We are grateful to Jie Li (University of Maryland, College Park) for valuable discussions on embryonic dissociation and FACS. We thank Vi M. Quach and Camille Lombard-Banek for assistance with sample preparation and data collection in previous studies exemplifying the proteomic applications that are highlighted in this protocol. Parts of this work were supported by the National Science Foundation under award number IOS-1832968 CAREER (to P.N.), the National Institutes of Health under award number R35GM124755 (to P.N.), the University of Maryland-National Cancer Institute Partnership Program (to P.N.), and COSMOS Club Foundation research awards (to A.B.B. and L.R.P.).

All protocols ensuring the humane maintenance and handling of Xenopus laevis adult frogs were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Maryland, College Park (Approval numbers R-DEC-17-57 and R-FEB-21-07).
1. Prepare the solutions
<ol>
	<li>For embryology
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare 1x, 0.5x, and 0.2x Steinberg&#39;s solution (SS), then autoclave them (120 &#176;C for 20 min) to sterility following standard protocols...

The authors declare no competing interests.

This protocol enables the characterization of protein expression in identified cell lineages in embryos of the Xenopus species. Stemming from HRMS, the methodology combines exquisite specificity in molecular identification, capability for multi-protein detection without molecular probes (usually hundreds to thousands of different proteins), and a capability for quantification. Adaptability to classical tools and workflows in cell and developmental (neuro)biology expand HRMS proteomics to exciting applications, i...

