The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Paul Witting and Ms. Genevieve Fong for their assistance with mRNA extraction and PCR, and the Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation for support.

Ethics Statement: All procedures outlined below were approved by the University of Sydney Animal Ethics Committee.
1. Animals
NOTE: 1 and 8 - 9 month old mice (C57/BL6) were obtained from the Animal Resources Centre (Perth, Australia). Mice were housed in the Bosch Rodent Facility at the University of Sydney.
<ol>
	<li>House mice in standard mouse cages on a 12/12 hr light/dark cycle with access to food and water ad libitum.</li>
	<li>Divide mice in each age group into near infrared (NIr) treated, or sham treated (control) groups for comparison.</li>
</ol>
2. Near Infrared (NIr) Irradiation and Sham Treatment
<ol>
	<li>Shave the fur on the head and neck region of the mouse with an electric razor as closely as possible to prevent quick regrowth of hair before the completion of the treatment regime. In order to maintain the pathogen-free status of the mice, use 70% ethanol to clean instruments between shaving animals and F10 veterinary disinfectant between animals from separate cages. Do this 2 - 3 days prior to the beginning of treatment so animals are not over-handled.</li>
	<li>Restrain mouse by holding the proximal end of the tail and allow it to relax in the palm of one hand or bench top so as to minimize stress which could lead to false results.</li>
	<li>Hold the NIr (670 nm) LED (light emitting diode) device 1 - 2 cm away from the exposed (shaved) area and switch on the device for 90 sec (Figure 1A). 
	NOTE: The temperature change as a result of 90 sec exposure was measured as &#60;0.2 &#176;C in 100 ml of water.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 2.2 - 2.3 for the sham treatment group of animals but leave the device switched off (Figure 1B).</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 2.2 - 2.3 for the NIr-blocked treatment group of animals but cover the device with aluminium foil.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 2.2 - 2.5&#160;daily at approximate 24 hr intervals for 5 consecutive days.</li>
	<li>Extract the vestibular sensory epithelium (3 cristae and 1 utricular macula) from both ears on the fifth day post-treatment (See Section 3 below).</li>
</ol>
3. Tissue Extraction20
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 300 ml of a glycerol-based artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) consisting of (in mM): 26 NaHCO3, 11 glucose, 250 glycerol, 2.5 KCl, 1.2 NaH2PO4, 1.2 MgCl2, and 2.5 CaCl2. Prior to the addition of CaCl2, gas the solution with carbogen (95% O2 and 5% CO2) to establish a pH of 7.4 and avoid calcium precipitation (cloudiness). Chill the solution in a -80 &#176;C freezer for 45 min so that an ice slurry is formed.</li>
	<li>Prepare the RNA isolation lysis buffer in labelled screw top microtubes (stops the popping of lids when tube pressure changes between freeze and thawing in liquid nitrogen) according to the instructions of the manufacturer or usual lab practices. Have liquid nitrogen ready in an aluminium dewar flask. 
	NOTE: Use protective clothing and eyeware when handling liquid nitrogen. Ensure that liquid nitrogen is used in a well-ventilated room as the volume of its gas form is approximately 700 times that of its liquid form and can cause asphyxiation.</li>
	<li>Deeply anaesthetize mice with ketamine (400 mg/kg) via an intra-peritoneal injection. Allow the hind-limb reflex to completely subside as indication that mice are fully anaesthetised.</li>
	<li>Decapitate mice with sharp stainless steel scissors and make an incision along the sagittal skin of the skull using a razor blade (rounded #22). At this point and throughout steps 3.5 - 3.9, keep the cranial vault, brain, and underlying vestibular apparatus as cool as possible by regular application of ice-cold ACSF over the tissue.</li>
	<li>Using the pointed arm of standard pattern scissors make a small incision in the skull at Lambda and cut along the sagittal suture.</li>
	<li>Gently slide one arm of a shallow rongeurs beneath the parietal bone keeping the blade as close as possible to the inferior surface of the bone without dragging the brain. Secure and pull away the parietal bone laterally and the occipital bone posteriorly until the brain is exposed.</li>
	<li>Use a small stainless steel spatula and lift the brain away from the anterior and middle cranial fossa to expose the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII). Transect the nerve to prevent unnecessary tension on the primary afferent axons that directly innervate the vestibular hair cells.</li>
	<li>Remove the brain in toto after transection of CN VIII.</li>
	<li>Observe the bony labyrinth containing the cochlea and the peripheral vestibular organs in the middle cranial fossa. Make two small incisions beside each bony labyrinth and excise the entire structure by holding the anterior semicircular canal and pulling laterally.</li>
	<li>Immediately immerse excised labyrinths in a dissecting dish containing ice-cold ACSF solution (as described in step 3.1) while continuously perfusing with carbogen.</li>
	<li>Under a stereomicroscope, hold down the labyrinth by the cochlea and secure it to the bottom of the dish with forceps.
	<ol>
		<li>Use straight fine forceps to scratch a small opening in the bone above the anterior semicircular canal (SSC) ampulla.</li>
		<li>Gently enlarge this opening by reaching immediately below the bone and flicking outwards away from the ampulla. Exercise caution here to not push forceps into the opening and damage the fragile membranous labyrinth below. Continue in this fashion until the utricle, anterior and lateral ampullae are all exposed. If possible remove the posterior ampulla also.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Using fine forceps, gently lift the utricle and ampullae away from the bony labyrinth until they are completely detached. Where possible, hold them by their associated semicircular canals to avoid damaging the sensory epithelium. In some cases, the proximal part of the semicircular membranous duct may need to be cut with iris scissors to release the ampullae from the bone.</li>
	<li>Securely grasp the vestibular organs between the tip of forceps and place into the lysis buffer prepared earlier in step 3.2. Gently swirl the forceps around in the buffer to ensure vestibular organs have detached from the forceps. Check this is the case by bringing the forceps under the stereomicroscope.
	<ol>
		<li>Screw on the microtubule lid and freeze the sample in liquid nitrogen immediately.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. RNA Extraction and RT-PCR

