The authors wish to acknowledge Dr. Paul Witting and Ms. Genevieve Fong for their assistance with mRNA extraction and PCR, and the Garnett Passe and Rodney Williams Memorial Foundation for support.

Ethics Statement: All procedures outlined below were approved by the University of Sydney Animal Ethics Committee.
1. Animals
NOTE: 1 and 8 - 9 month old mice (C57/BL6) were obtained from the Animal Resources Centre (Perth, Australia). Mice were housed in the Bosch Rodent Facility at the University of Sydney.
<ol>
	<li>House mice in standard mouse cages on a 12/12 hr light/dark cycle with access to food and water ad libitum.</li>
	<li>Divide mice in each ...

<ol>
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The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

The representative results described here show that brief transcranial delivery of NIr light (90 sec/day for 5 days) is sufficient to raise the levels of antioxidant expression in older mice when compared with sham-treated mice. While emitted heat could represent a source of mitochondrial and/or neuronal activation, as reported for rat vestibular afferents24 &#8211; our measurement of heat emitted by the NIr LED device was &#60;0.2&#176;C over 90 sec, and as such is unlikely to cause the changes described here...

Declining balance performance and subsequent falls are common, and unfortunately often defining features of natural aging1. The impact of this decline can be both physical and social, and significantly reduces quality of life for older people. In response, physical therapies and rehabilitation have been the focus of research into falls but have not been associated with consistent reduction in the prevalence of repeated falls. At the same time, work investigating changes in the peripheral or central vestibular system (the system responsible for maintain balance) is scarce, and potential therapeutic strategies targeting these systems and the underlying causes of imbalance limited.
Recent work on age-associated neurodegenerative disorders including age-related macular degeneration2-4, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease models5-8, and Parkinson&#8217;s disease9-12 have shown neuroprotective effects of simple non-invasive application of near infrared (NIr) light. Further, in the vestibular system, NIr has been used to increase the activity of vestibular primary afferent neurons in vitro13. While the mechanism of NIr light is not well-understood, most studies using NIr have suggested that NIr stimulates mitochondria complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)14-17 to facilitate cellular metabolism. In the vestibular sensory epithelium the subcuticular plate of type I hair cells is dense in mitochondria18 and as such may represent a site of action for therapeutic NIr treatment.
Here, a brief, non-invasive treatment regime of transcranially applied NIr that can be used to measure cellular metabolism (and by implication, mitochondrial function) in the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium is described. Also discussed is a preparation of the vestibular sensory epithelium and it is shown that NIr increases the expression of a ubiquitous anti-oxidant (superoxide dismutase 1) in the sensory epithelium &#8211; previously shown to be important for cochlea hair cell survival19.

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near infrared (nir) light increases expression of a marker of mitochondrial function in the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium

Strategies for attenuating decline in balance function with increasing age are predominantly focused on physical therapies including balance tasks and exercise. However, these approaches do not address the underlying causes of balance decline. Using mice, the impact of near infrared light (NIr) on the metabolism of cells in the vestibular sensory epithelium was assessed. Data collected shows that this simple and safe intervention may protect these vulnerable cells from the deleterious effects of natural aging. mRNA was extracted from the isolated peripheral vestibular sensory epithelium (crista ampullaris and utricular macula) and subsequently transcribed into a cDNA library. This library was then probed for the expression of ubiquitous antioxidant (SOD-1). Antioxidant gene expression was then used to quantify cellular metabolism. Using transcranial delivery of NIr in young (4 weeks) and older (8 - 9 months) mice, and a brief treatment regime (90 sec/day for 5 days), this work suggests NIr alone may be sufficient to improve mitochondrial function in the vestibular sensory epithelium. Since there are currently no available, affordable, non-invasive methods of therapy to improve vestibular hair cell function, the application of external NIr radiation provides a potential strategy to counteract the impact of aging on cellular metabolism inthe vestibular sensory epithelium.

To compare the impact of NIr treatment in young (4 weeks) and older (8 - 9 months) mice we measured the expression of antioxidant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1) in young (n = 16) and older (n = 20) mice that were NIr-treated, sham-treated, or NIr-blocked. Figure 2 shows a significant increase in &#946;-actin normalized SOD-1 expression of more than 2-fold in young NIr-treated animals compared to young sham-treated animals (p &#60; 0.01) and young NIr-blocked animals (p &#60; 0.01). Older NIr-treated anim...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium at JoVE.com

Near Infrared NIr Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of cellular senescence. This paper uses non-invasive near-infrared (NIr) treatment to improve mitochondrial function in the aging mouse vestibular sensory epithelium.

Near Infrared (NIr) Light Increases Expression of a Marker of Mitochondrial Function in the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium

Strategies for attenuating decline in balance function with increasing age are predominantly focused on physical therapies including balance tasks and ...

near-infrared-nir-light-increases-expression-marker-mitochondrial

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.8K Görüntüleme.  University of Sydney.  Mitokondriyal disfonksiyon hücresel yaşlanma bir özelliğidir. Bu kağıt yaşlanma fare vestibüler duyu epitel mitokondriyal fonksiyon geliştirmek için non-invaziv yakın kızılötesi (NIR) tedavi kullanır. 