Name: sequential salt extractions for the analysis of bulk chromatin binding properties of chromatin modifying complexes
Uploaded: 2017-10-02T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sequential Salt Extractions for the Analysis of Bulk Chromatin Binding Properties of Chromatin Modifying Complexes at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a V scholar award (V2014-004) and a V scholar plus award (D2016-030) from the V Foundation for Cancer Research, and an American Cancer Society Institutional Research Grant (ACS IRG Grant 58-006-53) to the Purdue University Center for Cancer Research. E. G. P. was supported by the Borch Graduate Endowment Award to the Purdue University Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Department.

1. Preparations
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 100 mL of hypotonic solution Buffer A: 0.3 M sucrose, 60 mM KCl, 60 mM Tris pH 8.0, 2 mM EDTA, and 0.5% NP-40. Store at 4 &#186;C. 
	NOTE: Some cell lines, such as HEK293T, require less stringent lysing conditions. If nuclei lyse easily, use Modified Buffer A: 25 mM HEPES pH 7.6, 25 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.05 mM EDTA, 0.1% NP-40, and 10% glycerol.</li>
	<li>Prepare a 250 mL stock solution of 2x mRIPA solution: 100 mM Tris pH 8.0, 2% NP-40, and 0.5% sodium deoxycholate.</l...

<ol>
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Characterization of protein and chromatin interactions through salt extractions is a common method that has been employed for decades14,15; however, it has not been systematically optimized before to reveal its full utility. We demonstrate how this sequential method provides a rapid and inexpensive way to distinguish changes in chromatin binding when the protein or the environment is altered. SSE is highly adaptable and optimizable, and importantly, it is technic...

