<ol>
	<li>Wheatley, D. N., Wang, A. M., Strugnell, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+primary+cilia+in+mammalian+cells.">Expression of primary cilia in mammalian cells.</a> Cell Biol Int. 20 (1), 73-81 (1996).</li><li>Donnelly, E., Ascenzi, M. G., Farnum, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+cilia+are+highly+oriented+with+respect+to+collagen+direction+and+long+axis+of+extensor+tendon.">Primary cilia are highly oriented with respect to collagen direction and long axis of extensor tendon.</a> J Orthop Res. 28 (1), 77-82 (2010).</li><li>McGlashan, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+loading+modulates+chondrocyte+primary+cilia+incidence+and+length.">Mechanical loading modulates chondrocyte primary cilia incidence and length.</a> Cell Biol Int. 34 (5), 441-446 (2010).</li><li>Farnum, C. E., Wilsman, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orientation+of+primary+cilia+of+articular+chondrocytes+in+three-dimensional+space.">Orientation of primary cilia of articular chondrocytes in three-dimensional space.</a> Anat Rec. 294 (3), 533-549 (2011).</li><li>Coveney, C. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ciliary+protein+IFT88+controls+post-natal+cartilage+thickness+and+influences+development+of+osteoarthritis.">The ciliary protein IFT88 controls post-natal cartilage thickness and influences development of osteoarthritis.</a> Arth Rheumatol. 74 (1), 49-59 (2021).</li><li>Coveney, C. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliary+IFT88+protects+coordinated+adolescent+growth+plate+ossification+from+disruptive+physiological+mechanical+forces.">Ciliary IFT88 protects coordinated adolescent growth plate ossification from disruptive physiological mechanical forces.</a> J Bone Miner Res. 37 (6), 1081-1086 (2022).</li><li>Andrea, C. E. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+cilia+organization+reflects+polarity+in+the+growth+plate+and+implies+loss+of+polarity+and+mosaicism+in+osteochondroma.">Primary cilia organization reflects polarity in the growth plate and implies loss of polarity and mosaicism in osteochondroma.</a> Lab Invest. 90 (7), 1091-1101 (2010).</li><li>Ascenzi, M. -. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+localization,+length+and+orientation+of+chondrocytic+primary+cilium+on+murine+growth+plate+organization.">Effect of localization, length and orientation of chondrocytic primary cilium on murine growth plate organization.</a> J. Theor Biol. 285 (1), 147-155 (2011).</li><li>Bangs, F. K., Schrode, N., Hadjantonakis, A. K., Anderson, K. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lineage+specificity+of+primary+cilia+in+the+mouse+embryo.">Lineage specificity of primary cilia in the mouse embryo.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 17 (2), 113-122 (2015).</li><li>Larkins, C. E., Aviles, G. D. G., East, M. P., Kahn, R. A., Caspary, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arl13b+regulates+ciliogenesis+and+the+dynamic+localization+of+Shh+signaling+proteins.">Arl13b regulates ciliogenesis and the dynamic localization of Shh signaling proteins.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 22 (23), 4694-4703 (2011).</li><li>Higginbotham, H., Bielas, S., Tanaka, T., Gleeson, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+mouse+line+with+green-fluorescent+protein-labeled+Centrin+2+allows+visualization+of+the+centrosome+in+living+cells.">Transgenic mouse line with green-fluorescent protein-labeled Centrin 2 allows visualization of the centrosome in living cells.</a> Transgenic Res. 13 (2), 155-164 (2004).</li><li>arivis. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Application Note #47 - Applying Cellpose models in arivis Vision4D. , 1-20 (2021).</li><li>Huff, J., Bergter, A., Luebbers, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+Note:+Multiplex+mode+for+the+LSM+9+series+with+Airyscan+2:+fast+and+gentle+confocal+super-resolution+in+large+volumes.">Application Note: Multiplex mode for the LSM 9 series with Airyscan 2: fast and gentle confocal super-resolution in large volumes.</a> Nat Methods. , (2019).</li><li>Ning, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cilia-associated+wound+repair+mediated+by+IFT88+in+retinal+pigment+epithelium.">Cilia-associated wound repair mediated by IFT88 in retinal pigment epithelium.</a> Sci Rep. 13 (1), 8205-8219 (2023).</li><li>Palla, A. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+cilia+on+muscle+stem+cells+are+critical+to+maintain+regenerative+capacity+and+are+lost+during+aging.">Primary cilia on muscle stem cells are critical to maintain regenerative capacity and are lost during aging.</a> Nat Commun. 13 (1), 1439-1451 (2022).</li><li>Brewer, K. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postnatal+dynamic+ciliary+ARL13B+and+ADCY3+localization+in+the+mouse+brain.">Postnatal dynamic ciliary ARL13B and ADCY3 localization in the mouse brain.</a> Cells. 13 (3), 259-277 (2024).</li></ol>

