Name: generation and identification of gm-csf derived alveolar-like macrophages and dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation and Identification of GM-CSF Derived Alveolar-like Macrophages and Dendritic Cells From Mouse Bone Marrow at JoVE.com

This work was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) (Grant MOP-119503) and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC). NSERC also supported summer studentships to Y.D. and A.A. YD is supported by the University of British Columbia (UBC) with a 4-year fellowship award, A.A is supported by CIHR with a graduate student Master&#39;s award (CGS-M). We thank Calvin Roskelley for assistance with the microscope used to generate the images in Figure 2. We also acknowledge support from the UBC Animal and Flow Cytometry Facilities.

Mice were euthanized in accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines for ethical animal research by procedures approved by the University of British Columbia Animal Care Committee.
1. Acquiring a Single Cell Bone Marrow Suspension from Mouse Femur and Tibia
<ol>
	<li>Switch on a biological safety cabinet (BSC) 15 min prior to start of procedure to purge cabinet air and allow for air flow stabilization, then clean/spray BSC surface with 70% ethanol. Keep everything as sterile as possible for the...

<ol>
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S., Tomkowiak, M., Marcais, A., Leverrier, Y., Marvel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flt3+ligand-generated+murine+plasmacytoid+and+conventional+dendritic+cells+differ+in+their+capacity+to+prime+naive+CD8+T+cells+and+to+generate+memory+cells+in+vivo.">Flt3 ligand-generated murine plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells differ in their capacity to prime naive CD8 T cells and to generate memory cells in vivo.</a> J Immunol. 175 (1), 189-195 (2005).</li><li>Inaba, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+large+numbers+of+dendritic+cells+from+mouse+bone+marrow+cultures+supplemented+with+granulocyte/macrophage+colony-stimulating+factor.">Generation of large numbers of dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow cultures supplemented with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor.</a> J Exp Med. 176 (6), 1693-1702 (1992).</li><li>Lutz, M. 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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+RNA-seq+reveals+dynamic+paracrine+control+of+cellular+variation.">Single-cell RNA-seq reveals dynamic paracrine control of cellular variation.</a> Nature. 510 (7505), 363-369 (2014).</li><li>Vander Lugt, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+programming+of+dendritic+cells+for+enhanced+MHC+class+II+antigen+presentation.">Transcriptional programming of dendritic cells for enhanced MHC class II antigen presentation.</a> Nat Immunol. 15 (2), 161-167 (2014).</li><li>Shibata, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GM-CSF+regulates+alveolar+macrophage+differentiation+and+innate+immunity+in+the+lung+through+PU.1.">GM-CSF regulates alveolar macrophage differentiation and innate immunity in the lung through PU.1.</a> Immunity. 15 (4), 557-567 (2001).</li><li>Lacey, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+GM-CSF-+and+Macrophage-CSF+Dependent+Macrophage+Responses+by+In+Vitro+Models.">Defining GM-CSF- and Macrophage-CSF Dependent Macrophage Responses by In Vitro Models.</a> J Immunol. 188 (11), 5752-5765 (2012).</li><li>Poon, G. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyaluronan+Binding+Identifies+a+Functionally+Distinct+Alveolar+Macrophage-like+Population+in+Bone+Marrow-Derived+Dendritic+Cell+Cultures.">Hyaluronan Binding Identifies a Functionally Distinct Alveolar Macrophage-like Population in Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cell Cultures.</a> J Immunol. 195 (2), 632-642 (2015).</li><li>Helft, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GM-CSF+Mouse+Bone+Marrow+Cultures+Comprise+a+Heterogeneous+Population+of+CD11c(+)MHCII(+)+Macrophages+and+Dendritic+Cells.">GM-CSF Mouse Bone Marrow Cultures Comprise a Heterogeneous Population of CD11c(+)MHCII(+) Macrophages and Dendritic Cells.</a> Immunity. 42 (6), 1197-1211 (2015).</li><li>Stockinger, B., Zal, T., Zal, A., Gray, D. 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In this manuscript, we provide a method for generating GM-CSF derived macrophages and DCs from a single mouse bone marrow culture that is adapted from Lutz et al.6. MHCII&#160; expression and FL-HA binding distinguishes between immature DCs and macrophages in this culture (see Figure 3C), which previously has been difficult. This, together with another report by Helft et al.19, demonstrates heterogeneity within GM-CSF induced BMDC cultures that were previously thou...