DNA regulation in eukaryotic cells is an intricate and sophisticated system that is tightly controlled by an assortment of proteins that coordinate responses to intracellular and extracellular stimuli. DNA is wrapped around histone octamers to form nucleosomes, which can be loosely distributed along DNA or compacted into tight coils1. This structural arrangement of DNA and histones is known as chromatin, which is regulated by a network of proteins that read, write, and erase post translational modifications (PTM) on histones2. Some histone PTMs, such as acetylation, change the charge of the amino acid they are deposited on, altering interactions between histones and DNA2. Histone PTMs also serve to recruit transcriptional regulators, chromatin remodelers, DNA damage repair machinery, and DNA replication machinery to specific regions of the genome3.
Most methods for studying chromatin interactions either probe small scale interactions or involve large genome-wide analyses. In vitro binding studies often utilize individual recombinant domains with histone peptides or DNA in assays such as electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSA), isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence polarization, and peptide pulldowns. Because these assays typically focus on an individual protein domain, they facilitate the understanding of a small piece of the puzzle, but do not allow us to understand the cooperative nature of multi-domain proteins, let alone their role in multi-protein complexes. Another layer of intricacy is added by the heterogeneous composition of most mammalian chromatin-modifying complexes. This protein heterogeneity, in combination with the dynamic nature of the chromatin landscape, makes it challenging to recapitulate the in vivo binding interactions of chromatin proteins to chromatin in vitro.
In vivo methods have made significant advances; however, they are often expensive, time consuming, and technically challenging. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) is very useful for determining the localization of proteins and histone modifications across the genome, however it requires substantial optimization4. Proteins are often crosslinked to chromatin to preserve interactions; however, this can produce artificial interactions and may cause epitope masking5. Furthermore, the immunoprecipitations (IP) require highly specific antibodies, and extensive optimization of DNA shearing and IP conditions by ChIP-qPCR using a known binding site, which is often not available a priori. After optimization of ChIP conditions, processing of the samples is costly and requires several weeks to months to sequence and analyze. Though this method is invaluable for identifying the localization of chromatin bound proteins across the genome, the cost and time commitment make it prohibitive to use this method to generate hypotheses about how small changes may affect global binding properties.
In this paper, we describe how a sequential salt extraction (SSE) assay can be used to examine global binding profiles of chromatin-bound proteins and distinguish how changes in a protein, complex, or global PTM profile can alter interactions. Though salt extractions are a commonly and broadly used technique, we demonstrate how this sequential method is highly reproducible and versatile. SSE allows us to characterize how a single subunit of a complex or even a single domain contributes to the complex&#39;s overall affinity for bulk chromatin. SSE can also be used to determine if the binding of a protein is influenced by changes in chromatin landscape, providing interesting hypotheses for histone mark targeting that can be confirmed using ChIP-seq and other genome wide studies.
We originally adapted this method from Wu et al., to examine of the function of Polybromo1 (PBRM1) in the binding of the PBAF chromatin remodeler6,7. Using this technique, we determined the role of PBRM1 for chromatin binding within the PBAF chromatin remodeling complex and then determined the relative contribution of the six individual bromodomains to this function7.
Here we describe how to optimize this method to explore chromatin binding in different cell types, to assess the relative binding affinity of similar chromatin modifying complexes, to examine the displacement of a protein from chromatin by a chemical inhibitor, and to determine the effects of chromatin binding after alterations to the chromatin landscape.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride, Crystal 2.5 Kg AR (ACS)</td>
			<td>Avantor/Macron</td>
			<td>7581-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose, Crystal 500 G AR&#168; (ACS)</td>
			<td>Avantor/Macron</td>
			<td>8360-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride, Granular 500 G AR&#168; (ACS)</td>
			<td>Avantor/Macron</td>
			<td>6858-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizma(R) base,Primary Standard and Buffer, &#62;=99.9% (titration), crystalline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA (Ethylenedinitrilo) Tetraacetic Acid, Disodium Salt, Dihydrate 125 G AR (ACS)</td>
			<td>Avantor/Macron</td>
			<td>4931-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NONIDET P-40 SUBSTRATE, 100mL UN3082</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>E109-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES Buffer Solution (1M)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15630-080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chloride, 6-Hydrate, Crystal 500 G AR&#168; (ACS)</td>
			<td>Avantor/Macron</td>
			<td>5958-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GLYCEROL, 1L</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0854-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DEOXYCHOLIC ACID SODIUM SALT, 100g</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0613-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Research plus pipette</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-690-032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf 5424 R refrigerated microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5424 R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secondary mouse IgG HRP-linked</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>7076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Secondary rabbit IgG HRP-linked</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>7074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BMI-1 antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBRM1 antibody</td>
			<td>Bethyl</td>
			<td>A301-591A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ARID1a antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-32761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BRD4 antibody</td>
			<td>Bethyl</td>
			<td>A301-9852a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(+) JQ1</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical Company</td>
			<td>11187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAHA</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical Company</td>
			<td>10009929</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxorubicin</td>
			<td>AK Scientific</td>
			<td>25316-40-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Macron</td>
			<td>4948-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Trans-Blot Cell</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>1703930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Gel Tank</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A25977</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin, Bovine (BSA)</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0332-100g</td>
			<td>Used in as a 5% solution in PBS-T as blocking solution for Western blots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bolt MOPS SDS Running Buffer (20x)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>B0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bolt LDS Sample Buffer (4x)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>B0007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PageRuler Plus Prestained Protein Ladder, 10 to 250 kDa</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>26619</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl Alcohol, Anhydrous</td>
			<td>Macron</td>
			<td>3041-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin kEDTA, 1X</td>
			<td>Cellgro</td>
			<td>25-053-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SODIUM AZIDE, 250g UN1687</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0639-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE (SDS)500g UN1325</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0227-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine,for electrophoresis, &#62;=99%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G8898-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BigTop Microcentrifuge Tubes, Polypropylene</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20170-333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1000 &#181;L Pipet Tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>83007-382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NuPAGE Bis-Tris Precast Gels 4-12%</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>NW04125BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leupeptin Hemisulfate, 5 MG</td>
			<td>RPI Research Products</td>
			<td>22035-0.005</td>
			<td>Used for Protease inhibitor solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APROTININ, 10 MG</td>
			<td>RPI Research Products</td>
			<td>20550-0.01</td>
			<td>Used for Protease inhibitor solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PEPSTATIN A, 5 MG</td>
			<td>RPI Research Products</td>
			<td>30100-0.005</td>
			<td>Used for Protease inhibitor solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OVCA429 cells</td>
			<td>Gift from Karen Cowden Dahl. Ph.D.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEK293T</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-3216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CCL-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>McCoy&#39;s 5A media</td>
			<td>Corning Mediatech</td>
			<td>10-050-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Corning Mediatech</td>
			<td>10-013-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum Essential Medium (MEM), Powder</td>
			<td>Corning Mediatech</td>
			<td>50-011-PC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM NEAA (100X) non-essential amino acid</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FB-11: Fetal Bovine Serum, U.S. Source</td>
			<td>Omega Scientific</td>
			<td>FB-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11360070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VWR Power Source</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>13-690-032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sequential salt extractions for the analysis of bulk chromatin binding properties of chromatin modifying complexes

