Hücre Kültürü <ol><li> İnsan embriyonik böbrek 293 (HEK293) hücreleri Stok kültürler antibiyotik bir kokteyl (penisilin ml başına 100 birimleri ve 100 mikrogram ile desteklenmiş Dulbecco&#39;nun Modifiye Kartal Kullanıcı Orta (DMEM) oluşan &#39;orta A&#39;, 10-cm kültür yemekleri büyüdü. başına ml streptomisin sülfat) ve% 10 fetal sığır serumu (FBS). </li><li> Bir deney için hücreler kurmak için, orta emdi, ve hücreler 5 ml fosfat ile iki kez yıkanır tamponlu salin (PBS) çözümü. </li><li> PBS sonra kaldırılır ve 0.6 ml% 0.25 &#39;lik tripsin içeren bir çözüm ile değiştirilir. </li><li> Hücreleri ayırmak başlamıştır kadar çanak 37 ˚ C&#39;de yaklaşık 2 dakika süreyle inkübe edilir. </li><li> Tripsin nötralize etmek için 5.5 ml orta eklenir ve hücrelerin hemasitometre sayılır. </li><li> Hücreler ml&#39;de 320.000 hücreleri için seyreltilmiş ve bir polylysine kaplı 96-kuyu kültür plaka başına 0.1 ml vazgeçtik. </li><li> 37 tabak doku kültürü inkübatör içine yerleştirin ° C% 8.8 CO2 içeren bir atmosfer ve 24 saat için büyümek. </li></ol> Transfections <ol><li> Transfections için hazırlanırken, deneysel koşullar başına yapılan ve plazmid miktarda transfekte olacak kaç çoğaltır düşünülmelidir. Biz rutin olarak üç nüsha halinde tüm koşulları yerine ve iyi plazmid DNA ortalama 50 ila 100 ng bir toplam transfect. Plazmid karışımları, en azından bir muhabir ateşböceği lusiferaz ve bir kurucu organizatörü kontrol plazmid ifade Renilla lusiferaz ifade inşa içermelidir. </li><li> Plazmid çözümler, 1.5 ml mikrosantrifüj tüpler pipetlenir ve serum ve antibiyotik DMEM örnek başına 10 ul ile desteklenebilir. 20 kuyu her 50 mg DNA ile transfekte Örneğin, 1 mg DNA 200 ul DMEM ekleyin. </li><li> DMEM / DNA çözüm mg DNA başına 3 ul &#39;Transit 293 reaktif&#39; (Mirus) ekleyin. Yukarı ve aşağı pipetleme ile karıştırın ve numuneler oda sıcaklığında en az 10 dakika bekletin. </li><li> Bu dönemde, 96 kuyu kültür plaka medyayı çıkartın ve taze orta A. 90 ul ile değiştirin </li><li> Her biri 10 ul DMEM / DNA / Transit 293 karışımı ekleyin. </li><li> 37 tabak doku kültürü inkübatör içine yerleştirin ° C% 8.8 CO2 içeren bir atmosfer ve 24 saat için büyümek. </li></ol> Fagositoz <ol><li> Orta B artı (DMEM ve Ham F12 orta artı antibiyotik ve% 10 FBS bir 1:1 karışımı), ml başına sıfır 1 mg 0.75 mikron lateks boncuklar içeren süspansiyonlar hazırlayın. </li><li> 96-kuyu kültür plaka ortamı çıkarın ve orta B. boncuk süspansiyonlar 0.1 ml ile değiştirin </li><li> 1000 x g. az 2 dakika süreyle plaka Spin </li><li> Bu hücreler daha sonra 37 ˚ C&#39;de 6 ila 16 saat için kültüre. Koşulları ve lucifeares, artan muhabiri gen ekspresyonu 1 ila 3 saat sonra tespit edilebilir sürmek için kullanılan promotor bağlı. </li><li> Aynı durumda bu hücrelerin 30 ila 60 dakika süreyle boncuklar ile inkübe için gerekli olabilir, daha sonra adi boncuk kaldırmak ve ek süre hücreleri kuluçka önce taze medya eklemek için PBS ile 2 yıkar. </li></ol> Çift GloTM Lusiferaz Testi <ol><li> Not: bu kit kullanımı için protokol üretici tarafından önerilen bazı bakımlardan farklıdır. Bu örnek başına gerekli reaktiflerin miktarını azaltmak için modifiye edilmiştir. </li><li> -20 ˚ C&#39;de 1 M DTT, bölme, birden fazla küçük alikotları ve depoya bir çözüm hazırlayın </li><li> 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.8),% 10 (v / v) gliserol ve% 0.5 (v / v) Triton X-100 içeren bir lizis tamponu hazırlayın. Kullanmadan önce, kısım, deney için gerekli bir miktar ve 1x 0.5 nihai konsantrasyonu 1 M DTT artı proteaz inhibitörü kokteyl ml başına 1 ul eklemek. Artık DTT çözümü yeniden etmeyin. </li><li> Çift GloTM kiti ilk kez kullanırken, bir şişe, Çift GloTM Lusiferaz Yüzey (sağlanan bir şişe Çift GloTM Lusiferaz Tampon (kit ile birlikte verilen) tüm içeriğini aktararak (ateşböceği) Lusiferaz Reaktif hazırlamak kiti ile). -20 ˚ C&#39;de 10 ml alikotları ve depoya kullanılmayan Lusiferaz Reaktif Böl </li><li> 96-plaka doku kültürü inkübatör çıkarın ve buz üzerine yerleştirin. Aspirasyon medya çıkarın ul için de lizis tamponu 40 ekleyin ve sonra 30 dakika buz üzerinde plaka bırakın. </li><li> Lusiferaz Reaktif ve sonra, ortalama bir beyaz, opak 96 plaka (OptiplateTM-96, Perkin Elmer katalog sayısı 6.005.290) kısım 15 ul 15 ul hücre lizat ekleyin. </li><li> Plaka 10 dakika oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin ve sonra bir mikroplaka okuyucu lüminesans okuyun. </li><li> Kullanımdan hemen önce, 1 parçası Çift GloTM Durdur &amp; Glo ekleyerek Renilla lusiferaz substrat çözeltisi uygun miktarda hazırlamak ®Reaktif (kit ile birlikte verilen), 100 parça Dual-GloTM Stop &amp; Glo ® Tampon (kit ile birlikte verilen). </li><li> Her biri için 10 dakika oda sıcaklığında inkübe Renilla lusiferaz substrat çözeltisi 15 ul başına iyi, ekleyebilir ve daha sonra tekrar lüminesans ölçmek. </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

