Bu çalışma, Jiangsu Yüksek Öğretim Kurumlarının Öncelikli Akademik Program Geliştirme (PAPD) ve Çin İlaç Üniversitesi Öğretim Reformu Araştırma Projesi (2019XJYB18) tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. Yarı katı ortamın hazırlanması
<ol><li>Geleneksel yarı katı agar
	<ol><li>Geleneksel yarı katı agarı, temel bileşenleri kullanarak bakteriyel motilite, test ortamı tarifine göre hazırlayın11. 10 g Triptoz, 15 g NaCl, 4 g agar'ı yeterince damıtılmış suda çözün, pH'ı 7.2 ± 0.2'ye ayarlayın ve nihai hacmi 1.000 mL'ye ayarlayın.</li>
		<li>Agar'ı 121 ° C'de 20 dakika boyunca otoklavlayın ve 3 cm yüksekliğinde yarı katı bir ortam olarak 10 mL test tüplerine dağıtın.</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>TTC'li geleneksel yarı katı agar
	<ol><li>Geleneksel yarı katı ortamı otoklavladıktan sonra, 50 ° C'ye soğutun, 100 mL ortama 5 mL steril% 1 TTC çözeltisi ekleyin, karıştırın ve 3 cm yüksekliğinde bir yarı katı ortam oluşturmak için 10 mL test tüplerine dağıtın.</li>
	</ol></li>
</ol>2. Bakteri suşları
NOT: Seksen suş su ortamından izole edilmiş ve Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae ve Aeromonas hydrophila dahil olmak üzere otomatik bir bakteri tanımlama cihazı (Malzeme Tablosuna bakınız) kullanılarak tanımlanmıştır (Tablo 1). Staphylococcus aureus (Malzeme Tablosuna bakınız) negatif hareketsiz bir kontrol olarak kullanılmıştır; Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ve Salmonella typhimurium (Malzeme Tablosuna bakınız) pozitif kontrol suşları olarak kullanılmıştır.
<ol><li>Motilitenin analizi için kullanılacak test bakteri suşlarını tanımlayın.</li>
	<li>Negatif hareketsiz kontrolleri ve hareketli pozitif kontrol suşlarını dahil edin.</li>
</ol>3. TTC ile güçlendirilmiş bakteriyel motilitenin gözlemlenmesi
<ol><li>Agar plakalarından tek test bakteri kolonilerini seçin ve aşılama iğneleri kullanarak delinerek yukarıdaki iki yarı katı ortama (adım 1.1.2 ve 1.2.1) aşılayın.</li>
	<li>Sonuçları gözlemlemek için tüpleri inkübatörde 37 ° C'de 24-48 saat boyunca kültürleyin.</li>
	<li>Büyüme durumunu gözlemleyin: sadece delinme çizgisi kırmızıysa, bakterileri hareketsiz (-) olarak karakterize edin. Kırmızı renk delinme çizgisi12 boyunca hafifçe dışa doğru yayılırsa, bakterileri hareketli (+) olarak karakterize edin.</li>
</ol>4. Farklı agar konsantrasyonlarının bakteriyel motiliteye etkisi
<ol><li>% 0.3,% 0.5 ve% 0.8 agar içeren yarı katı ortamlar hazırlayın ve yukarıda açıklandığı gibi delinerek aşılayın. 24-48 saatlik inkübasyondan sonra sonuçları gözlemleyin.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Jordan, E. O., Caldwell, M. E., Reiter, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+motility.">Bacterial motility.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 27 (2), 165 (1934).</li><li>Lai, S. L., Hou, H., Jiang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+motility+and+its+role+during+initial+stage+of+pathogenesis.">Bacterial motility and its role during initial stage of pathogenesis.</a> Journal of Microbiology. 26 (5), 68-70 (2006).</li><li>Ding, S. S., Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+between+flagella-dependent+motility+and+biofilm+in+bacteria+-+A+review.">Relationship between flagella-dependent motility and biofilm in bacteria - A review.</a> Acta Microbiologica Sinica. 49 (4), 417-422 (2009).</li><li>Zeng, J., Wang, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+the+mechanism+of+bacterial+resistance+and+tolerance.">Recent advances in the mechanism of bacterial resistance and tolerance.</a> Chinese Journal of Antibiotics. 45 (2), 113-121 (2020).</li><li>Xu, M., Zhou, M. X., Zhu, G. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+the+mechanism+of+bacterial+flagellum+motility,+adhesion+and+immune+escape.">Progress in the mechanism of bacterial flagellum motility, adhesion and immune escape.</a> Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science. 37 (2), 369-375 (2017).