Name: isolation and ex vivo culture of v&#948;1+cd4+&#947;&#948; t cells, an extrathymic &#945;&#946;t-cell progenitor
Uploaded: 2015-12-07T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of VÃŽÂ´1+CD4+ÃŽÂ³ÃŽÂ´ T Cells, an Extrathymic ÃŽÂ±ÃŽÂ²T-cell Progenitor at JoVE.com

Christian Welker is funded by a grant provided by the J&#252;rgen-Manchot-Stiftung.

Ethic Statement: All procedures were carried out according to the Declaration of Helsinki and were approved by the Clinical Ethics Committee at the University of T&#252;bingen (projects 38/2009B02 and 470/2013B02).
1. Isolation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)
<ol>
	<li>Take 50-100 ml from a healthy volunteer via venipuncture using a 50 ml syringe containing 1,000 IU heparin sulfate and dilute the blood 1:2 with PBS (pH = 7.2).</li>
	<li>Carefully layer 35 ml of the blood:PBS so...

<ol>
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Immunol. 11 (1), 14-20 (2010).</li><li>Prinz, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+the+earliest+steps+of+gammadelta+T+cell+development+in+the+adult+thymus.">Visualization of the earliest steps of gammadelta T cell development in the adult thymus.</a> Nat. Immunol. 7 (9), 995-1003 (2006).</li><li>Ferrero, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TCRgamma+silencing+during+alphabeta+T+cell+development+depends+upon+pre-TCR-induced+proliferation.">TCRgamma silencing during alphabeta T cell development depends upon pre-TCR-induced proliferation.</a> J. Immunol. 177 (9), 6038-6043 (2006).</li><li>Krangel, M. 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U.S.A. 104 (3), 903-907 (2007).</li><li>Hawwari, A., Krangel, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+TCR+delta+and+alpha+repertoires+by+local+and+long-distance+control+of+variable+gene+segment+chromatin+structure.">Regulation of TCR delta and alpha repertoires by local and long-distance control of variable gene segment chromatin structure.</a> J. Exp. Med. 202 (4), 467-472 (2005).</li><li>Hawwari, A., Bock, C., Krangel, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+T+cell+receptor+alpha+gene+assembly+by+a+complex+hierarchy+of+germline+Jalpha+promoters.">Regulation of T cell receptor alpha gene assembly by a complex hierarchy of germline Jalpha promoters.</a> Nat. Immunol. 6 (5), 481-489 (2005).</li><li>Hager, E., Hawwari, A., Matsuda, J. L., Krangel, M. S., Gapin, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+constraints+at+the+level+of+TCRalpha+rearrangement+impact+Valpha14i+NKT+cell+development.">Multiple constraints at the level of TCRalpha rearrangement impact Valpha14i NKT cell development.</a> J. Immunol. 179 (4), 2228-2234 (2007).</li><li>Linton, P. J., Dorshkind, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+changes+in+lymphocyte+development+and+function.">Age-related changes in lymphocyte development and function.</a> Nat. Immunol. 5 (2), 133-139 (2004).</li><li>Sprent, J., Tough, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphocyte+life-span+and+memory.">Lymphocyte life-span and memory.</a> Science. 265 (5177), 1395-1400 (1994).</li><li>Guy-Grand, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extrathymic+T+cell+lymphopoiesis:+ontogeny+and+contribution+to+gut+intraepithelial+lymphocytes+in+athymic+and+euthymic+mice.">Extrathymic T cell lymphopoiesis: ontogeny and contribution to gut intraepithelial lymphocytes in athymic and euthymic mice.</a> J. Exp. Med. 197 (3), 333-341 (2003).</li><li>McClory, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+a+stepwise+program+of+extrathymic+T+cell+development+within+the+human+tonsil.">Evidence for a stepwise program of extrathymic T cell development within the human tonsil.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 122 (4), 1403-1415 (2012).</li><li>Jbakhsh-Jones, S., Jerabek, L., Weissman, I. L., Strober, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extrathymic+maturation+of+alpha+beta+T+cells+from+hemopoietic+stem+cells.">Extrathymic maturation of alpha beta T cells from hemopoietic stem cells.</a> J. Immunol. 155 (7), 3338-3344 (1995).</li><li>Garcia-Ojeda, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stepwise+development+of+committed+progenitors+in+the+bone+marrow+that+generate+functional+T+cells+in+the+absence+of+the+thymus.">Stepwise development of committed progenitors in the bone marrow that generate functional T cells in the absence of the thymus.</a> J. Immunol. 175 (7), 4363-4373 (2005).</li><li>Arcangeli, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extrathymic+hemopoietic+progenitors+committed+to+T+cell+differentiation+in+the+adult+mouse.">Extrathymic hemopoietic progenitors committed to T cell differentiation in the adult mouse.</a> J. Immunol. 174 (4), 1980-1988 (2005).</li><li>Maillard, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch-dependent+T-lineage+commitment+occurs+at+extrathymic+sites+following+bone+marrow+transplantation.">Notch-dependent T-lineage commitment occurs at extrathymic sites following bone marrow transplantation.</a> Blood. 107 (9), 3511-3519 (2006).</li><li>Ziegler, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Peripheral+CD4(+)+Vdelta1(+)+gammadeltaT+Cells+Can+Develop+into+alphabetaT+Cells.">Human Peripheral CD4(+) Vdelta1(+) gammadeltaT Cells Can Develop into alphabetaT Cells.</a> Front Immunol. 5, 645 (2014).</li><li>Mollet, M., Godoy-Silva, R., Berdugo, C., Chalmers, J. 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To study the phenotype, biology and function of a scarce (T-) cell entity, namely V&#948;1+CD4+ T cells, we used two markers: V&#948;1 and CD4 for its positive magnetic cell isolation. V&#948;1 is an orphan receptor, whereas CD4 is expressed on T helper cells, at a lower level on monocytes and dendritic cells, and at a very low level on hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Techniques for the enrichment and selection of cells in high purity include Fluorescence activated cell s...