<ol>
	<li>Follow standard methods of messenger RNA (mRNA) extraction according to manufacturer&#8217;s instructions or preferred lab protocols. 
	NOTE: A commercial kit that utilized carrier RNAs to help isolate small yields of mRNA was used in this protocol. Lower elution volumes can be used to increase final concentrations of mRNA. 
	NOTE: Negative &#8220;no enzyme&#8221; controls (NECs) and &#8220;no DNA template&#8221; controls (NTCs) must also be completed to ensure validity of observed effects.</li>
	<li>Apply standard methods of reverse transcription of mRNA to complementary DNA (cDNA) and amplification of target genes21-23.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Agrawal, Y., Carey, J. P., Della Santina, ., C, C., Schubert, M. C., Minor, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disorders+of+balance+and+vestibular+function+in+US+adults:+data+from+the+National+Health+and+Nutrition+Examination+Survey,+2001-2004.">Disorders of balance and vestibular function in US adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2004.</a> Archives of internal medicine. 169, 938-944 (2009).</li><li>Bessho, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+subthreshold+infrared+laser+treatment+for+drusen+regression+on+macular+autofluorescence+in+patients+with+age-related+macular+degeneration.">Effect of subthreshold infrared laser treatment for drusen regression on macular autofluorescence in patients with age-related macular degeneration.</a> Retina. 25, 981-988 (2005).</li><li>Olk, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+benefits+of+infrared+(810-nm)+diode+laser+macular+grid+photocoagulation+in+prophylactic+treatment+of+nonexudative+age-related+macular+degeneration:+two-year+results+of+a+randomized+pilot+study.">Therapeutic benefits of infrared (810-nm) diode laser macular grid photocoagulation in prophylactic treatment of nonexudative age-related macular degeneration: two-year results of a randomized pilot study.</a> Ophthalmology. 106, 2082-2090 (1999).</li><li>Rodanant, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predictors+of+drusen+reduction+after+subthreshold+infrared+(810+nm)+diode+laser+macular+grid+photocoagulation+for+nonexudative+age-related+macular+degeneration.">Predictors of drusen reduction after subthreshold infrared (810 nm) diode laser macular grid photocoagulation for nonexudative age-related macular degeneration.</a> American journal of ophthalmology. 134, 577-585 (2002).</li><li>De Taboada, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+laser+therapy+attenuates+amyloid-beta+peptide+neuropathology+in+amyloid-beta+protein+precursor+transgenic+mice.">Transcranial laser therapy attenuates amyloid-beta peptide neuropathology in amyloid-beta protein precursor transgenic mice.</a> Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD. 23, 521-535 (2011).</li><li>Grillo, S. L., Duggett, N. A., Ennaceur, A., Chazot, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+infra-red+therapy+(1072+nm)+reduces+beta-amyloid+protein+levels+in+the+brain+of+an+Alzheimer's+disease+mouse+model.">Non-invasive infra-red therapy (1072 nm) reduces beta-amyloid protein levels in the brain of an Alzheimer's disease mouse model.</a> TASTPM. Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology. 123, 13-22 (2013).</li><li>Purushothuman, S., Johnstone, D. M., Nandasena, C., Mitrofanis, J., Stone, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photobiomodulation+with+near+infrared+light+mitigates+Alzheimer's+disease-related+pathology+in+cerebral+cortex+-+evidence+from+two+transgenic+mouse+models.">Photobiomodulation with near infrared light mitigates Alzheimer's disease-related pathology in cerebral cortex - evidence from two transgenic mouse models.</a> Alzheimer's researc., &amp; therapy. 6, 2 (2014).</li><li>Sommer, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=670+nm+laser+light+and+EGCG+complementarily+reduce+amyloid-beta+aggregates+in+human+neuroblastoma+cells:+basis+for+treatment+of+Alzheimer's+disease.">670 nm laser light and EGCG complementarily reduce amyloid-beta aggregates in human neuroblastoma cells: basis for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.</a> Photomedicine and laser surgery. 30, 54-60 (2012).</li><li>Moro, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photobiomodulation+preserves+behaviour+and+midbrain+dopaminergic+cells+from+MPTP+toxicity:+evidence+from+two+mouse+strains.">Photobiomodulation preserves behaviour and midbrain dopaminergic cells from MPTP toxicity: evidence from two mouse strains.</a> BMC neuroscience. 14, 40 (2013).</li><li>Peoples, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photobiomodulation+enhances+nigral+dopaminergic+cell+survival+in+a+chronic+MPTP+mouse+model+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Photobiomodulation enhances nigral dopaminergic cell survival in a chronic MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease.</a> Parkinsonis., &amp; related. 18, 469-476 (2012).</li><li>Shaw, V. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroprotection+of+midbrain+dopaminergic+cells+in+MPTP-treated+mice+after+near-infrared+light+treatment.">Neuroprotection of midbrain dopaminergic cells in MPTP-treated mice after near-infrared light treatment.</a> The Journal of comparative neurology. 518, 25-40 (2010).</li><li>Ying, R., Liang, H. L., Whelan, H. T., Eells, J. T., Wong-Riley, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pretreatment+with+near-infrared+light+via+light-emitting+diode+provides+added+benefit+against+rotenone-+and+MPP+-induced+neurotoxicity.">Pretreatment with near-infrared light via light-emitting diode provides added benefit against rotenone- and MPP+-induced neurotoxicity.</a> Brain research. 1243, 167-173 (2008).</li><li>Rajguru, S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+photostimulation+of+the+crista+ampullaris.">Infrared photostimulation of the crista ampullaris.</a> The Journal of physiology. 589, 1283-1294 (2011).