</li><li>Leboffe, M. J., Pierce, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Microbiology: laboratory theory and application. Third edition. , (2015).</li><li>Ball, R. J., Sellers, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+motility+medium.">Improved motility medium.</a> Applied Microbiology. 14, 670-673 (1966).</li><li>An, S., Wu, J., Zhang, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm+dispersal+by+a+cyclic-di-GMP+phosphodiesterase+with+a+putative+hypoxia-sensing+domain.">Modulation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm dispersal by a cyclic-di-GMP phosphodiesterase with a putative hypoxia-sensing domain.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 76 (24), 8160-8173 (2010).</li><li>Chouhan, O. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+site-directed+mutagenesis+at+the+GGEEF+domain+of+the+biofilm+forming+GGEEF+protein+from+Vibrio+cholerae.">Effect of site-directed mutagenesis at the GGEEF domain of the biofilm forming GGEEF protein from Vibrio cholerae.</a> AMB Express. 6 (1), 2 (2016).</li><li>McLaughlin, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+colorimetric+microplate+test+of+phage+lysis+in+Salmonella+enterica.">Simple colorimetric microplate test of phage lysis in Salmonella enterica.</a> Journal of Microbiological Methods. 69 (2), 394-398 (2007).</li><li>Difco Laboratories. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Difco+manual:+Dehydrated+culture+media+and+reagents+for+microbiology.">Difco manual: Dehydrated culture media and reagents for microbiology.</a> Difco Laboratories. , (1984).</li><li>Tittsler, R. P., Sandholzer, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+semi-solid+agar+for+the+detection+of+bacterial+motility.">The use of semi-solid agar for the detection of bacterial motility.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 31 (6), 575 (1936).</li><li>Qian, Y., Tian, X. Y., Zhang, S. Y., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Explore+the+influencing+factors+of+bacterial+motility.">Explore the influencing factors of bacterial motility.</a> Health Care Today. 6, 50-51 (2018).</li><li>Wang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Filamentous+Phytophthora+pathogens+deploy+effectors+to+interfere+with+bacterial+growth+and+motility.">Filamentous Phytophthora pathogens deploy effectors to interfere with bacterial growth and motility.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 11, 581511 (2020).</li><li>K&#252;hn, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+arrangement+of+several+flagellins+within+bacterial+flagella+improves+motility+in+different+environments.">Spatial arrangement of several flagellins within bacterial flagella improves motility in different environments.</a> Nature Communication. 9 (1), 5369 (2018).</li><li>Mitchell, A. J., Wimpenny, J. W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+agar+concentration+on+the+growth+and+morphology+of+submerged+colonies+of+motile+and+non-motile+bacteria.">The effects of agar concentration on the growth and morphology of submerged colonies of motile and non-motile bacteria.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 83 (1), 76-84 (2010).</li><li>Xu, A., Zhang, M., Du, W., Wang, D., Ma, L. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+molecular+mechanism+for+how+sigma+factor+AlgT+and+transcriptional+regulator+AmrZ+inhibit+twitching+motility+in+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa.">A molecular mechanism for how sigma factor AlgT and transcriptional regulator AmrZ inhibit twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</a> Environmental Microbiology. 23 (2), 572-587 (2021).</li><li>Bartley, S. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attachment+and+invasion+of+Neisseria+meningitidis+to+host+cells+is+related+to+surface+hydrophobicity,+bacterial+cell+size+and+capsule.">Attachment and invasion of Neisseria meningitidis to host cells is related to surface hydrophobicity, bacterial cell size and capsule.</a> PLoS One. 8, 55798 (2013).</li></ol>