studying membrane biogenesis with a luciferase-based reporter gene assay

Membran biyogenezi sırasında farklı lipid sentez yollarının koordinasyon çalışma için, membran biyogenezi indüklenebilir bir şekilde ve hızla oluşan bir deneysel sistemi ile çalışmak için yararlıdır. Biz hücreler hızla parçacık engulfment sırasında malzeme sarma gibi kayıp membran havuzları doldurmak için membran lipidleri sentez olarak lateks boncuk fagositoz bu amaçlar için pratik olduğunu bulduk. Burada, Promega Dual-Glo Lusiferaz Testi Sistemi kullanılarak bir lusiferaz tabanlı muhabiri gen yaklaşımı ile fagositoz indüklenen gen ekspresyon değişiklikleri incelemek için prosedürler açıklanmaktadır.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay at JoVE.com

Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

Burada, Promega Çift GloTM Lusiferaz Testi Sistemi kullanılarak bir lusiferaz tabanlı muhabiri gen yaklaşımı ile fagositoz indüklenen gen ekspresyon değişiklikleri incelemek için prosedürler açıklanmaktadır.

Membran Biyogenez bir Lusiferaz Tabanlı Reporter Gen Testi ile incelenmesi

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane ...

studying-membrane-biogenesis-with-luciferase-based-reporter-gene

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.8K Görüntüleme.  Harvard. Burada, Promega Çift GloTM Lusiferaz Testi Sistemi kullanılarak bir lusiferaz tabanlı muhabiri gen yaklaşımı ile fagositoz indüklenen gen ekspresyon değişiklikleri incelemek için prosedürler açıklanmaktadır.

