Name: the submerged printing of cells onto a modified surface using a continuous flow microspotter
Uploaded: 2014-04-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Submerged Printing of Cells onto a Modified Surface Using a Continuous Flow Microspotter at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge Chris Morrow for technical assistance. Funding was provided by NIH SBIR (R43) grant 1R43GM101859-01 (MPI) GRANT10940803.

1. Cell Culture Preparation
<ol>
	<li>Store NIH/3T3 cell stocks in liquid nitrogen until ready for use.</li>
	<li>Prepare complete media for NIH/3T3 cells using Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 10 mM HEPES buffer, 50 units/ml penicillin, and 50 &#956;g/ml streptomycin.</li>
	<li>Thaw cells for 2-3 min in a shaking water bath at 37 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Resuspend cells in 5 ml of complete media and centrifuge at 1,500 x g for 3 min.</li>
	<li>Remove the cell supernatan...

<ol>
	<li>Fernandes, T. G., Diogo, M. M., Clark, D. S., Dordick, J. S., Cabral, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+cellular+microarray+platforms:+applications+in+drug+discovery,+toxicology+and+stem+cell+research.">High-throughput cellular microarray platforms: applications in drug discovery, toxicology and stem cell research.</a> Trends in Biotechnology. 27, 342-349 (2009).</li><li>Michelini, E., Cevenini, L., Mezzanotte, L., Coppa, A., Roda, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-based+assays:+fuelling+drug+discovery.">Cell-based assays: fuelling drug discovery.</a> Anal Bioanal Chem. 398, 227-238 (2010).</li><li>Gao, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+developments+in+microfluidic+devices+for+in+vitro+cell+culture+for+cell-biology+research.">Recent developments in microfluidic devices for in vitro cell culture for cell-biology research.</a> TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 35, 150-164 (2012).</li><li>Geysen, H. M., Schoenen, F., Wagner, D., Wagner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combinatorial+compound+libraries+for+drug+discovery:+an+ongoing+challenge.">Combinatorial compound libraries for drug discovery: an ongoing challenge.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2, 222-230 (2003).</li><li>Xu, Y., Shi, Y., Ding, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemical+approach+to+stem-cell+biology+and+regenerative+medicine.">A chemical approach to stem-cell biology and regenerative medicine.</a> Nature. 453, 338-344 (2008).</li><li>Khademhosseini, A., Langer, R., Borenstein, J., Vacanti, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscale+technologies+for+tissue+engineering+and+biology.">Microscale technologies for tissue engineering and biology.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103, 2480-2487 (2006).</li><li>Bhadriraju, K., Chen, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+cellular+microenvironments+to+improve+cell-based+drug+testing.">Engineering cellular microenvironments to improve cell-based drug testing.</a> Drug Discovery Today. 7, 612-620 (2002).</li><li>Castel, D., Pitaval, A., Debily, M. -. A., Gidrol, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+microarrays+in+drug+discovery.">Cell microarrays in drug discovery.</a> Drug Discov. Today. 11, 616-622 (2006).</li><li>Tsui, J. H., Lee, W., Pun, S. H., Kim, J., Kim, D. -. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics-assisted+in+vitro+drug+screening+and+carrier+production.">Microfluidics-assisted in vitro drug screening and carrier production.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. , (2013).</li><li>Gottwald, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chip-based+platform+for+the+in+vitro+generation+of+tissues+in+three-dimensional+organization.">A chip-based platform for the in vitro generation of tissues in three-dimensional organization.</a> Lab on a Chip. 7, 777-785 (2007).</li><li>Liu, R., Lee, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Integrated Biochips for DNA Analysis. , (2008).</li><li>Natarajan, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous-flow+microfluidic+printing+of+proteins+for+array-based+applications+including+surface+plasmon+resonance+imaging.">Continuous-flow microfluidic printing of proteins for array-based applications including surface plasmon resonance imaging.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 373, 141-146 (2008).</li><li>Natarajan, S., Hatch, A., Myszka, D. G., Gale, B. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+Conditions+for+Protein+Array+Deposition+Using+Continuous+Flow.">Optimal Conditions for Protein Array Deposition Using Continuous Flow.</a> Anal. Chem. 80, 8561-8567 (2008).</li><li>Keighley, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+need+for+high+throughput+kinetics+early+in+the+drug+discovery+process.">The need for high throughput kinetics early in the drug discovery process.</a> , (2011).</li><li>Xu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-dimensional+in+vitro+ovarian+cancer+coculture+model+using+a+high-throughput+cell+patterning+platform.">A three-dimensional in vitro ovarian cancer coculture model using a high-throughput cell patterning platform.</a> Biotechnol J. 6, 204-212 (2011).</li><li>Tuckwell, D. S., Weston, S. A., Humphries, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrins:+a+review+of+their+structure+and+mechanisms+of+ligand+binding.">Integrins: a review of their structure and mechanisms of ligand binding.</a> Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology. 47, 107 (1993).</li><li>Roberts, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+mixed+self-assembled+monolayers+presenting+RGD+and+(EG)+3OH+groups+to+characterize+long-term+attachment+of+bovine+capillary+endothelial+cells+to+surfaces.">Using mixed self-assembled monolayers presenting RGD and (EG) 3OH groups to characterize long-term attachment of bovine capillary endothelial cells to surfaces.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 120, 6548-6555 (1998).</li><li>Chandra, R. A., Douglas, E. S., Mathies, R. A., Bertozzi, C. R., Francis, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmable+cell+adhesion+encoded+by+DNA+hybridization.">Programmable cell adhesion encoded by DNA hybridization.</a> Angewandte Chemie. 118, 910-915 (2006).</li><li>Hsiao, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+cell+surface+modification+with+DNA+for+the+capture+of+primary+cells+and+the+investigation+of+myotube+formation+on+defined+patterns.">Direct cell surface modification with DNA for the capture of primary cells and the investigation of myotube formation on defined patterns.</a> Langmuir. 25, 6985-6991 (2009).</li><li>Black, C. B., Duensing, T. D., Trinkle, L. S., Dunlay, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-Based+Screening+Using+High-Throughput+Flow+Cytometry.">Cell-Based Screening Using High-Throughput Flow Cytometry.</a> ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies. 9, 13-20 (2011).</li><li>Derby, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioprinting:+inkjet+printing+proteins+and+hybrid+cell-containing+materials+and+structures.">Bioprinting: inkjet printing proteins and hybrid cell-containing materials and structures.</a> J. Mater. Chem. 18, 5717-5721 (2008).</li><li>Onoe, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+Microfabrication:+Observing+Intercellular+Interactions+Using+Lithographically-Defined+DNA+Capture+Sequences.">Cellular Microfabrication: Observing Intercellular Interactions Using Lithographically-Defined DNA Capture Sequences.</a> Langmuir. 28, 8120-8126 (2012).</li><li>Hsiao, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA-Coated+AFM+Cantilevers+for+the+Investigation+of+Cell+Adhesion+and+the+Patterning+of+Live+Cells.">DNA-Coated AFM Cantilevers for the Investigation of Cell Adhesion and the Patterning of Live Cells.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 47, 8473-8477 (2008).</li></ol>