Yazarların açıklayacak çıkar çatışmaları yoktur.

Bakteriyel motilitenin semisolid medium yöntemi ile saptanması birçok faktörden etkilenmektedir13,14. Oksijen (agar yüzeyinde aerobik, yarı katı ortam ile tüpün dibinde aerobik olmayan), pH ve sıcaklık gibi bakteriyel büyüme koşulları, bakteriyel flagella'nın canlılığını etkileyebilir, bu da hareketliliğin azalmasına ve hatta hareketlilik kaybına neden olabilir15. Ek olarak, hareketlilikleri olarak bazı mukus tipi ...

Bakteriyel motilite, bakteriyel patojenite, biyofilm oluşumu ve ilaç direncinde kritik bir rol oynar1. Bakteriyel motilite, patojenite ile yakından ilişkilidir ve konakçı hücrelerin erken enfeksiyonu sırasında bakteriyel kolonizasyon için gereklidir2. Biyofilm oluşumu, bakterilerin katı ortamın yüzeyine motiliteyle yapıştığı bakteriyel motiliteyle yakından ilişkilidir. Bakteriyel motilitenin uzun zamandır biyofilm oluşumu ile pozitif ilişkili olduğu düşünülmektedir. Biyofilme bağlı yüksek derecede bakteriyel ilaç direnci, insan sağlığı için tehdit oluşturan kalıcı enfeksiyonlara yol açabilir 3,4,5. Bu nedenle, bakteriyel motiliteyi tespit etmek önemlidir. Bakteriyel motilite, esas olarak, canlı haldeki farklı bakteri formlarının hareketliliğini incelemek için kullanılır, bu da dolaylı olarak flagella'nın varlığını veya yokluğunu belirleyebilir ve bu nedenle bakterilerin tanımlanmasında önemli bir role sahiptir.
Bakteriyel motiliteyi tespit etmek için doğrudan ve dolaylı yöntemler vardır6. Flagellalı bakteriler motiliteyi gösterdiğinden, flagella'nın varlığını veya yokluğunu tespit ederek bakterilerin dolaylı olarak hareketli olup olmadığını tespit etmek mümkündür. Örneğin, bakterilerin hareketli olduğunu göstermek için elektron mikroskobu ve flagellar boyama ile hareketliliği dolaylı olarak tespit etmek mümkündür. Süspansiyon düşürme ve yarı katı delinme yöntemleri gibi doğrudan yöntemlerle tespit etmek de mümkündür. 
Lisans mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarlarında bakteriyel motiliteyi tespit etmek için yaygın olarak kullanılan yarı katı delinme yöntemi, bakterilerin üreme yönüne göre, bakterileri% 0.4-0.8 agar içeren yarı katı agar ortamındaki delinmeye aşılar. Bakteriler etrafa yayılmak için delinme çizgisi boyunca büyürse, flagella'nın varlığını ve dolayısıyla hareketliliği gösteren bulut benzeri (fırça benzeri) büyüme izleri ortaya çıkar. Delinme çizgisi büyüme izleri yoksa, bakteri ne kamçılanır ne de hareketlidir. 
Bununla birlikte, bu yöntemin dezavantajları vardır: bakteriler renksiz ve şeffaftır, kamçı aktivitesi canlı bakterilerin fizyolojik özelliklerinden ve diğer faktörlerden ve agar konsantrasyonundan ve test tüpünün küçük çapından etkilenir. Dahası, aerobik bakteriler sadece agar yüzeyinde büyüme için uygundur ve bakteriyel hareketliliğin gözlemlenmesini etkiler. Bu nedenle, bu deneyi geliştirmek için, TTC7,8,9,10'un kırmızı bir ürününün oluşumunu katalize etmek için hücre içi dehidrojenazlar kullanan mevcut doğrudan delinme yönteminden daha güvenilir ve sezgisel bir bakteri hareketliliğini belirlemek için ortama 2,3,5-trifeniltetrazolyum klorür (TTC) (renksiz) eklenmiştir.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>Difco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Escherichia coli</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC25922</td>
			<td>Positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC27853</td>
			<td>Positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Salmonella typhimurium</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC14028</td>
			<td>Positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staphylococcus aureus</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC25923</td>
			<td>Negative nonmotile control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptose</td>
			<td>&#160;OXOID</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TTC</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>298-96-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VITEK 2 automated microbial identification system</td>
			<td>Bio M&#233;rieux</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualizing bacterial motility based on a color reaction