Our understanding of cell differentiation and the genesis of tissues and organs is the result of decades of elaborate targeted screens of genes and their products. Increasing our knowledge of all the biomolecules and their quantities during important cellular events would help unravel molecular mechanisms that control the spatial and temporal patterning of the vertebrate body plan. Technologies enabling molecular amplification and sequencing are now able to routinely report on large numbers of genes and transcripts, supporting hypothesis-driven studies in basic biological and translational research. To understand developing systems, a complex relationship between transcription and translation advocates for direct analysis of multiple proteins and their post-translational modifications. Global proteomics using in vitro biological systems, such as induced pluripotent stem cells, began to delineate mechanisms of tissue induction1,2. In complex organisms, such as the vertebrate embryo, development relies on morphogen gradients in the context of space and time3. It follows that gaining knowledge of proteomic changes as cells differentiate to form specialized tissues, such as neural tissues, offers a key to unlock molecular programs controlling normal and defective development and guide next-generation therapeutics.
The vertebrate South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) is a well-established model in cell and developmental, neuro-, and regenerative biology. Sir John Gurdon&#39;s 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine4,5 for the discovery of pluripotency of the somatic nucleus highlighted the importance of this model for discoveries in basic and translational studies. Xenopus embryos develop externally to the mother, thus facilitating direct manipulation of cells, cell clones, and gene expression over various stages of development. Asymmetrical pigmentation and stereotypical cell divisions enabled the charting of reproducible fate maps from the 16-6 and 32-cell7,8 stage embryo. For high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) based proteomics, additional advantages of the model include relatively large size (~1 mm in diameter), which yields abundant protein content for analysis (~130 &#181;g in early cleavage-stage embryos, ~10 &#181;g of protein content in single cells of the 16-cell embryo)9,10.
At present, HRMS is the leading technology of choice for detecting proteins. This technology enables direct, sensitive, and specific detection and quantification of multiple, usually hundreds-to-thousands of different proteins11. Bottom-up proteomics by HRMS involves a series of interconnected steps. Following extraction from the cell/tissue sample, proteins are digested with a proteolytic enzyme, such as trypsin (bottom-up proteomics). The resulting peptides are separated based on their different physicochemical properties, including hydrophobicity (reversed-phase liquid chromatography, LC), net charge (ion-exchange chromatography), size (size exclusion chromatography), or electrophoretic mobility (capillary electrophoresis, CE). Peptides are then charged (ionized), typically using electrospray ionization (ESI), and peptide ions are detected and sequenced via gas-phase fragmentation by tandem HRMS. The resulting peptide data are mapped to the proteome of the organism being studied. With protein-specific (proteotypic) peptide ion signal intensity correlating with concentration, protein quantification can be performed label-free or label-based (multiplexing quantitation). HRMS proteomics yields a rich resource of information on the molecular state of the system under study, allowing for the generation of hypotheses and follow-up functional studies.
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63586/63586fig01v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Spatiotemporally scalable proteomics enabling cell-lineage guided HRMS proteomics in the developing (frog) embryo. (A) Visualization of the specimen (1) using a stereomicroscope (2) for injection of an identified cell (inset), using a fabricated micropipette (3) under control by a translation-stage (4). (B) Subcellular sampling of the identified left D11 cell in a 16-cell embryo. (C)&#160;Dissection of a whole D11 cell from a 16-cell embryo. (D) Fluorescent (green) tracing of the left and right D111 progenies from a 32-cell embryo to guide dissection of the neural ectoderm (NE) in the gastrula (stage 10) and isolation of the descendent tissue from the tadpole using FACS. Scale bars: 200 &#181;m for embryos, 1.25 mm for the vial. Figures were adapted with permission from references15,19,21,59. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/63586/63586fig01largev2.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
The protocol presented here enables HRMS-based quantification of large numbers of proteins in identified cells/tissues in developing X. laevis embryos. The approach builds on accurate cell identification, reproducible cell fate maps, and established methodologies to track cell lineages in this biological model6,7,8. As shown in Figure 1, we study proteomes from single cells by employing whole-cell dissection or capillary microsampling to aspirate cellular content. Monitoring the lineage of a cell permits us to study the spatiotemporal evolution of the proteome as cells form tissues during gastrulation. The cell progeny is fluorescently marked by injecting a fluorophore conjugated to inert dextran or mRNA for fluorescent protein (e.g., green fluorescent protein, or GFP). The labeled progeny is isolated at desired developmental time points. During gastrulation, cell clones that are tightly clustered may be isolated by dissection. After gastrulation, cell clones may be distributed within the embryo owing to migratory movements and can be isolated from dissociated tissues by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Proteins in these cells and tissues are measured via bottom-up proteomics employing HPLC or CE for separation and ESI tandem HRMS for identification. Cell-lineage-guided HRMS proteomics is scalable to different cell sizes and lineages within the embryo and is specific, sensitive, and quantitative. Through select examples shown here, we also demonstrate this protocol to be scalable and broadly adaptable to different types of cells and cell lineages.
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/63586/63586fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: The bioanalytical workflow. Micro-dissection and capillary aspiration, or FACS facilitated sampling of cellular and clonal protein content. Depletion of abundant yolk proteins and separation by capillary electrophoresis (CE) or nano-flow liquid chromatography (LC) enhanced identification (ID) sensitivity using electrospray ionization (ESI) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Quantification revealed dysregulation, supplying new information for hypothesis-driven studies in conjunction with information available from gene ontology (GO). Figures were adapted with permission from reference15. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/63586/63586fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile (LC-MS-grade)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R0492</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A643-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analytical Column</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>164941</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analytical microbalance</td>
			<td>Mettler-Toledo</td>
			<td>XSE105DU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic peptide fractionation platform</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>1260 Infinity II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate Capillaries</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments Co.</td>
			<td>B100-50-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Borosilicate Capillaries (for making Emmitters)</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>B100-75-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C18 spin columns (for desalting)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>89870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera ro monitor electrospray</td>
			<td>Edmund Optics Inc.</td>
			<td>EO-2018C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Combretastatin A4</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>C7744</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Commercial CESI system</td>
			<td>AB SCIEX</td>
			<td>CESI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid (CAPS)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97061-492</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytochalasin D</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>C8273</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran, Alexa Fluor 488; 10,000 MW, Anionic, Fixable</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D22910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diothiothreitol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FERR0861</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11252-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AAJ62786AP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epifluorescence light source</td>
			<td>Lumencore</td>
			<td>AURA III</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf LoBing microcentrifuge&#160; tubes: protein</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-698-793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic acid (LC-MS-grade)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A117-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer (-20 &#176;C)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>97-926-1&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer (-80 &#176;C)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>TSX40086A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fused silica capillary</td>
			<td>Molex</td>
			<td>1088150596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat Block</td>
			<td>Benchmark</td>
			<td>BSH300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High pressure liquid Chromatography System</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Dionex Ultimate 3000 RSLC nanosystem</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High voltage power supply</td>
			<td>Spellman</td>
			<td>CZE1000R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-resolution Mass Spectrometer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Orbitrap Fusion Lumos Tribrid Mass Spectrometer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC caps</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>C4013-40A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC Vials</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>C4013-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Illuminator e.g. Goosenecks</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C-FLED2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ingenuity Pathway Analysis</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodoacetamide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AC122275000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol (LC-MS-grade)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A456</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol (LC-MS-grade)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A456-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcapillary puller</td>
			<td>Suttor Instruments</td>
			<td>P-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjector</td>
			<td>Warner Instrument, Handem, CT</td>
			<td>PLI-100A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropippette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments Co.</td>
			<td>P-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS data analysis software, commercial</td>
			<td>ProteomeDiscoverer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS data analysis software, opensource</td>
			<td>MaxQuant</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>non-idet 40 substitute</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>11754599001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish 60 mm and 80 mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S08184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce 10 &#181;L bed Zip-tips (for desalting)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>87782</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce quantitative colorimetric peptide assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce Trypsin Protease (MS Grade)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PI90058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protein LoBind vials</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030108434 
			, 0030108442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5430R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>PR505755R/3721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium isethionate</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>220078</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium pyrophosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>221368-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel BGE vial</td>
			<td>Custom-Built</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel sample vials</td>
			<td>Custom-Built</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope (objective 10x)</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>SMZ 1270, SZX18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>97063-790</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pumps (2)</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>704506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringes (gas-tight): 500&#8211;1000 &#181;L</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>1750TTL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer pipettes (Plastic, disposable)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-711-7M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trap Column</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>164750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCl (1 M solution)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AAJ22638AP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum concentrator capable of operation at 4&#8211;10 &#176;C</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>7310022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex-mixer</td>
			<td>Benchmark</td>
			<td>BS-VM-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water (LC-MS-grade)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>W6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water (LC-MS-grade)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>W6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XYZ translation stage</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PT3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XYZ translation stage</td>
			<td>Custom-Built</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cell-lineage guided mass spectrometry proteomics in the developing (frog) embryo

