1) Hücre hazırlık <ol><li> Yapışık hücrelere kullanırken, trypsinize ve elektroporasyon önce hücreleri toplamak için gereklidir. </li><li> Üç farklı geçit numaraları temsil eden dört fare embriyonik fibroblast (MEF) kültürleri, arasında transfeksiyon karşılaştırmak için, her bir şişesi aşağıdaki gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Hücre kültür ortamı aspire. </li><li> Hücreleri yıkamak için PBS ekleyin. </li><li> PBS çıkarın; hücreleri kapsayacak şekilde yeterli tripsin ve tripsin hücreleri ayırmak için izin vermek için birkaç dakika bekleyin. </li><li> Hücrelerin durumunu doğrulamak için bir mikroskop ile şişeler kontrol hücreleri ayırmak için balon şaplak ve sonra, emin hücreleri tüm müstakil olmak için tekrar şişeyi kontrol edin. </li><li> Ek süre ve gerekirse tekrar bekleyin. </li><li> Tüm hücreleri müstakil sonra, tripsin nötralize etmek için serum içeren medya ekleyin. </li><li> Hücrelerin bir santrifüj tüpüne aktarın ve santrifüj yoluyla pelet hücreleri (RCF = 300 xg). </li><li> PBS bilinen bir ses supernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon hücreleri çıkarın. </li><li> Hücreleri saymak. </li><li> Uygun hacimli hücre süspansiyonu, deneyler için hücreler (1 x 10 6 hücre / mL yoğunluğu hücreleri de ortalama 150 mcL gerekecektir) gerekli sayıda sağlamak için yeni bir tüpe aktarın . </li><li> Santrifüj hücreleri. </li><li> Gene Verici elektroporasyon 1 x 10 6 hücre / mL bir hücre yoğunluğu elde etmek için tampon uygun hacmi supernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon hücreleri çıkarın. </li><li> Hücre süspansiyonu plazmid başına mL 20 mg ekleyin ve hafifçe karıştırın. </li></ol> 2) Elektroporasyon damar kurulum ve elektroporasyon Plaka kurulum ve elektroporasyon <ol><li> Gene Verici MXcell elektroporasyon sisteminin güç modülü takın plaka odası. </li><li> Pipet 150 mcL hücre karışımı ya da 96-kuyu elektroporasyon plaka kuyu içine tampon. </li><li> Plaka odası ve nabız plaka koyun. </li><li> Odasından plaka çıkarın. </li><li> Her bir kuyunun içinde yukarı ve aşağı pipetleme iyi içeriği karıştırın. </li><li> Hücrelerin her kuyudan 12 kuyucuğu önceden ısıtılmış tampon aktarın. </li><li> Plaka dokunun hücreleri dağıtmak ve inkübatörde koymak. </li><li> Hücreler 24 saat kurtarmanızı sağlar. </li></ol> Küvet kurulum ve elektroporasyon <ol start="9"><li> ShockPod Gene Verici MXcell elektroporasyon sistemi ve fiş ™ küvet kamara güç modülü plaka odasına çıkarın. </li><li> Pipet 600 mcL 0.4 cm boşluk elektroporasyon küvet içine hücre süspansiyonu. </li><li> ShockPod odasına küvet koyun ve elektrik darbe sağlamak. </li><li> Küvet odasından çıkarın. </li><li> Küvet içinde yukarı ve aşağı pipetleme küvet içeriğini karıştırın. </li><li> Hücrelerin her kuyudan 12 kuyucuğu önceden ısıtılmış tampon aktarın. </li><li> Plaka dokunun hücreleri dağıtmak ve inkübatörde koymak. </li><li> Hücreler 24 saat geri alalım. </li></ol> 3) Temsilci Sonuçlar Hücreleri transfecting ve onları kurtarmak için izin sonra, flow sitometri kullanarak epifluorescent mikroskopi kullanılarak kantitatif, kalitatif transfeksiyon verimlilik, analiz ve. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1. başarıyla electroporated ve şimdi, GFP geninin ifade Hücreler epifluorescent mikroskobu altında görünür. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig2.jpg" alt="Şekil 2" /> Şekil 2 faz kontrast altında hücreleri görüntüleme hem transfekte ve untransfected hücrelerinin görselleştirme sağlar. Bunlar 200V düşük voltaj elektroporasyon darbe maruz kaldılar hücrelerdir. Hücreler yüksek hücre yoğunluğu nedeniyle büyük ölçüde konfluent. