The authors wish to thank Anne Daron and Pierre Louis Loyher for editorial assistance, the Plateforme Imagerie Piti&#233;-Salp&#234;tri&#232;re (PICPS) for assistance with the two-photon microscope and the animal Facility &#8220;NAC&#8221; and Camille Baudesson for mice breeding assistance. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community&#8217;s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement n&#176; 304810 &#8211; RAIDs, and n&#176;241440-Endostem, from Inserm, from Universit&#233; Pierre et Marie Curie &#8220;Emergence&#8221;, from la &#8220;Ligue contre le cancer&#8221;, from &#8220;Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer&#8221; and from &#8220;Agence Nationale de la Recherche&#8221; Programme Emergence 2012 (ANR-EMMA-050).&#160;P.H. was supported by la &#8220;Ligue contre le cancer&#8221;.&#160;

NOTE: All experiment protocols were approved by the French Animal Experimentation and Ethics Committee and validated by the &#8220;Service Protection et Sant&#233; Animales, Environnement&#8221; with number A-75-2065. Sample sizes are chosen to ensure reproducibility of the experiments, and according to the 3R of animal ethic regulation.

1. Preparation of the Mouse
<ol>
	<li>Anaesthesia
	<ol>
		<li>For short period of imaging (less than 1 hr), anaesthetize the mouse with an intraperi...

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The critical points of in vivo imaging methodology are to ensure stability of the focus in order to maximize the duration of imaging and to minimize the risk of bacterial contamination and inflammation, which might impact the dynamics of the inflammatory cells. Imaging of the skull bone marrow follows these aims as the surgery performed to get access to the bone marrow is minimal. The use of sterile material and antiseptics is essential to limit the risk of infection that might induce perturbation in cel...

The bone marrow plays a central role in hematopoiesis and represents the main reservoir of monocytes that constitutively recirculate between the blood and the medullar parenchyma, renew the pool of circulating monocytes with a short life span 2,3 and participate in the reconstitution of the steady state tissue-macrophages and dendritic cells 4. During inflammation or after transient aplasia, monocytes are actively mobilized from either the bone marrow or the spleen 5, 6, 7 and colonize inflamed organs. Several chemoattractant axis have been involved in the process of myeloid cell mobilization from the bone marrow 8, 5, 6,9. Beyond the myeloid compartment the bone marrow is also an important site of T lymphocyte priming 10 and a niche of immunological memory 11,12. Thus, this tissue is central for numerous investigations in the field of hematology and immunology. Our knowledge on the structural organization of medullar myeloid cells mainly arises from the analysis of histological section of fixed tissues 13. This static view does not allow for a study of the cellular exchange dynamic between the different compartments of the bone marrow, which is the basis of its functional activity.
Intravital imaging constitutes an important biological input in the study of cell mobility, cell adherence and cell-to-cell interactions, which were previously described only from in vitro systems. Technical challenges for proper intravital imaging include the ability to reach the tissue of interest in an optical point of view, and to maximize its isolation from physiological (breath, muscle or peristaltic contractions) or mechanical drifts (tissue disruption and extension following surgery, and exposure to microscope objective as well as temperature and vascular/oxygenation perturbations). Microscopic drifts may limit the ability to keep the focus a long time and could introduce artifacts in the quantification of cell motility. One alternative, validated for several tissues to reduce these technical difficulties, is to work on explanted tissue incubated in a thermostated and oxygenated medium; however, complete disruption of the lymphatic and vascular circulation may be problematic. Intravital imaging of skull bone marrow has several advantages concerning these issues. Firstly, it requires minimal surgical action. Secondly, thickness of the bone in this region allows direct visualization of bone marrow niches without abrasion, thus reducing physiological perturbations. The medullar network can be imaged in the parasagittal region of the bone; however the sinusoids are more visible in the fronto-parietal area where the bone matrix is thinner12,14. 
Intravital imaging relies on the availability of the most accurate fluorescent reporter tagging the population of interest. In vitro labelling of purified cell population before adoptive transfer led to important characterization of hematopoietic stem cell niches 15 or bone marrow endothelial microdomains favouring tumor engraftment 16, and provided several fundamental inputs on key concepts in immunology 17 . However, this approach usually requires hundreds of thousands of cells to get a chance to detect them afterwards in vivo. This could be explained by the high mortality rate following staining, the dilution in the whole body and the change in the activation state, which might lead to biased homing. Endogenous tagging from transgenic mouse system greatly overcomes these limitations and has allowed to image the behaviour of endogenous osteoblast 8, megakaryocytes 18 or myeloid-lineage subsets 6 . Nevertheless, one has to be cautious when considering the specificity of the fluorescent reporter among the studied subset. 
The Csf1r-Gal4VP16/UAS-ECFP, called MacBlue mouse 1, is a valuable transgenic system to study medullar monocytes with real time imaging 6. Intravenous injection of high molecular weight rhodamin-dextran distinguishes the medullar parenchyma from the vascular sinusoid network of the bone marrow. Using this approach, it is possible to track the monocyte behaviour in the different medullar compartments in a specific physiopathological context of interest. Furthermore, we propose an additional strategy to compare monocyte dynamics with that of neutrophils through in vivo labelling using a specific antibody.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="824">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:237px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Ketamin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Merial</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>100mg/mL, anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Xylazin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Bayer HealthCare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>10mg/mL, anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Isofluran</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>2.5%, anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">O2/NO2</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>70/30 mixture, anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:297px;">Rhodamin-Dextran</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>2MDa, 10mg/mL, Vascular staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:297px;">Ly6G-PE</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Becton-Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>clone 1A8, neutrophils staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Stereotactic holder</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Home made</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Ethanol 70%</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Sterile scissors and nippers</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Rubber ring</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>18mm diameter, surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Glubran 2</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Queryo Medical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Surgical Glue, rubber ring fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Small gauge needles</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Zeiss LSM 710 NLO multiphoton microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ti:Sapphire crystal laser&#160;</td>
			<td>Coherent Chameleon Ultra</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>140fs pulses of NIR light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Zen 2010</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Acquistion Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Imaris Bitplane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Bitplane</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Analysis Software, 3D automatic tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">PBS 1X</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">D. Dutscher</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Thermostated chamber</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>intravital imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