In vertebrates, adaptive immunity that is structured in the cellular and a humoral part of immunity plays a major role in the defense against pathogens. The recognition of a wide range of antigens is mediated by hyperpolymorphic T- and B cell receptors (TCR/BCR), which with regard to T cells are assumed to be produced mainly in the thymus1. Thereto, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), derived from bone marrow, seed the thymus and differentiate along well-defined stages finally giving rise to all T cell lineages. Thymus seeding progenitors are CD4- and CD8- and thus constitute the immature, double negative (DN) thymocyte fraction. Thymus-derived signals then induce their lineage commitment and the differentiation into either &#945;&#946; or &#947;&#948; T cells. The expression of functionally rearranged TCR-&#947; and TCR-&#948; chain genes in DN2/3 thymocytes leads to &#947; &#948;TCR complexes, which drive cellular proliferation and promote differentiation into &#947; &#948;T cells2,3. In contrast, the rearrangement of a functional TCR-&#946; chain, that can pair with preT&#945; to build a preTCR pT, induces the transcriptional silencing of the TCR-&#947; chain in DN3 thymocytes and their transition into CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes4. At this stage, recombination of the TCR-&#945; chain occurs, deleting the TCR-&#948; locus that nestles within the TCR-&#945; locus, thus abrogating the production a &#947;&#948;TCR in these cells irrevocably5-9. Rearranged &#945;&#946;TCRs are subsequently selected for their ability to bind self-MHC weakly (positive selection), which may not exceed a certain threshold to avoid autoimmunity (negative selection). According to their capacity of binding MHC class I or II, the selected &#945;&#946;T cells develop into single-positive CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, which exit the thymus as na&#239;ve T cells.
However, involution of the thymus starts early in life leading to exponentially reduced output of na&#239;ve T cells that is almost extinguished post-adolescence10. Nevertheless, the size of the T cell pool remains constant throughout life, which can be explained only in part by post-thymic homeostatic proliferation of T cells and the proliferation of long-lived immunologic memory11. Consequently, extrathymic T cell development must occur. Recent research has gained substantial attraction that characterized &#945;&#946;T cell progenitors, which-at extrathymic sites-gave rise to functional &#945;&#946; T cells12-17. Yet, detailed knowledge about extrathymic &#945;&#946;T cell precursors that independent from a thymus differentiate into &#945;&#946;T cells is as fragmentary as the background that we have on the route they take thereby.
We recently identified the small T-cell entity of V&#948;1+ CD4+&#947;&#948;T cells as an extrathymic &#945;&#946;T cell prognitor18, which when isolated from peripheral blood of healthy human donors can transdifferentiate into &#945;&#946;T cells in a mild inflammatory environment. Interestingly and contrary to the homeostatic proliferation of post-thymic T cells, transdifferentiation of V&#948;1 CD4+ cells generates new T cell receptors, thus broadening the repertoire diversity, so that potentially new antigens can be recognized and may protection the host against newly acquired pathogens. This adds to the plasticity of T cells and adds a so far unappreciated new pathway for extrathymic T cell development.
The quantitative isolation from lymphocytic sources, the generation of single-cell clones and their efficient expansion are essential for the objective to identify those markers and molecules that trigger this &#945;&#946;T cell precursor`s extrathymic development.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="789">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Biocoll Solution</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Biochrom</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L 6113</td>
			<td style="width:361px;">lymphocyte separating solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Lysing Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">BD BioSciences</td>
			<td>555899</td>
			<td>lysis of erythrocytes&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Phosphate-buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8537&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MACS buffer</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-222</td>
			<td>supplement with BSA and pre-cool before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-376</td>
			<td>not mandatorily from this supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">anti-human Vd1 FITC (clone:&#160; TS8.2)</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>TCR2730</td>
			<td>not mandatorily from this supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">anti-human CD3 PerCP (clone: SK7)</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">BD BioSciences</td>
			<td>345766</td>
			<td>not mandatorily from this supplier or this flurochrome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">anti-human TCRab PE (clone: T10B9.1A-31)</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">BD BioSciences</td>
			<td>555548</td>
			<td>not mandatorily from this supplier or this flurochrome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">anti-human CD4 VioBlue (clone: M-T466)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-097-333</td>
			<td>not mandatorily from this supplier or this flurochrome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">anti-human CD8 APC-H7 (clone: SK1)</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">BD BioSciences</td>
			<td>641400</td>
			<td>not mandatorily from this supplier or this flurochrome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Anti-FITC MultiSort Kit</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-058-701</td>
			<td>yields better results than anti-FITC MicroBeads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">MS columns</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">130-042-201</td>
			<td>pre-cool before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">MiniMACS Separator</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CD4 Positive Isolation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">life technologies</td>
			<td>11331D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and ex vivo culture of v&#948;1+cd4+&#947;&#948; t cells, an extrathymic &#945;&#946;t-cell progenitor

