Name: protocol for studying extinction of conditioned fear in naturally cycling female rats
Uploaded: 2015-02-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats at JoVE.com

Mohammed R. Milad is supported by NIMH grant R01 MH097880 and institutional funds from the Department of Psychiatry at MGH.

NOTE: All procedures in this protocol have been approved by the Subcommittee on Research Animal Care, which serves as the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) for the Massachusetts General Hospital, and are in compliance with the National Institutes of Health guidelines.
1. Animal Housing and Handling Procedure
<ol>
	<li>Upon arrival, house adult Sprague Dawley female rats about 8-10 weeks of age (weighing 200-225 g) in groups of 3-4 inch plastic bins with woodchip bedding. Ma...

<ol>
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M., Alonso, P., Segalas, C., Jimenez, S., Jaurrieta, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gender+differences+in+obsessive-compulsive+symptom+dimensions.">Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions.</a> Depression and Anxiety. 25 (10), 832-838 (2008).</li><li>Gupta, R. R., Sen, S., Diepenhorst, L. L., Rudick, C. N., Maren, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estrogen+modulates+sexually+dimorphic+contextual+fear+conditioning+and+hippocampal+long-term+potentiation+(LTP)+in+rats.">Estrogen modulates sexually dimorphic contextual fear conditioning and hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in rats.</a> Brain Research. 888, 356-365 (2001).</li><li>Milad, M. R., Igoe, S. A., Lebron-Milad, K., Novales, J. 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Fear extinction has been studied extensively in male rats with the neural mechanisms mediating conditioned fear extinction identified and assessed under various manipulations. Relatively few studies have examined female rats or the role of gonadal hormones in fear extinction. To specifically study the effects of estrogen on fear extinction, naturally cycling female rats are subjected to a three-day behavioral paradigm. This procedure consists of habituation/conditioning, extinction, and extinction recall phases. Using th...

Inherent sex differences are observed across various cognitive behaviors and learning paradigms in both humans and rodents. For example, it has been reported that women generally have stronger verbal and detail-oriented abilities, whereas men have better spatial abilities1-3. These sex differences may be due in part to the influence of gonadal hormones. High estradiol levels improve performance on tasks in which women are better, but worsen performance on tasks that men typically do well4-6. Although this evidence is compelling, the limited ability to completely control experimental environments in human studies makes it difficult to determine if these effects on behavior can be attributed specifically to hormones. Animal studies, in contrast, allow for fully controlled circumstances.
Although the basic neural mechanisms of fear extinction have been identified and are well studied in males, it is unclear whether these systems are the same in females or how they change across the estrous cycle. Fear conditioning and extinction are widely used behavioral paradigms in rodents and humans to conduct studies related to anxiety disorders. Given that women have a higher risk for anxiety disorders as well as higher symptom duration and severity7-13, it is critical to include females in these studies. The underrepresentation of females in this research may be attributed to the challenges of estrous phase monitoring and accounting for the behavioral effects of sex hormones. Laboratories that do examine females in this regard encounter issues that often go unreported or are not described in the methods for their studies.
Emerging evidence in rodents suggests that sex differences in fear extinction are modulated by gonadal hormones14-18. In fear conditioning, animals are trained to fear a particular stimulus. After a number of unreinforced presentations of the stimulus, the animals learn not to fear the cue, a process called extinction. How well the animal learns and consolidates the memory of learning this task can be observed during an extinction recall test given some time after the extinction training. Less fear expression during extinction recall demonstrates good extinction memory consolidation. Recent findings from our laboratory suggest that estrogen can modulate the consolidation of fear extinction memory and improve extinction recall. Specifically, female rats that are extinguished in proestrus, the phase of the estrous cycle during which circulating estrogen levels peak, exhibit enhanced retention of extinction memory. In contrast, females that are extinguished in the low-estrogen metestrus phase display relatively poor extinction recall, which can be improved with exogenous estradiol administration prior to or immediately after extinction training15,16. The neural mechanisms of extinction memory consolidation (including the role of gonadal hormones) in females are not clear.
In laboratory animals, the role of hormones can be investigated using invasive surgical removal procedures such as castration and ovariectomy. Subsequent to recovery from surgery, gonadal hormones are often exogenously manipulated during the performance of a behavioral task19. This approach has provided critical information about sex hormones and is useful because it allows for well-controlled manipulations of gonadal hormones (in terms of timing and dose)20-23. This approach, however, does not assess the influence of the naturally occurring fluctuations that occur across the estrous cycle nor do they represent &#8220;normal&#8221; animals, thereby limiting the translational potential to human studies. It has been well-documented that female sex hormone levels peak and decline at specific phases of the estrous cycle, and estrogen receptor expression changes within the cycle, and after ovariectomy24. Thus, there is a need to conduct studies on females with intact gonads and refine experimental designs to reliably study the effects that high and low estrogen states may have on females throughout their lifespan.
This protocol focuses on the effect of estrogen on the neurobiological systems involved in fear extinction. It describes how to: 1) carefully monitor the estrous cycle, 2) prepare effective doses of estradiol for systemic administration, and 3) follow a behavioral paradigm that includes fear conditioning, extinction, and recall in naturally cycling female rats. This protocol can be modified with other pharmacological manipulations and cellular and molecular tools to aid studies to better understand sex differences that are observed in conditioned fear extinction behavior. Note that the procedures described below are those utilized within our laboratory, and there exist a number of variations of these procedures in the literature.

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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:120px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">Catalog number</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:120px;">Fear conditioning chamber</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:120px;">Graphic State</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:120px;">Sound-attenuating box</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">NIR-022MD</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:120px;">Estradiol</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">E1024</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">In sesame oil for subcutaneous injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:120px;">Sesame oil</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">S3547-250ML</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:120px;">Freezescan</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Cleversys, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:120px;">Dip quick stain</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Jorgensen Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">J0322A1, J0322A2, J0322A3</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:120px;">Cotton-tipped applicators</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">23-400-114</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">6-inch, sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:120px;">0.9% saline</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">LabChem, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">LC23460-2</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Sodium chloride w/v</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:120px;">Selectfrost microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">12-550-003</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:120px;">Virex II 256</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Diversey, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">5019317</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Dilute 1:256 with water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:120px;">Luer-Lok Tip 1ml Syringes</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">309628</td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:120px;">Hypodermic disposable needles</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Exelint International, Co.</td>
			<td style="width:135px;">26402</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">26-gauge</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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protocol for studying extinction of conditioned fear in naturally cycling female rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

In this fear extinction recall protocol, percent freezing was measured as an indicator of fear. Animals that extinguished well and retained the memory of the extinction training exhibited low fear on the last day of the behavioral testing during extinction recall. Male and female rats do not significantly differ in conditioned fear expression during the conditioning, extinction, and recall phases (Figure 2). However, a sex difference becomes evident when the animals are analyzed separately as high- and l...

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Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

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Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders ...

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...

In Vivo Protocol of Controlled Subconcussive Head Impacts for the Validation of Field Study Data

Subconcussive hits pose a threat to neuronal health as they have shown to induce neuronal structural damage and functional impairment without causing ...