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig3.jpg" alt="Şekil 3" /> Şekil 3, Epifloresans altında bakış aynı alanda bir dizi hücreleri GFP işaretleyici ifade gösterir, ama bu sadece küçük bir yüzdesi önceki resim görünür hücreleri . <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig4.jpg" alt="Şekil 4" /> Şekil 4 250V, faz kontrast altında görülen canlı hücrelerinin toplam sayısı biraz azalır. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig5.jpg" alt="Şekil 5" /> Epifloresans altında bir Şekil 5 GFP ifade hücrelerinin sayısının arttığını görebilirsiniz. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig6.jpg" alt="Şekil 6" /> Şekil 6, en yüksek voltaj 375V uygulanan, daha az görünür canlı hücreler vardır. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig7.jpg" alt="Şekil 7" /> Şekil 7 Ancak, geri kalan hücreler büyük bir yüzdesi, GFP ifade edilmektedir. Hangi durum optimal deney tasarımı bağlıdır. Bazı deneylerde transfekte hücrelerinin en büyük sayı diğer deneylerde en yüksek yüzde transfeksiyon belki de en iyisi, en uygun olabilir. Biz her koşul altında olumlu GFP ve yüzdeleri hücre yaşla birlikte değişir hücrelerin yüzdesi olarak ilgilenen. Flow sitometri, her farklı elektroporasyon koşullar altında transfeksiyon sonuçları hakkında kantitatif bilgi sağlayabilir. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig8.jpg" alt="Şekil 8" /> Şekil 8 12 elektroporasyon koşulların her birinin altında 5 hücre gösterilen pasajda olumlu GFP hücre yüzdesi. Durumu 12, maksimum transfeksiyon yüzdesi güçlü kare dalga darbe altında yüksek voltaj üstel çürüme darbe, durumu 6 ve% 70 altında yaklaşık% 80, test. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig9.jpg" alt="Şekil 9" /> Şekil 9 hücrelerin elektroporasyon önce 9 kez geçti, transfeksiyon yüzde genel desen neredeyse aynıdır, ancak çok hafif bir azalma ile transfeksiyon yüzdeleri. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1662/1662fig10.jpg" alt="Şekil 10" /> Şekil 10 Burada gösterilen geçit genç hücrelere göre transfeksiyon yüzdesinde belirgin bir azalma göstermektedir 13 hücreler, GFP hücrelerinin yüzdeleri. En yüksek transfeksiyon yüzdeleri yaklaşık yarısı, mümkün olduğu kadar kısa sürede izolasyon sonra sağlıklı hücreleri kullanarak önemini gösteren genç hücreleri ne ile elde edildi. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3"> Gene Verici MXcell kullanarak transfecting MEF hücreleri için kullanılan Elektroporasyon Koşullar </td></tr><tr><td> Durumu (1-6) Üstel Bozunma bakliyat, 350 uF, 1000ohm </td><td> Voltaj (V) </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> 200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td> 250 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td> 300 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td> 326 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 5 </td><td> 350 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 6 </td><td> 376 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Durumu (7-12) Kare Dalga bakliyat, 2000 uF, 1000 ohm ve 1 darbe </td><td> Voltaj (V) </td><td> Darbe Süresi (ms) </td></tr><tr><td> 7 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> 8 </td><td> 250 </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> 9 </td><td> 300 </td><td> 10 </td></tr><tr><td> 10 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 20 </td></tr><tr><td> 11 </td><td> 250 </td><td> 20 </td></tr><tr><td> 12 </td><td> 300 </td><td> 20 </td></tr></tbody></table>