</li><li>Chung, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nuts+and+bolts+of+low-level+laser+(light)+therapy.">The nuts and bolts of low-level laser (light) therapy.</a> Annals of biomedical engineering. 40, 516-533 (2012).</li><li>Desmet, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+and+experimental+applications+of+NIR-LED+photobiomodulation.">Clinical and experimental applications of NIR-LED photobiomodulation.</a> Photomedicine and laser surgery. 24, 121-128 (2006).</li><li>Huang, Y. Y., Chen, A. C., Carroll, J. D., Hamblin, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biphasic+dose+response+in+low+level+light+therapy.">Biphasic dose response in low level light therapy.</a> Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis Society. 7, 358-383 (2009).</li><li>Rojas, J. C., Gonzalez-Lima, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-level+light+therapy+of+the+eye+and+brain.">Low-level light therapy of the eye and brain.</a> Eye and brain. 3, 49-67 (2011).</li><li>Vranceanu, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Striated+organelle,+a+cytoskeletal+structure+positioned+to+modulate+hair-cell+transduction.">Striated organelle, a cytoskeletal structure positioned to modulate hair-cell transduction.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109, 4473-4478 (2012).</li><li>Johnson, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separate+and+combined+effects+of+Sod1+and+Cdh23+mutations+on+age-related+hearing+loss+and+cochlear+pathology+in+C57BL/6J+mice.">Separate and combined effects of Sod1 and Cdh23 mutations on age-related hearing loss and cochlear pathology in C57BL/6J mice.</a> Hearing research. 268, 85-92 (2010).</li><li>Tung, V. W., Di Marco, S., Lim, R., Brichta, A. M., Camp, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+isolated+semi-intact+preparation+of+the+mouse+vestibular+sensory+epithelium+for+electrophysiology+and+high-resolution+two-photon+microscopy.">An isolated semi-intact preparation of the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium for electrophysiology and high-resolution two-photon microscopy.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , e50471 (2013).</li><li>Kirby, J., Menzies, F. M., Cookson, M. R., Bushby, K., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+gene+expression+in+a+cell+culture+model+of+SOD1-related+familial+motor+neurone+disease.">Differential gene expression in a cell culture model of SOD1-related familial motor neurone disease.</a> Human molecular genetics. 11, 2061-2075 (2002).</li><li>Parry, S. N., Ellis, N., Li, Z., Maitz, P., Witting, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myoglobin+induces+oxidative+stress+and+decreases+endocytosis+and+monolayer+permissiveness+in+cultured+kidney+epithelial+cells+without+affecting+viability.">Myoglobin induces oxidative stress and decreases endocytosis and monolayer permissiveness in cultured kidney epithelial cells without affecting viability.</a> Kidney and Blood Pressure Research. 31, 16-28 (2008).</li><li>Saee-Rad, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+superoxide+dismutase+1,+dual-specificity+phosphatase+1,+and+transforming+growth+factor,+beta+1+genes+expression+in+keratoconic+and+non-keratoconic+corneas.">Analysis of superoxide dismutase 1, dual-specificity phosphatase 1, and transforming growth factor, beta 1 genes expression in keratoconic and non-keratoconic corneas.</a> Molecular vision. 19, 2501-2507 (2013).</li><li>Albert, E. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TRPV4+channels+mediate+the+infrared+laser-evoked+response+in+sensory+neurons.">TRPV4 channels mediate the infrared laser-evoked response in sensory neurons.</a> Journal of neurophysiology. 107, 3227-3234 (2012).</li><li>Moro, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photobiomodulation+inside+the+brain:+a+novel+method+of+applying+near-infrared+light+intracranially+and+its+impact+on+dopaminergic+cell+survival+in+MPTP-treated+mice.">Photobiomodulation inside the brain: a novel method of applying near-infrared light intracranially and its impact on dopaminergic cell survival in MPTP-treated mice.</a> Journal of neuroscience. 120, 670-683 (2014).</li><li>Moreno, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+neural+stimulation:+beam+path+in+the+guinea+pig+cochlea.">Infrared neural stimulation: beam path in the guinea pig cochlea.</a> Hearing research. 282, 289-302 (2011).</li><li>Curthoys, I. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+red+thread+as+a+guide+in+the+vestibular+labyrinth.">A red thread as a guide in the vestibular labyrinth.</a> The Journal of physiology. 589, 1241-1241 (2011).</li><li>Chakrabarti, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+Dysfunction+during+Brain+Aging:+Role+of+Oxidative+Stress+and+Modulation+by+Antioxidant+Supplementation.">Mitochondrial Dysfunction during Brain Aging: Role of Oxidative Stress and Modulation by Antioxidant Supplementation.</a> Aging and disease. 2, 242-256 (2011).</li><li>Petrosillo, G., De Benedictis, V., Ruggiero, F. M., Paradies, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decline+in+cytochrome+c+oxidase+activity+in+rat-brain+mitochondria+with+aging.+Role+of+peroxidized+cardiolipin+and+beneficial+effect+of+melatonin.">Decline in cytochrome c oxidase activity in rat-brain mitochondria with aging. Role of peroxidized cardiolipin and beneficial effect of melatonin.</a> Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes. 45, 431-440 (2013).</li><li>Zhu, H., Sun, A., Zou, Y., Ge, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducible+metabolic+adaptation+promotes+mesenchymal+stem+cell+therapy+for+ischemia:+a+hypoxia-induced+and+glycogen-based+energy+prestorage+strategy.">Inducible metabolic adaptation promotes mesenchymal stem cell therapy for ischemia: a hypoxia-induced and glycogen-based energy prestorage strategy.</a> Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 34, 870-876 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