The 3D microfluidic printing technology described here is uniquely capable of microfluidically printing arrays of cells into a liquid filled well, i.e. a submerged surface. By printing onto submerged surfaces, cell microarrays can be produced that maintain the physiologically relevant cellular phenotype of cells as well as the ability to multiplex cells in the bottom of a single well Figure 4. The results of this study show that microfluidically printing cells results in cell attachment with com...

Recent advances in the pharmaceutical industry have led to increased interest in using cellular microarrays in the drug discovery process for drug screening and cytotoxicological analysis1,2,3. The development of in vitro high-throughput assays and screening methods using cell microarrays would facilitate the rapid and cost-effective development of drug candidates as well as advance the fundamental understanding of the cell1,4. The traditional approach to screening with cells uses conventional well-plate platforms; however this approach is limited due to the high cost, limited throughput, and limited ability for quantitative information on cell function1,5. Due to these limitations, research in cellular microarray technologies is burgeoning for molecular biological characterization, tissue engineering, and drug screening1,6. The advantages of cellular microarrays include smaller sample use, minimal effects of cellular phenotype heterogeneity masking information, and most importantly the ability to automate assays for more high-throughput applications1,7,8.
The pharmaceutical industry currently utilizes high-throughput cell-based screening assays with 2D cell monolayer cultures for drug screening in microtiter well plates9. Multiplexing cells in wells of microtiter plates offers the potential for higher throughput with unique experimentation options. Further, the current technologies for cellular microarrays allow the cells to dry which could dramatically alter the phenotype of the cells from in vivo10,11. In order to overcome these problems, the MFCA was engineered and is shown in Figure 1. The design of the MFCA 3D fluidics enables the printhead tip in Figure 1 to be lowered into a bath and compressed against a surface to form a seal. The soft silicone tip of the printhead behaves like a gasket and forms a reversible seal. The MFCA technology is uniquely suited to interface with submerged surfaces, which is required for both cell cultures and tissue slice systems, and is difficult or impossible with most other approaches. Pins or ink-jet printing will not work, and 2D microfluidic devices are not suited for deposition or interfacing with large arrays of discrete spots. Further, by miniaturizing and localizing the experiment - the cellular microarray - the MFCA overcomes the major problems associated with high-throughput cell-based screening assays.
The CFM uses 3D channel networks to cycle small volume fluid samples over microscopic spot locations on a surface12,13. By printing with flow, biomolecules, cells, and other reagents are maintained in a liquid environment throughout the printing process, enabling the printing of sensitive biomolecules and cells without exposure to air, which hinders the current cell printing techniques. It is also possible to print directly from crude material such as hybridoma or supernatants provided there is a capture mechanism on the array surface. The objective of this manuscript is to explain in detail the submerged printing of two cell types onto a surface.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="571">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:215px;">Continuous Flow Microspotter</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Wasatch Microfluidics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">NIH/3T3 cells</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CRL-1658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Dubbleco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11965-092</td>
			<td>base media for cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">HEPES buffer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15630-080</td>
			<td>cell media additive (control pH)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11360-070</td>
			<td>cell media additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>cell media additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Trypan blue</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15250-061</td>
			<td>stain cell sfor counting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Haemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">267110</td>
			<td>cell chamber to count cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Nikon Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Used to check on cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Nikon Eclipse TE2000-U</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Used for collecting images</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline (with calcium and magnesium)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14040-133</td>
			<td>rinsing cells before passaging and before staining with PI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">TrypLE Express&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A12177-01</td>
			<td>used to remove cells from surface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the submerged printing of cells onto a modified surface using a continuous flow microspotter