Video: Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

A Microfluidic Device with Groove Patterns for Studying Cellular Behavior

We describe a microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns for studying cellular behavior. This microfluidic platform consists of a top fluidic channel and a bottom microgrooved substrate. To fabricate the microgrooved channels, a top poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) mold containing the impression of the microfluidic channels was aligned and bonded to a microgrooved substrate. Using this device, mouse fibroblast cells were immobilized and patterned within microgrooved substrates (25, 50, 75, and 100 &mu;m wide). To study apoptosis in a microfluidic device, media containing hydrogen peroxide, Annexin V, and propidium iodide was perfused into the fluidic channel for 2 hours. We found that cells exposed to the oxidative stress became apoptotic. These apoptotic cells were confirmed by Annexin V that bound to phosphatidylserine at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane during the apoptosis process. Using this microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns, the apoptosis process was observed in real-time and analyzed by using an inverted microscope containing an incubation chamber (37&deg;C, 5% CO2). Therefore, this microfluidic device incorporated with microgrooved substrates could be useful for studying the cellular behavior and performing high-throughput drug screening.

We describe a protocol for the fabrication of microfluidic devices that can enable cell capture and culture. In this approach patterned microstructures such as grooves within microfluidic channels are used to create low shear stress regions within which cell can dock.

Hücresel Davranış incelenmesi için Groove Desenler mikroakışkan Aygıt

We describe a microfluidic device with microgrooved patterns for studying cellular behavior.  This microfluidic platform consists of a top fluidic channel ...

Biyoloji

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Yüksek Verimli Primer Hücre Transfect Gen Verici MXcell Elektroporasyon Sistemi

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the floral-dip transformation method1-2 has replaced all previous methods because of its simplicity, efficiency, and low cost. Specifically, shoots of young flowering Arabidopsis plants are dipped in a solution of Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying specific plasmid constructs. After dipping, the plants are returned to normal growth and yield seeds, a small percentage of which are transformed with the foreign gene and can be selected for on medium containing antibiotics. This floral-dip method significantly facilitated Arabidopsis research and contributed greatly to our understanding of plant gene function. In this study, we use the floral-dip method to transform a reporter gene, &beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), under the control of TSO2 promoter. TSO2, coding for the Ribonucleotide Reductase (RNR) small subunit3, is a cell cycle regulated gene essential for dNDP biosynthesis in the S-phase of the cell cycle. Examination of GUS expression in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings shows that TSO2 is expressed in actively dividing tissues. The reported experimental method and materials can be easily adapted not only for research but also for education at high school and college levels.

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::&amp;#946;-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

This article illustrates the floral-dip method of Agrobacterium tumefaciens -mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana. By introducing a cell-cycle regulated promoter-reporter, pTSO2::&beta;-glucuronidase (GUS), into Arabidopsis, we illustrates how one detects GUS reporter expression in transgenic seedlings.

Floral-daldırma Dönüşüm Arabidopsis thaliana Inceleyin PTSO2: β-glucuronidase Reporter Gen İfadesi

The ability to introduce foreign genes into an organism is the foundation for modern biology and biotechnology. In the model flowering plant Arabidopsis ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties. The large-scale gene functional analysis in cotton has been lagged behind most of the modern plant species, likely due to its large size of genome, gene duplication and polyploidy, long growth cycle and recalcitrance to genetic transformation1. To facilitate high throughput functional genetic/genomic study in cotton, we attempt to develop rapid and efficient transient assays to assess cotton gene functions.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technique that was developed based on the host Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) to repress viral proliferation2,3. Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS has been successfully applied in a wide range of dicots species such as Solanaceae, Arabidopsis and legume species, and monocots species including barley, wheat and maize, for various functional genomic studies3,4. As this rapid and efficient approach avoids plant transformation and overcomes functional redundancy, it is particularly attractive and suitable for functional genomic study in crop species like cotton not amenable for transformation.
In this study, we report the detailed protocol of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS system in cotton. Among the several viral VIGS vectors, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) invades a wide range of hosts and is able to spread vigorously throughout the entire plant yet produce mild symptoms on the hosts5. To monitor the silencing efficiency, GrCLA1, a homolog gene of Arabidopsis Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene (AtCLA1) in cotton, has been cloned and inserted into the VIGS binary vector pYL156. CLA1 gene is involved in chloroplast development6, and previous studies have shown that loss-of-function of AtCLA1 resulted in an albino phenotype on true leaves7, providing an excellent visual marker for silencing efficiency. At approximately two weeks post Agrobacterium infiltration, the albino phenotype started to appear on the true leaves, with 100% silencing efficiency in all replicated experiments. The silencing of endogenous gene expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Significantly, silencing could potently occur in all the cultivars we tested, including various commercially grown varieties in Texas. This rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS assay provides a very powerful tool for rapid large-scale analysis of gene functions at genome-wide level in cotton.