Yazarlar, bu yazıda kullanılan reaktifler ve alet üreten Bio-Rad Laboratories tarafından istihdam edilmektedirler

Bu video makale MXcell elektroporasyon sistemi kolayca MEFS veya diğer birincil hücre hatları için optimal elektroporasyon koşulları belirlemek için nasıl kullanılacağını gösterir. 96-plaka biçimi, pek çok, pek çok ayrı deneyler için ihtiyacını ortadan kaldırabilir aynı anda yapılacak deneysel ya da en iyi duruma getirme koşullarını, çoğaltır için izin verir. Bu yordamı yürütürken, bir, mümkün olduğu kadar kısa sürede izolasyon sonra sağlıklı hücreleri kullanmak ve elektroporasyon tampon eşleştirilir elektroporasyon koşulları kullanmak için hatırlamak gerekir.

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<td>Gene Pulser&reg; Electroporation Buffer</td>
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<td>Gene Pulser MXcell&trade; Electroporation System</td>
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<td>Gene Pulser MXcell&trade; ShockPod&trade; Cuvette Chamber</td>
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<td>Gene Pulser MXcell&trade; Electroporation System With ShockPod&trade; Cuvette Chamber</td>
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using the gene pulser mxcell electroporation system to transfect primary cells with high efficiency

Elektroporasyon birincil hücre içine plazmid DNA veya siRNA tanıtmak için en etkili yolu olduğu giderek daha belirgin hale gelmektedir. Gene Verici MXcell elektroporasyon sistemi ve Gen Verici elektroporasyon tampon (Bio-Rad), özellikle memeli hücrelerinde ve birincil ve kök hücreleri gibi zor transfect hücreleri, nükleik asitler kolayca transfect için geliştirilmiştir. Biz iyi elektroporasyon koşulları hızla tanımlamak için basit bir deney gerçekleştirmek için nasıl göstereceğiz. Biz bir deney optimizasyonu yapılır aynı zamanda yapılabilir, böylece elektroporasyon koşulları bir dizi yoluyla çeşitli örnekleri çalıştırmak için nasıl göstereceğiz. Biz de en uygun koşulları, aynı elektroporasyon verimliliği korurken, standart elektroporasyon küvetler kullanılabilir 96-iyi elektroporasyon plakaları kullanarak elektroporasyon küvetler elektroporasyon plakalardan geçiş kolaylaştırmak tespit nasıl gösterecektir. Video, elektroporasyon deneyler başarı ya da başarısızlığa yol açabilecek bazı önemli faktörler de ele alınacaktır.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency at JoVE.com

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

Bu prosedür, Gen Verici MXcell elektroporasyon sistemi hızlı ve kolay bir fare embriyonik fibroblastlar (MEFS) veya diğer birincil hücreler için en iyi elektroporasyon koşulları belirlemek için nasıl kullanılacağını gösterir. Sorun giderme için dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalar da ilgili video tartışılmıştır.

Yüksek Verimli Primer Hücre Transfect Gen Verici MXcell Elektroporasyon Sistemi

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

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Research

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Biology

24.0K Görüntüleme.  Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.. Bu prosedür, Gen Verici MXcell elektroporasyon sistemi hızlı ve kolay bir fare embriyonik fibroblastlar (MEFS) veya diğer birincil hücreler için en iyi elektroporasyon koşulları belirlemek için nasıl kullanılacağını gösterir. Sorun giderme için dikkat edilmesi gereken noktalar da ilgili video tartışılmıştır.

Video: Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

The Preparation of Primary Hematopoietic Cell Cultures From Murine Bone Marrow for Electroporation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell  electroporation system and Gene Pulser  electroporation buffer were specifically developed to transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells.This video demonstrates how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow, and then prepare them for electroporation in the MXcell system. We begin by isolating femur and tibia. Bone marrow from both femur and tibia are then harvested and cultures are established. Cultured bone marrow cells are then transfected and analyzed.