Characterization of molecular events as cells give rise to tissues and organs raises a potential to better understand normal development and design efficient remedies for diseases. Technologies enabling accurate identification and quantification of diverse types and large numbers of proteins would provide still missing information on molecular mechanisms orchestrating tissue and organism development in space and time. Here, we present a mass spectrometry-based protocol that enables the measurement of thousands of proteins in identified cell lineages in Xenopus laevis (frog) embryos. The approach builds on reproducible cell-fate maps and established methods to identify, fluorescently label, track, and sample cells and their progeny (clones) from this model of vertebrate development. After collecting cellular contents using microsampling or isolating cells by dissection or fluorescence-activated cell sorting, proteins are extracted and processed for bottom-up proteomic analysis. Liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis are used to provide scalable separation for protein detection and quantification with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Representative examples are provided for the proteomic characterization of neural-tissue fated cells. Cell-lineage-guided HRMS proteomics is adaptable to different tissues and organisms. It is sufficiently sensitive, specific, and quantitative to peer into the spatio-temporal dynamics of the proteome during vertebrate development.

This protocol enabled the study of proteins in single cells and their lineages as they establish tissues in X. laevis embryos. Figure 1 illustrates one such application of the approach to study proteins in neural-tissue-fated cells and the newly induced neural ectoderm in the embryo. As shown in Figure 1A, the bioanalytical workflow integrated traditional tools of cell and developmental biology to identify, inject/aspirate cells, and collect specimens. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cell-Lineage Guided Mass Spectrometry Proteomics in the Developing Frog Embryo at JoVE.com

Cell-Lineage Guided Mass Spectrometry Proteomics in the Developing Frog Embryo

Here we describe a mass spectrometry-based proteomic characterization of cell lineages with known tissue fates in the vertebrate Xenopus laevis embryo.

Cell-Lineage Guided Mass Spectrometry Proteomics in the Developing (Frog) Embryo

Characterization of molecular events as cells give rise to tissues and organs raises a potential to better understand normal development and design ...