Several in vitro culture methods have been described to generate bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) using one or a combination of growth factors. BMDMs can be generated by culturing bone marrow cells using either macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) or GM-CSF1,2. For BMDCs, the addition of FLT3 ligand to the bone marrow culture gives rise to non-adherent classical and plasmacytoid DCs (CD11chigh/MHCIIhigh and CD11clo, B220+ respectively) after 9 days in culture3,4. In contrast, non-adherent cells generated after 7 to 10 days in culture with GM-CSF alone5,6, GM-CSF and IL-47, or GM-CSF and FLT3 ligand8,9 generate BMDCs more closely resembling inflammatory DCs (CD11chigh, MHCIIhigh CD11b+)10. While these in vitro cultures are used to generate macrophages or DCs, it is unclear if each culture gives rise to pure populations. For example, although adherent cells in the GM-CSF cultures are described to be macrophages5, the non-adherent cells from the same culture are used as DCs6,11-13, with the presumption that they are homogeneous and any observed variability is due to different stages of development14,15. Furthermore, studies have found GM-CSF to be an essential growth factor for alveolar macrophage development in vivo16,17, and can be used in vitro to generate alveolar-like macrophages16,17,18.
Other than adherence, the procedures for generating macrophages and DCs from GM-CSF treated bone marrow cultures are very similar suggesting heterogeneity may exist within GM-CSF bone marrow cultures. This indeed seems to be the case as two papers report the presence of BMDMs in the non-adherent fraction of BMDC cultures. In one paper, they identified a population of cells as CD11c+, CD11b+, MHCIImid, MerTK+, and CD115+, which expressed a gene expression signature that most closely resembled alveolar macrophages and had a reduced ability to activate T cells19. The second paper used MHCII and FL-HA to identify an alveolar macrophage-like population (CD11c+, MHCIImid/low, FL-HAhigh) that was distinct from immature (CD11c+, MHCIImid, FL-HAlow) and mature DCs (CD11c+, MHCIIhigh), both phenotypically and functionally18. These papers both illustrate that GM-CSF BMDC cultures are heterogeneous, containing both macrophage and DC populations indicating that care should be taken when interpreting data from BMDC cultures.
This protocol describes how to isolate bone marrow, culture bone marrow cells in GM-CSF, and identify the alveolar macrophage-like population from the immature and mature DCs in the bone marrow culture by flow cytometry using FL-HA binding and MHCII expression. This procedure is based on the established procedure of Lutz et al.6 and is able to generate 5 - 10 x 106 non-adherent cells on day 7 of a 10 ml culture. The culture is usable from days 7 to 10 and yields a heterogeneous population of macrophages, immature and mature DCs, as well as some progenitors at day 7. This provides a simple method to grow and isolate in vitro alveolar-like macrophages in large quantities.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>BD&#160;</td>
			<td>LSR-II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated Inverted Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Leica&#160;</td>
			<td>DMI4000 B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>ST-40R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biosafety Cabinet</td>
			<td>Nuaire</td>
			<td>NU-425-600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 1 ml</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26 1/2 Gauge Needle</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml Conical Tube&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>357070</td>
			<td>*Falcon brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf tubes (1.5 ml)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>MCT-150-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 ml polystyrene round bottomed tubes</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352052</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissection Tools</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools&#160;</td>
			<td>*Various&#160;</td>
			<td>*Dissection scissors, dumont forcep and standard forcep&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Richert</td>
			<td>1490</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile 100 x 15 mm Petri Dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td>*Falcon brand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>21985-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium Chloride</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH0208-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td>BP1600-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brefeldin A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B7651-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E5134-1KG</td>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>16000-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#39;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>14175-095&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td>4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G8540-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LPS Ultrapure</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>tlrl-3pelps</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin 100x</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Phosphate Monobasic</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH0268-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>BDH9258-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant GM-CSF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>315-03-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rooster Comb Sodium Hyaluronate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H5388-1G</td>
			<td>*Used to make fluoresceinated hyaluronan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>21870-076</td>
			<td>No sodium pyruvate no glutamine. Warm media to 37oC before using.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>5271-10&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Phosphate Dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>50876-1Kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5290-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane</td>
			<td>Fisher Bioreagents</td>
			<td>BP152-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Fc Receptor (unlabeled), Tissue Culture Supernatant</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Clone: 2.4G2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD11c PeCy7</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>25-0114-82</td>
			<td>Clone: N418</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Gr-1 efluor450</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>48-5931-82</td>
			<td>Clone: RB6-8C5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-MHCII APC</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>17-5321-82</td>
			<td>Clone: M5/114.15.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotinylated Anti-MerTK</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>BAF591</td>
			<td>Goat polyclonal IgG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin PE</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>12-4317-87</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium Iodide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4170-25MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI (4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D9542-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation and identification of gm-csf derived alveolar-like macrophages and dendritic cells from mouse bone marrow