This procedure describes how to establish primary hematopoietic cell cultures from murine bone marrow and is followed by transfection using the Gene Pulser MXCell electroporation system.

Hazırlık Elektroporasyon murin Kemik İliği itibaren İlköğretim Hematopoetik Hücre Kültürleri

Biyoloji

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell differentiation, axon guidance, retinotopic organization and synapse formation[1]. One drawback is the inability to efficiently and reliably manipulate gene expression in RGCs in vivo, especially in the otherwise accessible murine visual pathways. Transgenic mice can be used to manipulate gene expression, but this approach is often expensive, time consuming, and can produce unwanted side effects. In chick, in ovo electroporation is used to manipulate gene expression in RGCs for examining retina and RGC development. Although similar electroporation techniques have been developed in neonatal mouse pups[2], adult rats[3], and embryonic murine retinae in vitro[4], none of these strategies allow full characterization of RGC development and axon projections in vivo. To this end, we have developed two applications of electroporation, one in utero and the other ex vivo, to specifically target embryonic murine RGCs[5, 6]. 
With in utero retinal electroporation, we can misexpress or downregulate specific genes in RGCs and follow their axon projections through the visual pathways in vivo, allowing examination of guidance decisions at intermediate targets, such as the optic chiasm, or at target regions, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perturbing gene expression in a subset of RGCs in an otherwise wild-type background facilitates an understanding of gene function throughout the retinal pathway. Additionally, we have developed a companion technique for analyzing RGC axon growth in vitro. We electroporate embryonic heads ex vivo, collect and incubate the whole retina, then prepare explants from these retinae several days later. Retinal explants can be used in a variety of in vitro assays in order to examine the response of electroporated RGC axons to guidance cues or other factors. In sum, this set of techniques enhances our ability to misexpress or downregulate genes in RGCs and should greatly aid studies examining RGC development and axon projections.

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Here we present two techniques for manipulating gene expression in murine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by in utero and ex vivo electroporation. These techniques enable one to examine how alterations in gene expression affect RGC development, axon guidance, and functional properties.

Fare Retina Ganglion Hücreleri Gen İfadesi utero ve ex vivo Elektroporasyon

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

Primary Culture and Plasmid Electroporation of the Murine Organ of Corti. 

In all mammals, the sensory epithelium for audition is located along the spiraling organ of Corti that resides within the conch shaped cochlea of the inner ear (fig 1). Hair cells in the developing cochlea, which are the mechanosensory cells of the auditory system, are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three (in the base and mid-turns) to four (in the apical turn) rows of outer hair cells that span the length of the organ of Corti. Hair cells transduce sound-induced mechanical vibrations of the basilar membrane into neural impulses that the brain can interpret. Most cases of sensorineural hearing loss are caused by death or dysfunction of cochlear hair cells.
An increasingly essential tool in auditory research is the isolation and in vitro culture of the organ explant 1,2,9. Once isolated, the explants may be utilized in several ways to provide information regarding normative, anomalous, or therapeutic physiology. Gene expression, stereocilia motility, cell and molecular biology, as well as biological approaches for hair cell regeneration are examples of experimental applications of organ of Corti explants.
This protocol describes a method for the isolation and culture of the organ of Corti from neonatal mice. The accompanying video includes stepwise directions for the isolation of the temporal bone from mouse pups, and subsequent isolation of the cochlea, spiral ligament, and organ of Corti. Once isolated, the sensory epithelium can be plated and cultured in vitro in its entirety, or as a further dissected micro-isolate that lacks the spiral limbus and spiral ganglion neurons. Using this method, primary explants can be maintained for 7-10 days. As an example of the utility of this procedure, organ of Corti explants will be electroporated with an exogenous DsRed reporter gene. This method provides an improvement over other published methods because it provides reproducible, unambiguous, and stepwise directions for the isolation, microdissection, and primary culture of the organ of Corti.