<table><tbody><tr><td>22 x 50 mm cover slips</td><td>fisherscientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>12373128</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>arivis Vision4D software</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>N/A</td><td>Image analysis software&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Confocal laser scanning microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Zeiss 980 Airyscan 2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CoverGrip Coverslip Sealant&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Biotium&amp;nbsp;</td><td>23005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cryofilm type 3C(16UF) (sheet type) 2.0 cm width</td><td>Section-lab</td><td>C-FUF303</td><td>To be purchased from Section-lab directly</td></tr><tr><td>Cryostat</td><td>Leica</td><td>CM1900 UV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>D1306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable Base Molds&amp;nbsp;</td><td>epredia</td><td>58952</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Phosphate Buffered Saline</td><td>gibco</td><td>14190</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formalin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>20260630</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Imaris software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Oxford Instruments&amp;nbsp;</td><td>N/A</td><td>Image analysis software for 3D reconstruction&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Immersion Oil 518F</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>ISO 8036&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microtome blades</td><td>Feather</td><td>02.075.00.006</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SlowFade Glass Antifade Mountant&amp;nbsp;</td><td>invitrogen</td><td>S36917</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S9378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Super Cryoembedding Medium (SCEM)</td><td>Section-lab</td><td>C-EM001</td><td>To be purchased from Section-lab directly</td></tr><tr><td>Superfrost Plus Microscope slides</td><td>avantor</td><td>631-0108</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zen software</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>N/A</td><td>Freeware for Confocal laser scanning microscopy</td></tr></tbody></table>

volumetric imaging and analysis of primary cilia in musculoskeletal tissue using the arl13b-centrin-2 mouse model

Kas-İskelet Dokusundaki Primer Kirpiklerin ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Fare Modeli Kullanılarak Hacimsel Görüntülenmesi ve Analizi

The primary cilium is a non-motile, solitary organelle assembled by most cell types. It is essential to the development and homeostasis of the skeleton ...

volumetric-imaging-analysis-primary-cilia-musculoskeletal-tissue

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Volumetric Imaging and Analysis of Primary Cilia in Musculoskeletal Tissue using the ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Mouse Model

130 Görüntüleme.  University of Oxford. Bu yöntem, bir ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 transgenik fare modelindeki endojen sinyalin, doku toplamadan kirpik organizasyonunun analizine kadar, mineralize dokunun geniş alanlarında üç boyutlu olarak primer kirpikleri yerinde görüntülemek için kullanılmasını tanımlar. Bu protokol diğer doku tiplerine de uygulanabilir. 

Video: Kas-İskelet Dokusundaki Primer Kirpiklerin ARL13B-CENTRIN-2 Fare Modeli Kullanılarak Hacimsel Görüntülenmesi ve Analizi

In situ Imaging of the Mouse Thymus Using 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) enables us to image deep into the thymus and document the events that are important for thymocyte development. To follow the migration of individuals in a crowd of thymocytes , we generate neonatal chimeras where less than one percent of the thymocytes are derived from a donor that is transgenic for a ubiquitously express fluorescent protein. To generate these partial hematopoetic chimeras, neonatal recipients are injected with bone marrow between 3-7 days of age. After 4-6 weeks, the mouse is sacrificed and the thymus is carefully dissected and bissected preserving the architecture of the tissue that will be imaged. The thymus is glued onto a coverslip in preparation for ex vivo imaging by TPM. During imaging the thymus is kept in DMEM without phenol red that is perfused with 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide and warmed to 37&deg;C. Using this approach, we can study the events required for the generation of a diverse T cell repertoire.