Bakteriyel motilite, bakteriyel patojenite, biyofilm oluşumu ve ilaç direnci için çok önemlidir. Bakteriyel motilite, birçok patojenik türün istilası ve / veya yayılması için çok önemlidir. Bu nedenle, bakteriyel motiliteyi tespit etmek önemlidir. Oksijen, pH ve sıcaklık gibi bakteriyel büyüme koşulları, bakteriyel büyümeyi ve bakteriyel flagella ekspresyonunu etkileyebilir. Bu, hareketliliğin azalmasına ve hatta motilitenin kaybına neden olabilir, bu da bakteriyel motilitenin yanlış değerlendirilmesine neden olabilir. Canlı bakterilerin hücre içi dehidrojenazları ile 2,3,5-trifenil tetrazolyum klorürün (TTC) renk reaksiyonuna dayanarak, TTC, bakteriyel motilitenin tespiti için geleneksel yarı katı agar'a eklenmiştir. Sonuçlar, bakteriyel hareketliliğin tespiti için bu TTC yarı katı agar yönteminin basit, kullanımı kolay ve büyük ve pahalı aletler içermediğini göstermiştir. Sonuçlar ayrıca en yüksek hareketliliğin% 0.3 agar ile hazırlanan yarı katı ortamda gözlendiğini göstermiştir. Geleneksel yarı katı ortam ile karşılaştırıldığında, sonuçların değerlendirilmesi daha kolay ve daha doğrudur.

Motilitenin tespiti için hem standart suşlar hem de izole suşlar karşılaştırılmış ve sonuçlar Tablo 1'de gösterilmiştir. Flagella'nın yokluğu nedeniyle, Staphylococcus aureus ve Klebsiella pneumoniae , hem geleneksel hem de TTC yarı katı ortamlarda aşılanmış çizgi boyunca büyüdü. Buna karşılık, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli ve Salmonella typhimurium , TTC yarı katı ortamda 24 saat boyunca kültürlendikten sonra aşıla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing Bacterial Motility Based on a Color Reaction at JoVE.com

Visualizing Bacterial Motility Based on a Color Reaction

Burada, bir renk reaksiyonuna dayalı bakteriyel motiliteyi tespit etmek için bir protokol sunuyoruz. Bu yöntemin temel avantajları, değerlendirilmesi kolay ve daha doğru olması ve özel ekipman gerektirmemesidir.

Bir renk reaksiyonuna dayalı bakteriyel hareketliliğin görselleştirilmesi

Bacterial motility is crucial for bacterial pathogenicity, biofilm formation, and drug resistance. Bacterial motility is crucial for the invasion and/or ...

visualizing-bacterial-motility-based-on-a-color-reaction

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

3.6K Görüntüleme.  China Pharmaceutical University. Burada, bir renk reaksiyonuna dayalı bakteriyel motiliteyi tespit etmek için bir protokol sunuyoruz. Bu yöntemin temel avantajları, değerlendirilmesi kolay ve daha doğru olması ve özel ekipman gerektirmemesidir.