The thymus, the primary organ for the generation of &#945;&#946; T cells and backbone of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates, has long been considered as the only source of &#945;&#946;T cells. Yet, thymic involution begins early in life leading to a drastically reduced output of na&#239;ve &#945;&#946;T cells into the periphery. Nevertheless, even centenarians can build immunity against newly acquired pathogens. Recent research suggests extrathymic &#945;&#946;T cell development, however our understanding of pathways that may compensate for thymic loss of function are still rudimental. &#947;&#948; T cells are innate lymphocytes that constitute the main T-cell subset in the tissues. We recently ascribed a so far unappreciated outstanding function to a &#947;&#948; T cell subset by showing that the scarce entity of CD4+ V&#948;1+&#947;&#948; T cells can transdifferentiate into &#945;&#946;T cells in inflammatory conditions. Here, we provide the protocol for the isolation of this progenitor from peripheral blood and its subsequent cultivation. V&#948;1 cells are positively enriched from PBMCs of healthy human donors using magnetic beads, followed by a second step wherein we target the scarce fraction of CD4+ cells with a further magnetic labeling technique. The magnetic force of the second labeling exceeds the one of the first magnetic label, and thus allows the efficient, quantitative and specific positive isolation of the population of interest. We then introduce the technique and culture condition required for cloning and efficiently expanding the cells and for identification of the generated clones by FACS analysis. Thus, we provide a detailed protocol for the purification, culture and ex vivo expansion of CD4+ V&#948;1+&#947;&#948; T cells. This knowledge is prerequisite for studies that relate to this &#945;&#946;T cell progenitor`s biology and for those who aim to identify the molecular triggers that are involved in its transdifferentiation.

Figure 1 depicts the different stages and the outcome of the isolation of V&#948;1 T cells from peripheral blood. Figure 1A shows a typical distribution of V&#948;1+ cells in CD3+ lymphocytes, as well as the co-receptor expression of the V&#948;1+ population. In this donor, the frequency of V&#948;1+ cells (red) is 2.3% of total lymphocyte counts and the CD4 expression (green) of V&#948;1+ lymphocytes is 2.6%. Altogether, the target ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of VÃŽÂ´1+CD4+ÃŽÂ³ÃŽÂ´ T Cells, an Extrathymic ÃŽÂ±ÃŽÂ²T-cell Progenitor at JoVE.com

Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of VÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â´1+CD4+ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â³ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â´ T Cells, an Extrathymic ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â²T-cell Progenitor

Here, we provide an optimized protocol for the isolation and cloning of the scarce T-cell entity of peripheral V&#948;1+CD4+ T cells that is, as we showed recently, an extrathymic &#945;&#946; T-cell progenitor. This technique allows to quantitatively isolate, clone and efficiently expand these cells in ex vivo culture.

Isolation and Ex Vivo Culture of V&#948;1+CD4+&#947;&#948; T Cells, an Extrathymic &#945;&#946;T-cell Progenitor

The thymus, the primary organ for the generation of &#945;&#946; T cells and backbone of the adaptive immune system in vertebrates, has long been ...

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