We present step-by-step instructions for the generation of neonatal chimeras as well as the dissection and preparation of the thymus for ex vivo imaging by 2-Photon Microscopy.

2-Foton Mikroskop kullanarak Fare Thymus in situ Görüntüleme

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) enables us to image deep into the thymus and document the events that are important for thymocyte development.  To follow the ...

Biyoloji

Actin Co-Sedimentation Assay; for the Analysis of Protein Binding to F-Actin

The actin cytoskeleton within the cell is a network of actin filaments that allows the movement of cells and cellular processes, and that generates tension and helps maintains cellular shape.  Although the actin cytoskeleton is a rigid structure, it is a dynamic structure that is constantly remodeling.  A number of proteins can bind to the actin cytoskeleton.  The binding of a particular protein to F-actin is often desired to support cell biological observations or to further understand dynamic processes due to remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. The actin co-sedimentation assay is an in vitro assay routinely used to analyze the binding of specific proteins or protein domains with F-actin.  The basic principles of the assay involve an incubation of the protein of interest (full length or domain of) with F-actin, ultracentrifugation step to pellet F-actin and analysis of the protein co-sedimenting with F-actin.  Actin co-sedimentation assays can be designed accordingly to measure actin binding affinities and in competition assays.

Proteins bind to filamentous actin (F-actin) through distinct actin binding modules. In this video we demonstrate the procedure of actin co-sedimentation, which is an in vitro assay routinely used to analyze proteins or specific domains that bind F-actin.

Aktin Co-Sedimantasyon Testi; F-Aktin Bağlayıcı Protein Analizi

The actin cytoskeleton within the cell is a network of actin filaments that allows the movement of cells and cellular processes, and that generates ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

In vivo Görüntüleme ve Yumurtalık Kanseri Ortotopik Fare Modeli Tedavi Tedaviler

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Analysis of Gene Function and Visualization of Cilia-Generated Fluid Flow in Kupffer's Vesicle

Internal organs such as the heart, brain, and gut develop left-right (LR) asymmetries that are critical for their normal functions1. Motile cilia are involved in establishing LR asymmetry in vertebrate embryos, including mouse, frog, and zebrafish2-6. These 'LR cilia' generate asymmetric fluid flow that is necessary to trigger a conserved asymmetric Nodal (TGF-&beta; superfamily) signaling cascade in the left lateral plate mesoderm, which is thought to provide LR patterning information for developing organs7. Thus, to understand mechanisms underlying LR patterning, it is essential to identify genes that regulate the organization of LR ciliated cells, the motility and length of LR cilia and their ability to generate robust asymmetric flow.
In the zebrafish embryo, LR cilia are located in Kupffer's vesicle (KV)2,4,5. KV is comprised of a single layer of monociliated epithelial cells that enclose a fluid-filled lumen. Fate mapping has shown that KV is derived from a group of ~20-30 cells known as dorsal forerunner cells (DFCs) that migrate at the dorsal blastoderm margin during epiboly stages8,9. During early somite stages, DFCs cluster and differentiate into ciliated epithelial cells to form KV in the tailbud of the embryo10,11. The ability to identify and track DFCs&mdash;in combination with optical transparency and rapid development of the zebrafish embryo&mdash;make zebrafish KV an excellent model system to study LR ciliated cells.
Interestingly, progenitors of the DFC/KV cell lineage retain cytoplasmic bridges between the yolk cell up to 4 hr post-fertilization (hpf), whereas cytoplasmic bridges between the yolk cell and other embryonic cells close after 2 hpf8. Taking advantage of these cytoplasmic bridges, we developed a stage-specific injection strategy to deliver morpholino oligonucleotides (MO) exclusively to DFCs and knockdown the function of a targeted gene in these cells12. This technique creates chimeric embryos in which gene function is knocked down in the DFC/KV lineage developing in the context of a wild-type embryo. To analyze asymmetric fluid flow in KV, we inject fluorescent microbeads into the KV lumen and record bead movement using videomicroscopy2. Fluid flow is easily visualized and can be quantified by tracking bead displacement over time.
Here, using the stage-specific DFC-targeted gene knockdown technique and injection of fluorescent microbeads into KV to visualize flow, we present a protocol that provides an effective approach to characterize the role of a particular gene during KV development and function.