Video: Visualizing Bacterial Motility Based on a Color Reaction

Assessing Neural Stem Cell Motility Using an Agarose Gel-based Microfluidic Device

While microfluidic technology is reaching a new level of maturity for macromolecular assays, cell-based assays are still at an infant stage1. This is largely due to the difficulty with which one can create a cell-compatible and steady microenvironment using conventional microfabrication techniques and materials. We address this problem via the introduction of a novel microfabrication material, agarose gel, as the base material for the microfluidic device. Agarose gel is highly malleable, and permeable to gas and nutrients necessary for cell survival, and thus an ideal material for cell-based assays. We have shown previously that agarose gel based devices have been successful in studying bacterial and neutrophil cell migration2. In this report, three parallel microfluidic channels are patterned in an agarose gel membrane of about 1mm thickness. Constant flows with media/buffer are maintained in the two side channels using a peristaltic pump. Cells are maintained in the center channel for observation. Since the nutrients and chemicals in the side channels are constantly diffusing from the side to center channel, the chemical environment of the center channel is easily controlled via the flow along the side channels. Using this device, we demonstrate that the movement of neural stem cells can be monitored optically with ease under various chemical conditions, and the experimental results show that the over expression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) enhances the motility of neural stem cells. Motility of neural stem cells is an important biomarker for assessing cells aggressiveness, thus tumorigenic factor3. Deciphering the mechanism underlying NSC motility will yield insight into both disorders of neural development and into brain cancer stem cell invasion.

We demonstrate that the over expression of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) enhances the motility of neural stem cells(NSCs) using a novel agarose gel based microfluidic device. This technology can be readily adaptable to other mammalian cell systems where cell sources are scarce, such as human neural stem cells, and the turn around time is critical.

Nöral Kök Hücre Motilite değerlendirilmesi Agaroz Jel tabanlı mikroakışkan Cihaz Kullanımı

While microfluidic technology is reaching a new level of maturity for macromolecular assays, cell-based assays are still at an infant stage1. This is ...

Biyoloji

Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy-based real-time method for observing DNA replication at the single-molecule level. A circular, forked DNA template is attached to a functionalized glass coverslip and replicated extensively after introduction of replication proteins and nucleotides (Figure 1). The growing product double-strand DNA (dsDNA) is extended with laminar flow and visualized by using an intercalating dye. Measuring the position of the growing DNA end in real time allows precise determination of replication rate (Figure 2). Furthermore, the length of completed DNA products reports on the processivity of replication. This experiment can be performed very easily and rapidly and requires only a fluorescence microscope with a reasonably sensitive camera.


This protocol demonstrates a simple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy technique for visualizing DNA replication by individual replisomes in real time.

Floresan Mikroskop ile görselleştirme Tek molekül DNA replikasyonu

We describe a simple fluorescence microscopy-based real-time method for observing DNA replication at the single-molecule level. A circular, forked DNA ...

Visualizing RNA Localization in Xenopus Oocytes

RNA localization is a conserved mechanism of establishing cell polarity. Vg1 mRNA localizes to the vegetal pole of Xenopus laevis oocytes and acts to spatially restrict gene expression of Vg1 protein. Tight control of Vg1 distribution in this manner is required for proper germ layer specification in the developing embryo. RNA sequence elements in the 3' UTR of the mRNA, the Vg1 localization element (VLE) are required and sufficient to direct transport. To study the recognition and transport of Vg1 mRNA in vivo, we have developed an imaging technique that allows extensive analysis of trans-factor directed transport mechanisms via a simple visual readout. 
To visualize RNA localization, we synthesize fluorescently labeled VLE RNA and microinject this transcript into individual oocytes. After oocyte culture to allow transport of the injected RNA, oocytes are fixed and dehydrated prior to imaging by confocal microscopy. Visualization of mRNA localization patterns provides a readout for monitoring the complete pathway of RNA transport and for identifying roles in directing RNA transport for cis-acting elements within the transcript and trans-acting factors that bind to the VLE (Lewis et al., 2008, Messitt et al., 2008). We have extended this technique through co-localization with additional RNAs and proteins (Gagnon and Mowry, 2009, Messitt et al., 2008), and in combination with disruption of motor proteins and the cytoskeleton (Messitt et al., 2008) to probe mechanisms underlying mRNA localization.

Visualizing RNA Localization in Xenopus Oocytes

Visualization of in vivo RNA transport is accomplished by microinjection of fluorescently labeled RNA transcripts into Xenopus oocytes, followed by confocal microscopy.