tracking mouse bone marrow monocytes in vivo

Real time multiphoton imaging provides a great opportunity to study cell trafficking and cell-to-cell interactions in their physiological 3-dimensionnal environment. Biological activities of immune cells mainly rely on their motility capacities. Blood monocytes have short half-life in the bloodstream; they originate in the bone marrow and are constitutively released from it. In inflammatory condition, this process is enhanced, leading to blood monocytosis and subsequent infiltration of the peripheral inflammatory tissues. Identifying the biomechanical events controlling monocyte trafficking from the bone marrow towards the vascular network is an important step to understand monocyte physiopathological relevance. We performed in vivo time-lapse imaging by two-photon microscopy of the skull bone marrow of the Csf1r-Gal4VP16/UAS-ECFP (MacBlue) mouse. The MacBlue mouse expresses the fluorescent reporters enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) under the control of a myeloid specific promoter 1, in combination with vascular network labelling. We describe how this approach enables the tracking of individual medullar monocytes in real time to further quantify the migratory behaviour within the bone marrow parenchyma and the vasculature, as well as cell-to-cell interactions. This approach provides novel insights into the biology of the bone marrow monocyte subsets and allows to further address how these cells can be influenced in specific pathological conditions.

Mouse skull structure offers a good opportunity to study the bone marrow physiology by intravital imaging. The bone being thin around the front-parietal area, it is possible to get access to medullar niches without abrasion of the bone. Figure 1 represents a wide 2D field of the skull of a MacBlue transgenic mouse. The bone matrix is mainly composed of collagen I easily detectable by SHG 19. Injection of rhodamin-dextran stains the vascular network of the bone marrow and allows for the identif...

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Tracking Mouse Bone Marrow Monocytes In Vivo

Monocytes are key regulators of innate immunity and play a critical role in the renewal of the peripheral mononuclear phagocytic system and in case of inflammation. This manuscript describes the procedure of real time imaging of the mouse calvaria bone marrow to study the monocyte mobilisation mechanism.

Tracking Mouse Bone Marrow Monocytes In Vivo

Real time multiphoton imaging provides a great opportunity to study cell trafficking and cell-to-cell interactions in their physiological 3-dimensionnal ...

tracking-mouse-bone-marrow-monocytes-in-vivo

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Immunology and Infection

9.4K Views.  Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CR7. Monocytes are key regulators of innate immunity and play a critical role in the renewal of the peripheral mononuclear phagocytic system and in case of inflammation. This manuscript describes the procedure of real time imaging of the mouse calvaria bone marrow to study the monocyte mobilisation mechanism. 