Name: hydrolysis of a ni-schiff-base complex using conditions suitable for retention of acid-labile protecting groups
Uploaded: 2017-04-06T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups at JoVE.com

Funding provided by Slippery Rock University. We would like to thank T. Boron III (Slippery Rock University) and C. Haney (University of Pennsylvania) for their insights.

1. Hydrolysis of Ni-Schiff-Base Complex
<ol>
	<li>Dissolve 1 mmol of the Ni-PBP-Schiff-base complex in 40 mL of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with stirring in a 250 mL round bottom flask at room temperature.</li>
	<li>Add 60 mL of 0.2 M aqueous EDTA solution, pH 4.5.</li>
	<li>Using a magnetic stir bar and stir plate, stir the combined solution overnight. As the Schiff-base complex is hydrolyzed, the color will shift from a deep red to white.</li>
	<li>After completion of the reaction as indicated by th...

<ol>
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Ed. 40 (10), 1948-1951 (2001).</li><li>Zhou, S., Wang, J., Lin, D., Zhao, F., Liu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enantioselective+synthesis+of+2-substituted-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl+glycine+derivatives+via+oxidative+cross-dehydrogenative+coupling+of+tertiary+amines+and+chiral+nickel(II)+glycinate.">Enantioselective synthesis of 2-substituted-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl glycine derivatives via oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling of tertiary amines and chiral nickel(II) glycinate.</a> J. Org. Chem. 78 (22), 11204-11212 (2013).</li><li>Belokon, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+&#945;,-amino+acids+via+asymmetric+phase+transfer-catalyzed+alkylation+of+achiral+nickel(II)+complexes+of+glycine-derived+Schiff+bases.">Synthesis of &#945;,-amino acids via asymmetric phase transfer-catalyzed alkylation of achiral nickel(II) complexes of glycine-derived Schiff bases.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (42), 12860-12871 (2003).</li><li>Ueki, H., Ellis, T. K., Martin, C. H., Soloshonok, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+large-scale+synthesis+of+picolinic+acid-derived+nickel(II)+complexes+of+glycine.">Efficient large-scale synthesis of picolinic acid-derived nickel(II) complexes of glycine.</a> Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003 (10), 1954-1957 (2003).</li><li>Dener, J. M., Fantauzzi, P. P., Kshirsagar, T. A., Kelly, D. E., Wolfe, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+syntheses+of+Fmoc-protected+non-proteogenic+amino+acids:+useful+building+blocks+for+combinatorial+libraries.">Large-scale syntheses of Fmoc-protected non-proteogenic amino acids: useful building blocks for combinatorial libraries.</a> Org. Process Res. Dev. 5 (4), 445-449 (2001).</li><li>Cruz, L. J., Beteta, N. G., Ewenson, A., Albericio, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&amp;#34;One-pot&amp;#34;,+preparation+of+N-carbamate+protected+amino+acids+via+the+azide.">&amp;#34;One-pot&amp;#34;, preparation of N-carbamate protected amino acids via the azide.</a> Org Process Res. Dev. 8 (6), 920-924 (2004).</li><li>Hart, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. , (2000).</li><li>Adamson, J. G., Blaskovich, M. A., Groenevelt, H., Lajoie, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+and+convenient+synthesis+of+tert-butyl+ethers+of+Fmoc-serine,+Fmoc-threonine,+and+Fmoc-tyrosine.">Simple and convenient synthesis of tert-butyl ethers of Fmoc-serine, Fmoc-threonine, and Fmoc-tyrosine.</a> J. Org. Chem. 56 (10), 3447-3449 (1991).</li><li>Seyfried, M. S., Lauber, B. S., Luedtke, N. 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The protocol described above is useful in its ability to facilitate the isolation of an amino acid backbone from a Ni-Schiff-base complex under mild pH conditions and subsequent Fmoc protection of this isolated amino acid through two critical steps. The first step involves stirring a DMF/water solution containing EDTA to facilitate release of the amino acid from the complex. Residual complex or organic byproducts can easily be removed with extraction. The second step of this protocol involves an Fmoc protection of the am...