The representative results described here show that brief transcranial delivery of NIr light (90 sec/day for 5 days) is sufficient to raise the levels of antioxidant expression in older mice when compared with sham-treated mice. While emitted heat could represent a source of mitochondrial and/or neuronal activation, as reported for rat vestibular afferents24 &#8211; our measurement of heat emitted by the NIr LED device was &#60;0.2&#176;C over 90 sec, and as such is unlikely to cause the changes described here...

Declining balance performance and subsequent falls are common, and unfortunately often defining features of natural aging1. The impact of this decline can be both physical and social, and significantly reduces quality of life for older people. In response, physical therapies and rehabilitation have been the focus of research into falls but have not been associated with consistent reduction in the prevalence of repeated falls. At the same time, work investigating changes in the peripheral or central vestibular system (the system responsible for maintain balance) is scarce, and potential therapeutic strategies targeting these systems and the underlying causes of imbalance limited.
Recent work on age-associated neurodegenerative disorders including age-related macular degeneration2-4, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease models5-8, and Parkinson&#8217;s disease9-12 have shown neuroprotective effects of simple non-invasive application of near infrared (NIr) light. Further, in the vestibular system, NIr has been used to increase the activity of vestibular primary afferent neurons in vitro13. While the mechanism of NIr light is not well-understood, most studies using NIr have suggested that NIr stimulates mitochondria complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)14-17 to facilitate cellular metabolism. In the vestibular sensory epithelium the subcuticular plate of type I hair cells is dense in mitochondria18 and as such may represent a site of action for therapeutic NIr treatment.
Here, a brief, non-invasive treatment regime of transcranially applied NIr that can be used to measure cellular metabolism (and by implication, mitochondrial function) in the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium is described. Also discussed is a preparation of the vestibular sensory epithelium and it is shown that NIr increases the expression of a ubiquitous anti-oxidant (superoxide dismutase 1) in the sensory epithelium &#8211; previously shown to be important for cochlea hair cell survival19.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="603">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Quantum WARP 10</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Quantum Devices</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2070N030-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">Screw top microtubules</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Quality Scientific Plastics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">520-GRD-Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Parnell, Alexandria Australia</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Standard Pattern Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14001-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Carbon steel Surgical Blades #22</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Livingstone</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SBLDCL 22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Friedman-Pearson Rongeurs</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16221-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A60S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dumont #5 SF Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Isolate II RNA Micro Kit</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Bioline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BIO-52075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