Görselleştirme RNA Yerelleştirme Xenopus Oosit

RNA localization is a conserved mechanism of establishing cell polarity.  Vg1 mRNA localizes to the vegetal pole of Xenopus laevis oocytes and acts to ...

Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM)

The Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM; Catamount Research and Development; St. Albans, VT) is an in vitro system that monitors propulsive motility in isolated segments of guinea pig distal colon. The complete system consists of a computer, video camera, illuminated organ bath, peristaltic and heated water bath circulating pumps, and custom GIMM software to record and analyze data. Compared with traditional methods of monitoring colonic peristalsis, the GIMM system allows for continuous, quantitative evaluation of motility. The guinea pig distal colon is bathed in warmed, oxygenated Krebs solution, and fecal pellets inserted in the oral end are propelled along the segment of colon at a rate of about 2 mm/sec. Movies of the fecal pellet proceeding along the segment are captured, and the GIMM software can be used track the progress of the fecal pellet. Rates of propulsive motility can be obtained for the entire segment or for any particular region of interest. In addition to analysis of bolus-induced motility patterns, spatiotemporal maps can be constructed from captured video segments to assess spontaneous motor activity patterns. Applications of this system include pharmacological evaluation of the effects of receptor agonists and antagonists on propulsive motility, as well as assessment of changes that result from pathophysiological conditions, such as inflammation or stress. The guinea pig distal colon propulsive motility assay, using the GIMM system, is straightforward and simple to learn, and it provides a reliable and reproducible method of assessing propulsive motility.

Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor GIMM

Evaluation of colonic motility in the guinea pig distal colon with the Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM) is a straightforward and simple to learn approach to quantitatively evaluate propulsive motility in the gastrointestinal tract.

Gastrointestinal Motilite Monitör (Gimm)

The Gastrointestinal Motility Monitor (GIMM; Catamount Research and Development; St. Albans, VT) is an in vitro system that monitors propulsive motility ...

Preparation, Imaging, and Quantification of Bacterial Surface Motility Assays

Bacterial surface motility, such as swarming, is commonly examined in the laboratory using plate assays that necessitate specific concentrations of agar and sometimes inclusion of specific nutrients in the growth medium. The preparation of such explicit media and surface growth conditions serves to provide the favorable conditions that allow not just bacterial growth but coordinated motility of bacteria over these surfaces within thin liquid films. Reproducibility of swarm plate and other surface motility plate assays can be a major challenge. Especially for more &#8220;temperate swarmers&#8221; that exhibit motility only within agar ranges of 0.4%-0.8% (wt/vol), minor changes in protocol or laboratory environment can greatly influence swarm assay results. &#8220;Wettability&#8221;, or water content at the liquid-solid-air interface of these plate assays, is often a key variable to be controlled. An additional challenge in assessing swarming is how to quantify observed differences between any two (or more) experiments. Here we detail a versatile two-phase protocol to prepare and image swarm assays. We include guidelines to circumvent the challenges commonly associated with swarm assay media preparation and quantification of data from these assays. We specifically demonstrate our method using bacteria that express fluorescent or bioluminescent genetic reporters like green fluorescent protein (GFP), luciferase (lux operon), or cellular stains to enable time-lapse optical imaging. We further demonstrate the ability of our method to track competing swarming species in the same experiment.

Swarming motility is influenced by physical and environmental factors. We describe a two-phase protocol and guidelines to circumvent the challenges commonly associated with swarm assay preparation and data collection. A macroscopic imaging technique is employed to obtain detailed information on swarm behavior that is not provided by current analysis techniques.

Bakteriyel Yüzey Motilite Tahliller hazırlanması, Görüntüleme ve miktarının belirlenmesi

Bacterial surface motility, such as swarming, is commonly examined in the laboratory using plate assays that necessitate specific concentrations of agar ...