Elucidation of the binding properties of chromatin-targeting proteins can be very challenging due to the complex nature of chromatin and the heterogeneous nature of most mammalian chromatin-modifying complexes. In order to overcome these hurdles, we have adapted a sequential salt extraction (SSE) assay for evaluating the relative binding affinities of chromatin-bound complexes. This easy and straightforward assay can be used by non-experts to evaluate the relative difference in binding affinity of two related complexes, the changes in affinity of a complex when a subunit is lost or an individual domain is inactivated, and the change in binding affinity after alterations to the chromatin landscape. By sequentially re-suspending bulk chromatin in increasing amounts of salt, we are able to profile the elution of a particular protein from chromatin. Using these profiles, we are able to determine how alterations in a chromatin-modifying complex or alterations to the chromatin environment affect binding interactions. Coupling SSE with other in vitro and in vivo assays, we can determine the roles of individual domains and proteins on the functionality of a complex in a variety of chromatin environments.

In this paper, we demonstrate the advantages and applications of the commonly used sequential salt extraction (SSE) method that we have adapted from the literature6. In Figure 1, we compare the reproducibility of SSE to extracting proteins non-sequentially by detecting the elution patterns of ARID1a and PBRM1. We consistently observe that ARID1a, a BAF subunit, elutes primarily at 200 mM NaCl and PBRM1, an exclusive PBAF subunit, elute...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sequential Salt Extractions for the Analysis of Bulk Chromatin Binding Properties of Chromatin Modifying Complexes at JoVE.com

Sequential Salt Extractions for the Analysis of Bulk Chromatin Binding Properties of Chromatin Modifying Complexes (Video) | JoVE

Sequential salt extraction of chromatin bound proteins is a useful tool for determining the binding properties of large protein complexes. This method can be employed to evaluate the role of individual subunits or domains in the overall affinity of a protein complex to bulk chromatin.

Sequential Salt Extractions for the Analysis of Bulk Chromatin Binding Properties of Chromatin Modifying Complexes

Elucidation of the binding properties of chromatin-targeting proteins can be very challenging due to the complex nature of chromatin and the heterogeneous ...

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Formaldehyde-assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements to Measure Chromatin Accessibility in Mammalian Cells (Video) | JoVE

Appropriate gene expression in response to extracellular cues, that is, tissue- and lineage-specific gene transcription, critically depends on highly ...

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure (Video) | JoVE

Recent studies have clearly shown that long-range, three-dimensional chromatin looping interactions play a significant role in the regulation of gene ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation of Murine Brown Adipose Tissue

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation of Murine Brown Adipose Tissue (Video) | JoVE

Most cellular processes are regulated by transcriptional modulation of specific gene programs. Such modulation is achieved through the combined actions of ...