Cilia-generated fluid flow in Kupffer&#x2019;s Vesicle (KV) controls left-right patterning of the zebrafish embryo. Here, we describe a technique to modulate gene function specifically in KV cells. In addition, we show how to deliver fluorescent beads into KV to visualize fluid flow.

Kupffer en veziküllü Gen Fonksiyonu ve Cilia Oluşturulan Akışkanın Görselleştirme Analizi

Internal organs such as the  heart, brain, and gut develop left-right (LR) asymmetries that are critical for  their normal functions1. Motile cilia are ...

Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue

The myofibroblast is a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining considerable attention for its critical role in many GI functions. While several myofibroblast cell lines are commercially available to study these cells in vitro, research results from a cell line exposed to experimental cell culture conditions have inherent limitations due to the overly reductionist nature of the work. Use of primary myofibroblasts offers a great advantage in terms of confirming experimental findings identified in a cell line. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from an animal model allows for the study of myofibroblasts under conditions that more closely mimic the disease state being studied. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from human colon tissue provides arguably the most relevant experimental data, since the cells come directly from patients with the underlying disease. We describe a well-established technique that can be utilized to isolate primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue. These isolated cells have been characterized to be alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin-positive, and desmin-negative, consistent with subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts. Primary myofibroblast cells can be grown in cell culture and used for experimental purposes over a limited number of passages.

The myofibroblast is an influential stromal cell of the gastrointestinal tract that regulates important physiologic processes in both normal and disease states. We describe a technique that allows for the isolation of primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue, which can be utilized for in vitro experimentation.

Fare ve İnsan Kolon Doku Primer miyofibroblastlar İzolasyonu

The myofibroblast is  a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining  considerable attention for its critical role in many GI ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

Yüksek çözünürlüklü Time-lapse Görüntüleme ve Yaşayan İnsan Umbilikal Ven Endotelyal Hücrelerinde Mikrotubul Dinamiği Otomatik Analizi

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called the auditory bulla houses the ossicles, whereas the auditory capsule encloses the inner ear, namely the cochlea and semicircular canals. Murine ossicles are essential for hearing and thus of great interest to researchers in the field of otolaryngology, but their metabolism, development, and evolution are highly relevant to other fields. Altered bone metabolism can affect hearing function in adult mice, and various gene-deficient mice show changes in morphogenesis of auditory ossicles in utero. Although murine auditory ossicles are tiny, their manipulation is feasible if one understands their anatomical orientation and 3D structure. Here, we describe how to dissect the auditory bulla and capsule of postnatal mice and then isolate individual ossicles by removing part of the bulla. We also discuss how to embed the bulla and capsule in different orientations to generate paraffin or frozen sections suitable for preparation of longitudinal, horizontal, or frontal sections of the malleus. Finally, we enumerate anatomical differences between mouse and human auditory ossicles. These methods would be useful in analyzing pathological, developmental and evolutionary aspects of auditory ossicles and the middle ear in mice.

We present a protocol to isolate the auditory bulla, capsule, and ossicles from postnatal mice for whole mount and histological analysis.

Doğum sonrası Farelerde İşitsel Bulla diseksiyonu: Orta Kulak Kemikler ve histolojik analiz izolasyonu

In most mammals, auditory ossicles in the middle ear, including the malleus, incus and stapes, are the smallest bones. In mice, a bony structure called ...