Monitoring Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Homeostasis Using a Gaussia Luciferase SERCaMP

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains the highest level of intracellular calcium, with concentrations approximately 5,000-fold greater than cytoplasmic levels. Tight control over ER calcium is imperative for protein folding, modification and trafficking. Perturbations to ER calcium can result in the activation of the unfolded protein response, a three-prong ER stress response mechanism, and contribute to pathogenesis in a variety of diseases. The ability to monitor ER calcium alterations during disease onset and progression is important in principle, yet challenging in practice. Currently available methods for monitoring ER calcium, such as calcium-dependent fluorescent dyes and proteins, have provided insight into ER calcium dynamics in cells, however these tools are not well suited for in vivo studies. Our lab has demonstrated that a modification to the carboxy-terminus of Gaussia luciferase confers secretion of the reporter in response to ER calcium depletion. The methods for using a luciferase based, secreted ER calcium monitoring protein (SERCaMP) for in vitro and in vivo applications are described herein. This video highlights hepatic injections, pharmacological manipulation of GLuc-SERCaMP, blood collection and processing, and assay parameters for longitudinal monitoring of ER calcium.

Monitoring Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Homeostasis Using a Gaussia Luciferase SERCaMP

Endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis is disrupted in diverse pathologies. A secreted ER calcium monitoring protein (SERCaMP) reporter can be used to detect disruptions in the ER calcium store. This protocol describes the use of a Gaussia luciferase SERCaMP to examine ER calcium homeostasis in vitro and in vivo.

Bir kullanılması Endoplazmik retikulum kalsiyum dengesi İzleme<em&gt; Gaussia</em&gt; Lusiferaz SERCaMP

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains the highest level of intracellular calcium, with concentrations approximately 5,000-fold greater than cytoplasmic ...

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both mitochondrial (respiration) and non-mitochondrial (other redox) reactions consume oxygen, but these reactions can be easily distinguished by chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. However, while mitochondrial oxygen consumption is an unambiguous and direct measurement of respiration rate2, the same is not true for extracellular acid production and its relationship to glycolytic rate 3-6. Extracellular acid produced by cells is derived from both lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis, and CO2, produced in the citric acid cycle during respiration. For glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to lactate- + H+ and the export of products into the assay medium is the source of glycolytic acidification. For respiration, the export of CO2, hydration to H2CO3 and dissociation to HCO3- + H+ is the source of respiratory acidification. The proportions of glycolytic and respiratory acidification depend on the experimental conditions, including cell type and substrate(s) provided, and can range from nearly 100% glycolytic acidification to nearly 100% respiratory acidification 6. Here, we demonstrate the data collection and calculation methods needed to determine respiratory and glycolytic contributions to total extracellular acidification by whole cells in culture using C2C12 myoblast cells as a model.

Glycolysis is a defining metabolic marker in multiple biological systems. Monitoring glycolysis by measuring the extracellular flux of H+ is common, but requires correction to be quantitative and unambiguous. Here, we demonstrate how to gather and correct extracellular flux data to distinguish between respiratory and glycolytic sources of extracellular acidification.

Ekstraselüler Asit Üretim Ölçüm ve Analiz Glikolitik Hızı belirleme

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both ...

SA-&#946;-Galactosidase-Based Screening Assay for the Identification of Senotherapeutic Drugs

Cell senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging known to negatively influence a healthy lifespan. Drugs able to kill senescent cells specifically in cell culture, termed senolytics, can reduce the senescent cell burden in vivo and extend healthspan. Multiple classes of senolytics have been identified to date including HSP90 inhibitors, Bcl-2 family inhibitors, piperlongumine, a FOXO4 inhibitory peptide and the combination of Dasatinib/Quercetin. Detection of SA-&#946;-Gal at an increased lysosomal pH is one of the best characterized markers for the detection of senescent cells. Live cell measurements of senescence-associated &#946;-galactosidase (SA-&#946;-Gal) activity using the fluorescent substrate C12FDG in combination with the determination of the total cell number using a DNA intercalating Hoechst dye opens the possibility to screen for senotherapeutic drugs that either reduce overall SA-&#946;-Gal activity by killing of senescent cells (senolytics) or by suppressing SA-&#946;-Gal and other phenotypes of senescent cells (senomorphics). Use of a high content fluorescent image acquisition and analysis platform allows for the rapid, high throughput screening of drug libraries for effects on SA-&#946;-Gal, cell morphology and cell number.