Unnatural amino acids (UAA&#39;s) bearing side chains that vary from those of the twenty naturally occurring amino acids found in nature have found utility in a wide-range of applications. Synthesis of these UAA&#39;s, however, can be difficult depending on the structure of the side-chains and the stereochemistry of the amino acid backbone. C-H bond activation of glycine in the context of a nickel Schiff-base complex has been used to produce a variety of amino acid derivatives including &#945;,&#946;-diamino acids1 and UAA&#39;s bearing fluorinated2 or heterocyclic side-chains.3
After addition of unnatural side-chains, functionalized UAA&#39;s are typically removed from the Schiff-base complex by reflux in hydrochloric acid4 and are subsequently isolated using ion-exchange chromatography. While generally efficient, this protocol generates amino acids that may be unsuitable for use in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The nature of SPPS requires the presence of acid-labile side-chain protecting groups and the strongly acidic nature of typical Ni-Schiff-base decomposition conditions prevents isolation of UAA&#39;s with these protecting groups intact. To our knowledge, only one alternative decomposition method has been reported: use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and hydrazine at elevated temperatures,5 conditions that themselves may not be suitable for some side-chain protecting groups such as phthalimides.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Synthesis of Ni-PBP-Gly from Ni2+, PBP, and Glycine (Gly). <a href="http://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
Herein, we report a method for hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-base complex, Ni-PBP-Gly (Figure 1). This complex, derived from Ni2+, glycine, and pyridine-2-carboxylic acid(2-benzoyl-phenyl)-amide (PBP),6 has been demonstrated to be a useful platform for synthesis of a variety of UAA&#39;s and is easily accessible using a two-step synthetic route.7 Synthesis of this complex is literature-precedented in high yield.6 Our results described below demonstrate the applicability of hydrolysis conditions utilizing EDTA at mildly acidic to neutral pH conditions appropriate for use with UAA&#39;s bearing acid-labile side-chain protecting groups. Following hydrolysis, the resulting aqueous solution can be isolated and subjected immediately to standard Fmoc protection conditions to afford an Fmoc-protected amino acid (Figure 2).
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Hydrolysis and Fmoc-protection of an Amino Acid Isolated from Ni-PBP-Gly. Reaction Conditions: i. EDTA (12 equiv), pH 4.5; ii. Ethyl acetate wash and adjustment to pH 7; iii. Fmoc-OSu (1 equiv), NaHCO3 (2 equiv). <a href="http://cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55677/55677fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-PBP-Gly</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Synthesized from published protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMF</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>D119-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S311-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>AC610050040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>S233-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fmoc-OSu</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex</td>
			<td>&#34;00147&#34;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dioxane</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>D111-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>A144-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl Acetate</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>AC610060040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>M65-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZEOPrep 60ECO Silica Gel</td>
			<td>ZEOChem</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexanes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>3200250.650.443</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chromatography Column</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pH Test Strips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary Evaporator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 mL Separatory Funnel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 mL Round Bottom Flask</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stir Bar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stir Plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

hydrolysis of a ni-schiff-base complex using conditions suitable for retention of acid-labile protecting groups

Unnatural amino acids, amino acids containing side-chain functionalities not commonly seen in nature, are increasingly found in synthetic peptide sequences. Synthesis of some unnatural amino acids often includes the use of a precursor consisting of a Schiff-base stabilized by a nickel cation. Unnatural side-chains can be installed on an amino acid backbone found in this Schiff-base complex. The resulting unnatural amino acid can then be isolated from this complex using hydrolysis of the Schiff-base, typically by employing reflux in strongly acidic solution. These highly acidic conditions may remove acid-labile side-chain protecting groups necessary for the unnatural amino acids to be used in microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis. In this work, we present an efficient hydrolysis and subsequent Fmoc protection of an amino acid isolated from a Ni-Schiff base complex. Hydrolysis conditions presented in this work are suitable for retention of acid-labile side-chain protecting groups and may be adaptable to a variety of unnatural amino acid substrates.

We hypothesized that removal of the Ni2+ from the Ni-PBP-Gly complex could allow an efficient aqueous hydrolysis of the Schiff-base without the need for harsh pH conditions. As EDTA is an inexpensive and well-studied chelating agent,10 we hypothesized that addition of EDTA to a solution of Ni-PBP-Gly would facilitate chelation of Ni2+ ions, thereby promoting hydrolysis of the complex.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups at JoVE.com

Hydrolysis of a Ni-Schiff-Base Complex Using Conditions Suitable for Retention of Acid-labile Protecting Groups

Here, we present an efficient hydrolysis and subsequent Fmoc protection of an amino acid isolated from a Ni-Schiff-base complex. Hydrolysis conditions presented here are suitable for use when retention of acid-labile side-chain protecting groups is required. This technique may be adaptable to a variety of unnatural amino acid substrates.

Unnatural amino acids, amino acids containing side-chain functionalities not commonly seen in nature, are increasingly found in synthetic peptide ...

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