Analysis of Beta-cell Function Using Single-cell Resolution Calcium Imaging in Zebrafish Islets

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to hyperglycemia and severe, life-threatening consequences. Understanding how the beta-cells operate under physiological conditions and what genetic and environmental factors might cause their dysfunction could lead to better treatment options for diabetic patients. The ability to measure calcium levels in beta-cells serves as an important indicator of beta-cell function, as the influx of calcium ions triggers insulin release. Here we describe a protocol for monitoring the glucose-stimulated calcium influx in zebrafish beta-cells by using GCaMP6s, a genetically encoded sensor of calcium. The method allows monitoring the intracellular calcium dynamics with single-cell resolution in ex vivo mounted islets. The glucose-responsiveness of beta-cells within the same islet can be captured simultaneously under different glucose concentrations, which suggests the presence of functional heterogeneity among zebrafish beta-cells. Furthermore, the technique provides high temporal and spatial resolution, which reveals the oscillatory nature of the calcium influx upon glucose stimulation. Our approach opens the doors to use the zebrafish as a model to investigate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to beta-cell function and dysfunction.

Beta-cell functionality is important for blood-glucose homeostasis, which is evaluated at single-cell resolution using a genetically encoded reporter for calcium influx.

Zebra balığı adacıkları tek hücreli çözünürlük kalsiyum Imaging'i kullanma Beta hücre fonksiyonu Analizi

Pancreatic beta-cells respond to increasing blood glucose concentrations by secreting the hormone insulin. The dysfunction of beta-cells leads to ...

Adipo-Clear: A Tissue Clearing Method for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte precursors, immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerve projections. Although the molecular control of cell type specification and how these cells interact have been increasingly delineated, a more comprehensive understanding of these adipose-resident cells can be achieved by visualizing their distribution and architecture throughout the whole tissue. Existing immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to analyze adipose histology rely on thin paraffin-embedded sections. However, thin sections capture only a small portion of tissue; as a result, the conclusions can be biased by what portion of tissue is analyzed. We have therefore developed an adipose tissue clearing technique, Adipo-Clear, to permit comprehensive three-dimensional visualization of molecular and cellular patterns in whole adipose tissues. Adipo-Clear was adapted from iDISCO/iDISCO+, with specific modifications made to completely remove the lipid stored in the tissue while preserving native tissue morphology. In combination with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate here the use of the Adipo-Clear method to obtain high-resolution volumetric images&#160;of an entire adipose tissue.

Due to the high lipid content, adipose tissue has been challenging to visualize using traditional histological methods. Adipo-Clear is a tissue clearing technique that allows robust labeling and high-resolution volumetric fluorescent imaging of adipose tissue. Here, we describe the methods for sample preparation, pretreatment, staining, clearing, and mounting for imaging.

Adipo-Clear: Bir doku Yöntem yağ dokusu üç boyutlu görüntüleme için temizlenmesi

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte ...

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while maintaining transparency of the visual axis. Perturbations to this delicate balance cause blinding illnesses, such as diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the understanding of energy metabolism changes in the retina during disease is imperative to the development of rational therapies for various causes of vison loss. The recent advent of commercially-available extracellular flux analyzers has made the study of retinal energy metabolism more accessible. This protocol describes the use of such an analyzer to measure contributions to retinal energy supply through its two principle arms - oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis - by quantifying changes in oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) as proxies for these pathways. This technique is readily performed in explanted retinal tissue, facilitating assessment of responses to multiple pharmacologic agents in a single experiment. Metabolic signatures in retinas from animals lacking rod photoreceptor signaling are compared to wild-type controls using this method. A major limitation in this technique is the lack of ability to discriminate between light-adapted and dark-adapted energy utilization, an important physiologic consideration in retinal tissue.

This technique describes real time recording of oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates in explanted mouse retinal tissues using an extracellular flux analyzer.

Explanted Retina doku hücre dışı akı analizi ile enerji metabolizmasında ölçümü

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while ...