near infrared (nir) light increases expression of a marker of mitochondrial function in the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium

Strategies for attenuating decline in balance function with increasing age are predominantly focused on physical therapies including balance tasks and exercise. However, these approaches do not address the underlying causes of balance decline. Using mice, the impact of near infrared light (NIr) on the metabolism of cells in the vestibular sensory epithelium was assessed. Data collected shows that this simple and safe intervention may protect these vulnerable cells from the deleterious effects of natural aging. mRNA was extracted from the isolated peripheral vestibular sensory epithelium (crista ampullaris and utricular macula) and subsequently transcribed into a cDNA library. This library was then probed for the expression of ubiquitous antioxidant (SOD-1). Antioxidant gene expression was then used to quantify cellular metabolism. Using transcranial delivery of NIr in young (4 weeks) and older (8 - 9 months) mice, and a brief treatment regime (90 sec/day for 5 days), this work suggests NIr alone may be sufficient to improve mitochondrial function in the vestibular sensory epithelium. Since there are currently no available, affordable, non-invasive methods of therapy to improve vestibular hair cell function, the application of external NIr radiation provides a potential strategy to counteract the impact of aging on cellular metabolism inthe vestibular sensory epithelium.

To compare the impact of NIr treatment in young (4 weeks) and older (8 - 9 months) mice we measured the expression of antioxidant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1) in young (n = 16) and older (n = 20) mice that were NIr-treated, sham-treated, or NIr-blocked. Figure 2 shows a significant increase in &#946;-actin normalized SOD-1 expression of more than 2-fold in young NIr-treated animals compared to young sham-treated animals (p &#60; 0.01) and young NIr-blocked animals (p &#60; 0.01). Older NIr-treated anim...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium at JoVE.com

Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cellular senescence. This paper uses non-invasive near-infrared (NIr) treatment to improve mitochondrial function in the aging mouse vestibular sensory epithelium.

Near Infrared (NIr) Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

Strategies for attenuating decline in balance function with increasing age are predominantly focused on physical therapies including balance tasks and ...

near-infrared-nir-light-increases-expression-marker-mitochondrial

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.8K Views.  University of Sydney. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cellular senescence. This paper uses non-invasive near-infrared (NIr) treatment to improve mitochondrial function in the aging mouse vestibular sensory epithelium.