Vital signs are physiological measurements that help key into the status of the body's essential functions. These include body temperature, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure, commonly abbreviated as T, P, R, and BP. Some healthcare settings also consider oxygen saturation (SpO₂) and, in specific contexts, pain and level of consciousness as additional vital signs.

Vital signs help healthcare professionals assess an individual's well-being and detect any functional changes or trends in the body's major systems, such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Here is a brief overview of how each vital sign is measured:

• Pulse Rate: This is measured by counting the heartbeats per minute, commonly taken at the radial artery on the wrist.
• Respiratory Rate: This is determined by observing the number of breaths per minute, noted by the rise and fall of the chest. One complete cycle counts as one breath.
• Blood Pressure: BP is assessed using a sphygmomanometer, commonly known as a blood pressure cuff, which records the force of blood against the arterial walls during contraction (systolic) and rest (diastolic).
• Body Temperature: Body temperature is assessed using oral or rectal thermometers to measure internal heat.

Deviations from the normal range can signal underlying health issues or emergencies. As a result, regular monitoring is essential to establish trends and monitor patient progress. Vital signs are typically measured during physical examinations, upon admission to healthcare facilities, before and after surgeries or procedures, and when there is a significant change in a patient's condition.

Understanding vital sign measurements and their acceptable ranges, particularly how they might vary by age, environment, and health status, is critical. The information empowers the nurse to plan, collaborate with healthcare team members, and implement appropriate interventions to ensure patient safety.