We present the detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in cotton. The tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS vectors were deployed to induce RNA silencing of cotton GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene. The albino phenotype caused by silencing GrCLA1 was observed at the seedling stage within 2 weeks after inoculation.

Pamuk olarak Agrobacterium Virüs Bağlı Gen susturma Testi

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3'UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and play a role in many biological processes. More than 700 human miRNAs have been identified so far with each having up to hundreds of unique target mRNAs. Computational tools, expression and proteomics assays, and chromatin-immunoprecipitation-based techniques provide important clues for identifying mRNAs that are direct targets of a particular miRNA. In addition, 3'UTR-reporter assays have become an important component of thorough miRNA target studies because they provide functional evidence for and quantitate the effects of specific miRNA-3'UTR interactions in a cell-based system. To enable more researchers to leverage 3'UTR-reporter assays and to support the scale-up of such assays to high-throughput levels, we have created a genome-wide collection of human 3'UTR luciferase reporters in the highly-optimized LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System. The system also includes synthetic miRNA target reporter constructs for use as positive controls, various endogenous 3'UTR reporter constructs, and a series of standardized experimental protocols.
Here we describe a method for co-transfection of individual 3'UTR-reporter constructs along with a miRNA mimic that is efficient, reproducible, and amenable to high-throughput analysis.

Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3&#039;UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and have been shown to play a role in numerous biological processes. To better understand miRNA-UTR interactions, we have created a genome-wide collection of 3 UTR luciferase reporters paired with a novel luciferase gene and assay reagent, the LightSwitch system.

3&#39;UTR muhabiri oluşturur ve bir microRNA kullanarak LightSwitch Lusiferaz Test Sistemi ile İnsan microRNA belirlenmesi Hedefler yapışık hücrelere Mimik

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and play a role in many biological processes.  More than 700 human miRNAs have been ...

A Chemical Screening Procedure for Glucocorticoid Signaling with a Zebrafish Larva Luciferase Reporter System

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids can lead to severe side effects. Test systems are needed to search for novel compounds influencing glucocorticoid signaling in vivo or to determine unwanted effects of compounds on the glucocorticoid signaling pathway. We have established a transgenic zebrafish assay which allows the measurement of glucocorticoid signaling activity in vivo and in real-time, the GRIZLY assay (Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY). The luciferase-based assay detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling with high sensitivity and specificity, including effects by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production. We present here a detailed protocol for conducting chemical screens with this assay. We describe data acquisition, normalization, and analysis, placing a focus on quality control and data visualization. The assay provides a simple, time-resolved, and quantitative readout. It can be operated as a stand-alone platform, but is also easily integrated into high-throughput screening workflows. It furthermore allows for many applications beyond chemical screening, such as environmental monitoring of endocrine disruptors or stress research.

We describe the procedure and data analysis of a chemical screening system for glucocorticoid stress hormone signaling using zebrafish larvae: the Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY (GRIZLY) assay. The assay sensitively and specifically detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production.

Bir Zebra balığı Larva Lusıferaz Muhabir Sistemi ile glukokortikoid Signaling&#39;den için bir Kimyasal Tarama Prosedürü

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids ...

Reporter-based Growth Assay for Systematic Analysis of Protein Degradation

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a major regulatory mechanism for protein homeostasis in all eukaryotes. The standard approach to determining intracellular protein degradation relies on biochemical assays for following the kinetics of protein decline. Such methods are often laborious and time consuming and therefore not amenable to experiments aimed at assessing multiple substrates and degradation conditions. As an alternative, cell growth-based assays have been developed, that are, in their conventional format, end-point assays that cannot quantitatively determine relative changes in protein levels.
Here we describe a method that faithfully determines changes in protein degradation rates by coupling them to yeast cell-growth kinetics. The method is based on an established selection system where uracil auxotrophy of URA3-deleted yeast cells is rescued by an exogenously expressed reporter protein, comprised of a fusion between the essential URA3 gene and a degradation determinant (degron). The reporter protein is designed so that its synthesis rate is constant whilst its degradation rate is determined by the degron. As cell growth in uracil-deficient medium is proportional to the relative levels of Ura3, growth kinetics are entirely dependent on the reporter protein degradation.
This method accurately measures changes in intracellular protein degradation kinetics. It was applied to: (a) Assessing the relative contribution of known ubiquitin-conjugating factors to proteolysis (b) E2 conjugating enzyme structure-function analyses (c) Identification and characterization of novel degrons. Application of the degron-URA3-based system transcends the protein degradation field, as it can also be adapted to monitoring changes of protein levels associated with functions of other cellular pathways.