This lineage guided approach enables proteomic analysis of important developmental events with spatial and temporal resolution within the vertebrate embryo imparting information that would not be accessible through whole embryo measurements. This approach can be readily extended to study proteins, metabolites and transcripts from different embryonic cells as they differentiate during development. This method can advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms that control normal and disease development, including mechanisms of tissue induction and cell fate commitment during early development.Use a hair loop to guide each embryo into a well and gently position them so that the targeted cell of interest is at the right angle to the microneedle. Follow the xenopus laevis tissue fate maps to identify the precursor cell of the lineage of interest. Use two sharpen forceps to gently remove the vitelline membrane surrounding the embryo.Isolate the single cells from the embryo by manual dissection using forceps. Begin by setting up the injection needle containing the lineage tracer solution. Mount the microinjection needle into a micro pipette holder controlled by a multi-axis micro manipulator.Connect the micro pipette holder to a micro injector and fill the needle with the lineage tracer by applying negative pressure. Calibrate the needle and adjust the size of the needle tip and injection time to deliver approximately one nanoliter of the lineage tracer solution measured in mineral oil. Ensure that the droplet size being injected is accurate and adjust the injector settings if required.Flood the microinjection clay dish with a 3%fCAL solution and transfer approximately 10 embryos to the clay dish using a transfer pipette. Inject the cells of interest with approximately one nanoliter of the fluorescent dextran or 200 picograms of GFP mRNA. Using a stereo microscope, confirm the success of cell labeling.Ensure that only the intended cell is injected. Discard embryos containing injured or incorrectly labeled cells following institutional policies. Transfer the injected embryos to a petri dish containing 0.5x Steinberg solution.Culture them between 14 to 25 degrees Celsius until they reach the desired developmental stage. Transfer three to five embryos to an agar dish containing 0.2x Steinberg solution for micro dissections. Use forceps to dissect the labeled clone from the embryo.Collect the dissected tissue with a 0.5 to 10 microliter pipette and deposit them into a micro centrifuge file. Using a pipette, aspirate the media surrounding the collected tissue to limit salts in the sample to avoid interference with HRMS analysis. Immediately freeze the isolated cells by placing the sample vial on dry ice or liquid nitrogen.Store the samples at minus 80 degrees Celsius until mass spectrometry analysis. For single cell sample processing by CE, denature the proteins by heating the sample to 60 degrees Celsius for approximately 15 minutes. Then equilibrate the sample to room temperature for five minutes and add trypsin to the samples for digestion.For analysis by NanoLC, lyse up to five dissected tissues in 50 microliters of lysis buffer. Facilitate the process by pipetting the sample up and down. To process the dissected tissues, incubate the lysate at four degrees Celsius for 10 minutes.Then pellet the cell debris and yolk platelets at four degrees Celsius by centrification at 4, 500 RCF. Transfer the supernatant into a clean micro centrifuge vial and add 10%SDS to obtain a final concentration of 1%SDS in the lysate. For tissues, add 0.5 molar dithiothreitol to the lysate to obtain a final concentration of approximately 25 millimolar.Then incubate the lysate for 30 minutes at 60 degrees Celsius to chemically reduce disulfide bonds in proteins. Add 0.5 molar iodoacetamide to obtain the final concentration of approximately 75 millimolar in the lysate and incubate the mixture for 15 minutes at room temperature in the dark. Add 0.5 molar dithiothreitol same as the initial volume to quench the reactants remaining from the alkylation reaction.Precipitate proteins in acetone overnight as described in the text protocol and reconstitute in 0.5 molar ammonium bicarbonate. Add trypsin for sample digestion and incubate the vials at 37 degrees Celsius. To separate the peptides using CE, reconstitute the protein digested in one to two microliters of the sample solvent.Vortex the mixed sample and centrifusion at 10, 000 RCF for two minutes at four degrees Celsius to pellet cell debris. Initialize the CE-ESI instrument by flushing the CE capillary with the BGE. Place one microliter of sample into the sample vial and inject one to 10 nanoliters of the sample into CE separation capillary by hydrodynamic injection.Transfer the inlet end of the CE separation capillary into the BGE. Start electrophoretic separation by gradually ramping the CE separation voltage from earth ground. Potentials of 20 to 28 kilovolts with a current below 10 micro amperes ensure stable and reproducible instrumental performance for analysis.To separate using Nano LC, re-suspend the peptide sample in mobile phase A.The sample's concentration and injection volume depend on the available LC system and column. Transfer the sample into an LC vial. Load approximately 200 nanograms to two micrograms of peptide sample into the C18 analytical column and separate the peptides at a flow rate of 300 nanoliters per minute using gradient elution as described in the text manuscript.Using a camera, check the liquid flow through the electro spray emitter and visually inspect the setup for possible leaks. Acquire mass spectrometry events and sequence the peptides as described in the text manuscript. Gene translational differences were detected between D11 cells dissected from different embryos using CE-ESI-HRMS.Lineage-labeled dissected cell clones were analyzed by LC-HRMS. Pathway analysis of proteins showed upregulated protein translation and energy metabolism in the Spemann's organizer with the neuroectoderm. The neuroectoderm prodeum was enriched in proteins associated with nuclear transport of protein cargo in the cell likely indicating downstream events following signaling.The enrichment analysis of molecular functions indicated upregulation in translation initiation, RNA binding and binding of the proteasome complex suggesting a role for dynamic protein turnover developing Spemann's organizer. Select only stereotypical embryos for this protocol to improve reproducibility and result interpretation. Dissected tissue should be transferred into a vial and immediately frozen containing as minimal media buffer as possible to minimize contamination from buffer salts.This approach has enabled us to study protein dynamics in identified cells and cell lineages in live embryos. The new information that we have obtained on the spatial temporal production of important proteins in developing tissues has enabled us to design targeted experiments to assess their biological function.

cell-lineage-guided-mass-spectrometry-proteomics-developing-frog

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

1.6K Görüntüleme.  University of Maryland. Bu soy rehberliğindeki yaklaşım, omurgalı embriyo içindeki uzamsal ve zamansal çözünürlükle önemli gelişimsel olayların proteomik analizini sağlar ve tüm embriyo ölçümleriyle erişilemeyecek bilgileri verir. Bu yaklaşım, gelişim sırasında farklılaştıkça farklı embriyonik hücrelerden proteinleri, metabolitleri ve transkriptleri incelemek için kolayca genişletilebilir. Bu yöntem, erken gelişim sırasında doku indüksiyonu ve hücre kaderi taahhüdü mekanizmala...