SA-&amp;#946;-Galactosidase-Based Screening Assay for the Identification of Senotherapeutic Drugs

Cellular senescence is the key factor in the development of chronic age-related pathologies. Identification of therapeutics that target senescent cells show promise for extending healthy aging. Here, we present a novel assay to screen for the identification of senotherapeutics based on measurement of senescence associated &#946;-Galactosidase activity in single cells.

Senoterapötik Ilaçların tanımlanması için SA-β-Galactosidaz tabanlı tarama tahlili

Cell senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging known to negatively influence a healthy lifespan. Drugs able to kill senescent cells specifically in cell ...

Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis

Dysmenorrhea, or painful cramping, is the most common symptom associated with menses in females and its severity can hinder women&#39;s everyday lives. Here, we present an easy and inexpensive method that would be instrumental for testing new drugs decreasing uterine contractility. This method utilizes the unique ability of the entire mouse reproductive tract to exhibit spontaneous motility when maintained ex vivo in a Petri dish containing oxygenated Krebs buffer. This spontaneous motility resembles the wave-like myometrial activity of the human uterus, referred to as endometrial waves. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, we employed a well-known uterine relaxant drug, epinephrine. We demonstrate that the spontaneous motility of the entire mouse reproductive tract can be quickly and reversibly inhibited by 1 &#181;M epinephrine in this Petri dish model. Documenting the changes of uterine motility can be easily done using an ordinary smart phone or a sophisticated digital camera. We developed a MATLAB-based algorithm allowing motion tracking to quantify spontaneous uterine motility changes by measuring the rate of uterine horn movements. A major advantage of this ex vivo approach is that the reproductive tract remains intact throughout the entire experiment, preserving all intrinsic intrauterine cellular interactions. The major limitation of this approach is that up to 10-20% of uteri may exhibit no spontaneous motility. Thus far, this is the first quantitative ex vivo method for assessing spontaneous uterine motility in a Petri dish model.

Uterine contractions are important for the well-being of females. However, pathologically increased contractility may result in dysmenorrhea, especially in younger females. Here, we describe a simple ex vivo preparation allowing quick assessment of the efficacy of smooth muscle relaxants that may be used for treating dysmenorrhea.

Fare Üreme Yolu Spontan Hareketliliği Değerlendirmek için Ex Vivo Yöntemi ve Veri Analizi için MATLAB tabanlı Rahim Hareket Takip Algoritması

Dysmenorrhea, or painful cramping, is the most common symptom associated with menses in females and its severity can hinder women&#39;s everyday lives. ...

A Capsule-Based Model for Immature Hard Tick Stages Infestation on Laboratory Mice

Ticks are obligatory blood feeding parasites at all stages of development (except eggs) and are recognized as vectors of various pathogens. The use of mouse models in tick research is critical for understanding their biology and tick-host-pathogen interactions. Here we demonstrate a non-laborious technique for the feeding of immature stages of hard ticks on laboratory mice. The benefit of the method is its simplicity, short duration, and the ability to monitor or collect ticks at different time points of an experiment. In addition, the technique allows attachment of two individual capsules on the same mouse, which is beneficial for a variety of experiments where two different groups of ticks are required to feed on the same animal. The non-irritating and flexible capsule is made from easily accessible materials and minimizes the discomfort of the experimental animals. Furthermore, euthanasia is not necessary, mice recover completely after the experiment and are available for re-use.

In this study, a feeding system for nymphal and larval stages of hard tick was developed using a capsule attached to laboratory mouse. The feeding capsule is made from flexible materials and remains firmly attached to the mouse for at least one week and allows comfortable monitoring of tick feeding.

Laboratuvar Farelerde Olgunlaşmamış Sert Kene Aşamaları Enfestasyon için Kapsül Tabanlı Model

Ticks are obligatory blood feeding parasites at all stages of development (except eggs) and are recognized as vectors of various pathogens. The use of ...