Primary Culture and Plasmid Electroporation of the Murine Organ of Corti.

This procedure describes a method for the isolation and culture of the murine organ of Corti with or without the spiral limbus and spiral ganglion neurons. We also demonstrate a method for the expression of an exogenous reporter gene in the organ of Corti explant by electroporation.

İlköğretim Kültür ve Corti murin Organ Plazmid Elektroporasyon.

In all mammals, the sensory epithelium for audition is located along the spiraling organ of Corti that resides within the conch shaped cochlea of the ...

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Gen İfadesi Çalışmaları basitleştirin Otomatik Hücre Sayıcı kullanma: Namalwa Hücreler IL-4 Bağımlı Gen İfadesi siRNA demonte

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Quantification of dsDNA using the Hitachi F-7000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer and PicoGreen Dye

Quantification of DNA, especially in small concentrations, is an important task with a wide range of biological applications including standard molecular biology assays such as synthesis and purification of DNA, diagnostic applications such as quantification of DNA amplification products, and detection of DNA molecules in drug preparations. During this video we will demonstrate the capability of the Hitachi F-7000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer equipped with a Micro Plate Reader accessory to perform dsDNA quantification using Molecular Probes Quant-it PicoGreen dye reagent kit.
The F-7000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer offers high sensitivity and high speed measurements. It is a highly flexible system capable of measuring fluorescence, luminescence, and phosphorescence. Several measuring modes are available, including wavelength scan, time scan, photometry and 3-D scan measurement. The spectrophotometer has sensitivity in the range of 50 picomoles of fluorescein when using a 300 &#956;L sample volume in the microplate, and is capable of measuring scan speeds of 60,000 nm/minute. It also has a wide dynamic range of up to 5 orders of magnitude which allows for the use of calibration curves over a wide range of concentrations. The optical system uses all reflective optics for maximum energy and sensitivity. The standard wavelength range is 200 to 750 nm, and can be extended to 900 nm when using one of the optional near infrared photomultipliers. The system allows optional temperature control for the plate reader from 5 to 60 degrees Celsius using an optional external temperature controlled liquid circulator. The microplate reader allows for the use of 96 well microplates, and the measuring speed for 96 wells is less than 60 seconds when using the kinetics mode.
Software controls for the F-7000 and Microplate Reader are also highly flexible. Samples may be set in either column or row formats, and any combination of wells may be chosen for sample measurements. This allows for optimal utilization of the microplate. Additionally, the software allows importing micro plate sample configurations created in Excel and saved in comma separated values, or "csv" format. Microplate measuring configurations can be saved and recalled by the software for convenience and increased productivity. Data results can be output to a standard report, to Excel, or to an optional Report Generator Program.

Demonstration of quantification of dsDNA using Molecular Probes PicoGreen dye and Hitachi F-7000 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer equipped with a microplate reader accessory.

Hitachi F-7000 Floresans Spektrofotometre ve PicoGreen Boya kullanarak dsDNA Niceleme

Quantification of DNA, especially in small concentrations, is an important task with a wide range of biological applications including standard molecular ...

siRNA Screening to Identify Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like System Regulators of Biological Pathways in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that regulates diverse biological pathways including the hypoxia response, proteostasis, the DNA damage response and transcription.&#160; To better understand how UBLs regulate pathways relevant to human disease, we have compiled a human siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; library consisting of 1,186 siRNA duplex pools targeting all known and predicted components of UBL system pathways. This library can be screened against a range of cell lines expressing reporters of diverse biological pathways to determine which UBL components act as positive or negative regulators of the pathway in question.&#160; Here, we describe a protocol utilizing this library to identify ubiquitome-regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia using a transcription-based luciferase reporter.&#160; An initial assay development stage is performed to establish suitable screening parameters of the cell line before performing the screen in three stages: primary, secondary and tertiary/deconvolution screening. &#160;The use of targeted over whole genome siRNA libraries is becoming increasingly popular as it offers the advantage of reporting only on members of the pathway with which the investigators are most interested.&#160; Despite inherent limitations of siRNA screening, in particular false-positives caused by siRNA off-target effects, the identification of genuine novel regulators of the pathways in question outweigh these shortcomings, which can be overcome by performing a series of carefully undertaken control experiments.