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells found in tissues and lymphoid organs that play a key role in the defense against pathogens. However, they are difficult to isolate in sufficient numbers to study them in detail, therefore, in vitro models have been developed. In vitro cultures of bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells are well-established and valuable methods for immunological studies. Here, a method for culturing and identifying both DCs and macrophages from a single culture of primary mouse bone marrow cells using the cytokine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is described. This protocol is based on the established procedure first developed by Lutz et al. in 1999 for bone marrow-derived DCs. The culture is heterogeneous, and MHCII and fluoresceinated hyaluronan (FL-HA) are used to distinguish macrophages from immature and mature DCs. These GM-CSF derived macrophages provide a convenient source of in vitro derived macrophages that closely resemble alveolar macrophages in both phenotype and function.

A flowchart summarizing the major steps of this method is shown in Figure 1. The density and morphology of the bone marrow culture at different times of culture are shown in Figure 2. At day 1, the cells are small and sparse but by day 3, there are more cells, some are larger and a few have begun to adhere. By day 6 there is a definite adherent and non-adherent fraction (Figure 2A). The culture can be harvested from day 7 - 10 with a high...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation and Identification of GM-CSF Derived Alveolar-like Macrophages and Dendritic Cells From Mouse Bone Marrow at JoVE.com

Generation and Identification of GM-CSF Derived Alveolar-like Macrophages and Dendritic Cells From Mouse Bone Marrow

Bone marrow cells cultured with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) generate a heterogeneous culture containing macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). This method highlights using MHCII and hyaluronan (HA) binding to differentiate macrophages from the DCs in the GM-CSF culture. Macrophages in this culture have many similarities to alveolar macrophages.

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells found in tissues and lymphoid organs that play a key role in the defense against pathogens. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii Cyst Wall Formation in Activated Bone Marrow-derived Macrophages and Bradyzoite Conditions

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can invade any nucleated cell of warm-blooded animals. During infection, T. gondii ...

A Cell Free Assay System Estimating the Neutralizing Capacity of GM-CSF Antibody using Recombinant Soluble GM-CSF Receptor

BACKGROUNDS: Previously, we demonstrated that neutralizing capacity but not the concentration of GM-CSF autoantibody was correlated with the disease ...

Generation and Labeling of Murine Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells with Qdot Nanocrystals for Tracking Studies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone ...

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because ...

Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting for Purification of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells from the Mouse Bone Marrow

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is a technique to purify specific cell populations based on phenotypes detected by flow cytometry. This method ...

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

Generation of Large Numbers of Myeloid Progenitors and Dendritic Cell Precursors from Murine Bone Marrow Using a Novel Cell Sorting Strategy

Cultures of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC) generated from mouse bone marrow using Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) have ...