL fluid, and lung harvesting, as well as the processing for FACS analysis, are described in detail in the protocol. Although the use of the sterile LPS is not suitable to study pharmacologic interventions in infectious diseases, the described approach offers minimal invasiveness, simple handling, and good reproducibility to answer mechanistic immunological questions. Furthermore, dose titration as well as the use of alternative LPS preparations or mouse strains allow modulation of the clinical effects, which can exhibit different degrees of ALI severity or early vs. late onset of disease symptoms.

Presented here is a step-by-step procedure to induce acute lung injury in mice by direct intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation and to perform FACS analysis of blood samples, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissue. Minimal invasiveness, simple handling, good reproducibility, and titration of disease severity are advantages of this approach.

Doğrudan Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instilasyon ile farelerde akut akciğer hasarının İndükleme

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...

Establishment of a Severe Dry Eye Model Using Complete Dacryoadenectomy in Rabbits

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex disease with multiple etiologies and variable symptoms, having ocular surface inflammation as its key pathophysiologic step. Despite advances in our understanding of DED, significant knowledge gaps remain. Advances are limited in part due to the lack of informative animal models. The authors recently reported on a method of DED induced by injecting all orbital lacrimal gland (LG) tissues with the lectin concanavalin A. Here, we report a novel model of aqueous-deficient DED based on the surgical resection of all orbital LG (dacryoadenectomy) tissues. Both methods use rabbits because of their similarity to human eyes in terms of the size and structure of the ocular surface. One week after removal of the nictitating membrane, the orbital superior LG was surgically removed under anesthesia, followed by removal of the palpebral superior LG, and finally removal of the inferior LG. Dacryoadenectomy induced severe DED, evidenced by a marked reduction in the tear break up time test and the Schirmer&#39;s tear test, and significantly increased tear osmolarity and rose bengal staining. Dacryoadenectomy-induced DED lasted at least eight weeks. There were no complications and animals tolerated the procedure well. The technique can be mastered relatively easily by those with adequate surgical experience and appreciation of the relevant rabbit anatomy. Since this model recapitulates the features of human aqueous-deficient DED, it is suitable for studies of ocular surface homeostasis, DED, and candidate therapeutics.

A novel approach is presented to induce chronic dry eye disease in rabbits by surgically removing all orbital lacrimal glands. This method, distinct from those previously reported, produces a stable, reproducible model of aqueous deficient dry eye well suited to study tear physiology and pathophysiology and ocular therapeutics.

Tavşanlarda Komple Dakriyoadenektomi Kullanarak Şiddetli Kuru Göz Modelinin Oluşturulması

Dry eye disease (DED) is a complex disease with multiple etiologies and variable symptoms, having ocular surface inflammation as its key pathophysiologic ...