Here, we describe a methodology to perform a targeted siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; screen to identify novel ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia.&#160; This can be adapted to any biological pathway where a robust read out of reporter activity is available.

Kültür Memeli Hücrelerde Biyolojik tanımında ubikitin ve Ubiquitin benzeri Sistemi Regülatörleri tanımak siRNA Eleme

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that ...

Reverse Genetic Morpholino Approach Using Cardiac Ventricular Injection to Transfect Multiple Difficult-to-target Tissues in the Zebrafish Larva

The zebrafish is an important model to understand the cell and molecular biology of organ and appendage regeneration. However, molecular strategies to employ reverse genetics have not yet been adequately developed to assess gene function in regeneration or tissue homeostasis during larval stages after zebrafish embryogenesis, and several tissues within the zebrafish larva are difficult to target. Intraventricular injections of gene-specific morpholinos offer an alternative method for the current inability to genomically target zebrafish genes in a temporally controlled manner at these stages. This method allows for complete dispersion and subsequent incorporation of the morpholino into various tissues throughout the body, including structures that were formerly impossible to reach such as those in the larval caudal fin, a structure often used to noninvasively research tissue regeneration. Several genes activated during larval finfold regeneration are also present in regenerating adult vertebrate tissues, so the larva is a useful model to understand regeneration in adults. This morpholino dispersion method allows for the quick and easy identification of genes required for the regeneration of larval tissues as well as other physiological phenomena regulating tissue homeostasis after embryogenesis. Therefore, this delivery method provides a currently needed strategy for temporal control to the evaluation of gene function after embryogenesis.&#160;

An adaptable reverse genetic method for zebrafish to assess gene function during later stages of development and physiological homeostasis such as tissue regeneration using intraventricular injections of gene-specific morpholinos.

Zebra balığı Larva Çoklu Zor-hedef dokular geçiştirilmesi için Kardiyak Ventriküler Injection kullanarak Genetik Morfolino Yaklaşım ters

The zebrafish is an important model to understand the cell and molecular biology of organ and appendage regeneration. However, molecular strategies to ...

High Efficiency Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Cardiomyocytes and Characterization by Flow Cytometry

There is an urgent need to develop approaches for repairing the damaged heart, discovering new therapeutic drugs that do not have toxic effects on the heart, and improving strategies to accurately model heart disease. The potential of exploiting human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology to generate cardiac muscle &#8220;in a dish&#8221; for these applications continues to generate high enthusiasm. In recent years, the ability to efficiently generate cardiomyogenic cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has greatly improved, offering us new opportunities to model very early stages of human cardiac development not otherwise accessible. In contrast to many previous methods, the cardiomyocyte differentiation protocol described here does not require cell aggregation or the addition of Activin A or BMP4 and robustly generates cultures of cells that are highly positive for cardiac troponin I and T (TNNI3, TNNT2), iroquois-class homeodomain protein IRX-4 (IRX4), myosin regulatory light chain 2, ventricular/cardiac muscle isoform (MLC2v) and myosin regulatory light chain 2, atrial isoform (MLC2a) by day 10 across all human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and hiPSC lines tested to date. Cells can be passaged and maintained for more than 90 days in culture. The strategy is technically simple to implement and cost-effective. Characterization of cardiomyocytes derived from pluripotent cells often includes the analysis of reference markers, both at the mRNA and protein level. For protein analysis, flow cytometry is a powerful analytical tool for assessing quality of cells in culture and determining subpopulation homogeneity. However, technical variation in sample preparation can significantly affect quality of flow cytometry data. Thus, standardization of staining protocols should facilitate comparisons among various differentiation strategies. Accordingly, optimized staining protocols for the analysis of IRX4, MLC2v, MLC2a, TNNI3, and TNNT2 by flow cytometry are described.