Here we describe a robust biological assay for quantifying the relative rate of proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. The assay readout is yeast growth rate in liquid culture, which is dependent on the cellular levels of a reporter protein comprising a degradation signal fused to an essential metabolic marker.

Protein Parçalanabilirliklerinin Sistematik Analizi muhabiri tabanlı Büyüme Deneyi

Protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a major regulatory mechanism for protein homeostasis in all eukaryotes. The standard ...

Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been described, certain types of cells are resistant to many of these methods and yield low transfection efficiency1, potentially hindering research in those cell types. In this protocol, we present an optimized transfection procedure to introduce luciferase reporter genes as a plasmid DNA into the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Two different types of transfection reagents (lipid-based and polyamine-based) are described, and important notes are given throughout the protocol to ensure that the RAW264.7 cells are minimally altered by the transfection procedure and any experimental data obtained are the direct results of the experimental treatment. While transfection efficiency may not be higher compared to other transfection methods, the described procedure is robust enough for detecting luciferase signal in RAW264.7 without changing the physiological response of the cells to stimuli.

Transfection into the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, is difficult due to the cell&#8217;s natural response against foreign materials. We described here a gentle yet robust procedure for transfecting luciferase reporter genes into RAW264.7 cells.

Lusiferaz haberci geni ile RAW264.7 hücreleri transfekte

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been ...

Visualizing Stromule Frequency with Fluorescence Microscopy

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but whose functions remain mysterious. Alongside growing attention on the role of chloroplasts in coordinating plant responses to stress, interest in stromules and their relationship to chloroplast signaling dynamics has increased in recent years, aided by advances in fluorescence microscopy and protein fluorophores that allow for rapid, accurate visualization of stromule dynamics. Here, we provide detailed protocols to assay stromule frequency in the epidermal chloroplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana, an excellent model system for investigating chloroplast stromule biology. We also provide methods for visualizing chloroplast stromules in vitro by extracting chloroplasts from leaves. Finally, we outline sampling strategies and statistical approaches to analyze differences in stromule frequencies in response to stimuli, such as environmental stress, chemical treatments, or gene silencing. Researchers can use these protocols as a starting point to develop new methods for innovative experiments to explore how and why chloroplasts make stromules.

Protocols to investigate the dynamics of chloroplast stromules, the stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of chloroplasts, are described.

Floresan Mikroskopi ile Stromule Frekansı görselleştirme

Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but ...

An In Vitro Model for Studying Cellular Transformation by Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an unusual tumor composed of proliferating spindle cells that is initiated by infection of endothelial cells (EC) with KSHV, and develops most often in the setting of immunosuppression. Despite decades of research, optimal treatment of KS remains poorly defined and clinical outcomes are especially unfavorable in resource-limited settings. KS lesions are driven by pathological angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, and oncogenesis, and various in vitro cell culture models have been developed to study these processes. KS arises from KSHV-infected cells of endothelial origin, so EC-lineage cells provide the most appropriate in vitro surrogates of the spindle cell precursor. However, because EC have a limited in vitro lifespan, and as the oncogenic mechanisms employed by KSHV are less efficient than those of other tumorigenic viruses, it has been difficult to assess the processes of transformation in primary or telomerase-immortalized EC. Therefore, a novel EC-based culture model was developed that readily supports transformation following infection with KSHV. Ectopic expression of the E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus type 16 allows for extended culture of age- and passage-matched mock- and KSHV-infected EC and supports the development of a truly transformed (i.e., tumorigenic) phenotype in infected cell cultures. This tractable and highly reproducible model of KS has facilitated the discovery of several essential signaling pathways with high potential for translation into clinical settings.

An In Vitro Model for Studying Cellular Transformation by Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a tumor induced by infection with the oncogenic virus human herpesvirus-8/KS herpesvirus (HHV-8/KSHV). The endothelial cell culture model described here is uniquely suited for studying the mechanisms by which KSHV transforms host cells.

Hücresel dönüştürme Kaposi sarkomu Herpesvirus tarafından eğitim için bir Vitro modeli

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an unusual tumor composed of proliferating spindle cells that is initiated by infection of endothelial cells (EC) with KSHV, and ...