The printing of cells for microarray applications possesses significant challenges including the problem of maintaining physiologically relevant cell phenotype after printing, poor organization and distribution of desired cells, and the inability to deliver drugs and/or nutrients to targeted areas in the array. Our 3D microfluidic printing technology is uniquely capable of sealing and printing arrays of cells onto submerged surfaces in an automated and multiplexed manner. The design of the microfluidic cell array (MFCA) 3D fluidics enables the printhead tip to be lowered into a liquid-filled well or dish and compressed against a surface to form a seal. The soft silicone tip of the printhead behaves like a gasket and is able to form a reversible seal by applying pressure or backing away. Other cells printing technologies such as pin or ink-jet printers are unable to print in submerged applications. Submerged surface printing is essential to maintain phenotypes of cells and to monitor these cells on a surface without disturbing the material surface characteristics. By printing onto submerged surfaces, cell microarrays are produced that allow for drug screening and cytotoxicity assessment in a multitude of areas including cancer, diabetes, inflammation, infections, and cardiovascular disease.

The fibroblast cell line NIH/3T3 cells were printed or seeded onto a submerged surface. The cells were grown to a density of 5 X 104 cells per ml. Cells were seeded using traditional cell culture techniques. Cells were printed using a large-format, twelve-flow cell printhead where the channels are larger (~500 &#181;m) than the CFM used for proteins and other biomolecules. The cells were printed or seeded onto a serum coated surface. The printing process is shown in Figure 1.
<p class="jov...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Submerged Printing of Cells onto a Modified Surface Using a Continuous Flow Microspotter at JoVE.com

The Submerged Printing of Cells onto a Modified Surface Using a Continuous Flow Microspotter

This 3D microfluidic printing technology prints arrays of cells onto submerged surfaces. We describe how arrays of cells are delivered microfluidically in 3D flow cells onto submerged surfaces. By printing onto submerged surfaces, cell microarrays were produced that allow for drug screening and cytotoxicity assessment in a multitude of areas.

The printing of cells for microarray applications possesses significant challenges including the problem of maintaining physiologically relevant cell ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

Parallel-plate Flow Chamber and Continuous Flow Circuit to Evaluate Endothelial Progenitor Cells under Laminar Flow Shear Stress

The overall goal of this method is to describe a technique to subject adherent cells to laminar flow conditions and evaluate their response to well ...

Automated Robotic Dispensing Technique for Surface Guidance and Bioprinting of Cells

This manuscript describes the introduction of cell guidance features followed by the direct delivery of cells to these features in a hydrogel bioink using ...

Gene Expression Analysis of Endothelial Cells Exposed to Shear Stress Using Multiple Parallel-plate Flow Chambers

We describe a workflow for the analysis of gene expression from endothelial cells subject to a steady laminar flow using multiple monitored parallel-plate ...

An Automated Method to Perform The In Vitro Micronucleus Assay using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

The in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is often used to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity but scoring the assay via manual microscopy is laborious and ...

Continuous Measurement of Biological Noise in Escherichia Coli Using Time-lapse Microscopy

Continuous Measurement of Biological Noise in Escherichia Coli Using Time-lapse Microscopy

The protocol developed here offers a tool to enable computer tracking of Escherichia coli division and fluorescent levels over several hours. The process ...

The Fabrication and Operation of a Continuous Flow, Micro-Electroporation System with Permeabilization Detection

Current therapeutic innovations, such as CAR-T cell therapy, are heavily reliant on viral-mediated gene delivery. Although efficient, this technique is ...

Fabrication of Engineered Vascular Flaps Using 3D Printing Technologies

Engineering implantable, functional, thick tissues requires designing a hierarchical vascular network. 3D bioprinting is a technology used to create ...

Automation of the Micronucleus Assay Using Imaging Flow Cytometry and Artificial Intelligence

The micronucleus (MN) assay is used worldwide by regulatory bodies to evaluate chemicals for genetic toxicity. The assay can be performed in two ways: by ...

Quantitative Characterization of Bioink Properties for Continuous DLP Printing

Quantitative Characterization of Liquid Photosensitive Bioink Properties for Continuous Digital Light Processing Based Printing

Quantitative Characterization of Liquid Photosensitive Bioink Properties for Continuous Digital Light Processing Based Printing (Video) | JoVE 

Precise printing fabrication of bioinks is a prerequisite for tissue engineering; the Jacobs working curve is the tool to determine the precise printing ...