The article describes the detailed methodology to efficiently differentiate human pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes by selectively modulating the Wnt pathway, followed by flow cytometry analysis of reference markers to assess homogeneity and identity of the population.

Sitometrisi ile Yüksek Verim kardiyomiyositlerde İnsan pluripotent kök hücrelerin Farklılaşma ve Karakterizasyonu

There is an urgent need to develop approaches for repairing the damaged heart, discovering new therapeutic drugs that do not have toxic effects on the ...

Transfecting RAW264.7 Cells with a Luciferase Reporter Gene

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been described, certain types of cells are resistant to many of these methods and yield low transfection efficiency1, potentially hindering research in those cell types. In this protocol, we present an optimized transfection procedure to introduce luciferase reporter genes as a plasmid DNA into the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Two different types of transfection reagents (lipid-based and polyamine-based) are described, and important notes are given throughout the protocol to ensure that the RAW264.7 cells are minimally altered by the transfection procedure and any experimental data obtained are the direct results of the experimental treatment. While transfection efficiency may not be higher compared to other transfection methods, the described procedure is robust enough for detecting luciferase signal in RAW264.7 without changing the physiological response of the cells to stimuli.

Transfection into the macrophage cell line, RAW264.7, is difficult due to the cell&#8217;s natural response against foreign materials. We described here a gentle yet robust procedure for transfecting luciferase reporter genes into RAW264.7 cells.

Lusiferaz haberci geni ile RAW264.7 hücreleri transfekte

Transfection of desired genetic materials into cells is an inevitable procedure in biomedical research studies. While numerous methods have been ...

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHC)

Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and lung diseases. Because CS is a complex aerosol containing more than 7,000 chemicals1 it is challenging to assess the contributions of individual constituents to its overall toxicity. Toxicological profiles of individual constituents as well as mixtures can be however established in vitro, by applying high through-put screening tools, which enable the profiling of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs) of tobacco smoke, as defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).2
For an initial assessment, an impedance-based instrument was used for a real-time, label-free assessment of the compound&#39;s toxicity. The instrument readout relies on cell adhesion, viability and morphology that all together provide an overview of the cell status. A dimensionless parameter, named cell index, is used for quantification. A set of different staining protocols was developed for a fluorescence imaging-based investigation and a HCS platform was used to gain more in-depth information on the kind of cytotoxicity elicited by each HPHC.
Of the 15 constituents tested, only five were selected for HCS-based analysis as they registered a computable LD50 (&#60; 20 mM). These included 1-aminonaphtalene, Arsenic (V), Chromium (VI), Crotonaldehyde and Phenol. Based on their effect in the HCS, 1-aminonaphtalene and Phenol could be identified to induce mitochondrial dysfunction, and, together with Chromium (VI) as genotoxic based on the increased histone H2AX phosphorylation. Crotonaldehyde was identified as an oxidative stress inducer and Arsenic as a stress kinase pathway activator.
This study demonstrates that a combination of impedance-based and HCS technologies provides a robust tool for in vitro assessment of CS constituents.

High Content Screening Analysis to Evaluate the Toxicological Effects of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents HPHC

The objective of the study was to assess the biological impact of 15 cigarette smoke constituents using a combination of an impedance-based real time cell analyzer and a high-content screening (HCS)-based platform for toxicological assessment in vitro. This study provides information on effective doses, toxicity and modes of action of the tested compounds.

Zararlı ve Potansiyel Zararlı Bileşenlerinin Toksikolojik etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi için yüksek İçerik Tarama Analizi (HPHC)

Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and lung diseases. Because CS is a complex aerosol containing more than 7,000 chemicals1 it ...

Methods Article

Yüksek Verimli Primer Hücre Transfect Gen Verici MXcell Elektroporasyon Sistemi