Name: a protocol for using gene set enrichment analysis to identify the appropriate animal model for translational research
Uploaded: 2017-08-16T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research at JoVE.com

This work was financed by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR).

1. Download of the GSEA Software and the Molecular Signatures Database
<ol>
	<li>Go to the official GSEA Broad Institute website (http://software.broadinstitute.org/gsea/index.jsp) and register to get access to the GSEA software tool and the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB).</li>
	<li>Download the javaGSEA desktop application or an alternative software option (e.g., R script). 
	NOTE: All options implement exactly the same algorithm. The GSEA software is freely available to individuals in academia a...

<ol>
	<li>Seok, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+responses+in+mouse+models+poorly+mimic+human+inflammatory+diseases.">Genomic responses in mouse models poorly mimic human inflammatory diseases.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110 (9), 3507-3512 (2013).</li><li>Takao, K., Miyakawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+responses+in+mouse+models+greatly+mimic+human+inflammatory+diseases.">Genomic responses in mouse models greatly mimic human inflammatory diseases.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (4), 1167-1172 (2015).</li><li>Weidner, C., Steinfath, M., Opitz, E., Oelgeschl&#228;ger, M., Sch&#246;nfelder, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+optimal+animal+model+for+translational+research+using+gene+set+enrichment+analysis.">Defining the optimal animal model for translational research using gene set enrichment analysis.</a> EMBO Mol Med. 8 (8), 831-838 (2016).</li><li>Subramanian, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+set+enrichment+analysis:+a+knowledge-based+approach+for+interpreting+genome-wide+expression+profiles.">Gene set enrichment analysis: a knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102 (43), 15545-15550 (2005).</li><li>Kanehisa, M., Sato, Y., Kawashima, M., Furumichi, M., Tanabe, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KEGG+as+a+reference+resource+for+gene+and+protein+annotation.">KEGG as a reference resource for gene and protein annotation.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 44 (D1), D457-D462 (2016).</li><li>Kanehisa, M., Goto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KEGG:+kyoto+encyclopedia+of+genes+and+genomes.">KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 28 (1), 27-30 (2000).</li><li>Fabregat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Reactome+pathway+Knowledgebase.">The Reactome pathway Knowledgebase.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 44 (D1), D481-D487 (2016).</li><li>Croft, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Reactome+pathway+knowledgebase.">The Reactome pathway knowledgebase.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 42 (Database issue), D472-D477 (2014).</li><li>Nishimura, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BioCarta.">BioCarta.</a> Biotech Software &amp; Internet Report. 2 (3), 117-120 (2001).</li><li>Edgar, R., Domrachev, M., Lash, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+Expression+Omnibus:+NCBI+gene+expression+and+hybridization+array+data+repository.">Gene Expression Omnibus: NCBI gene expression and hybridization array data repository.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 30 (1), 207-210 (2002).</li><li>Kolesnikov, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ArrayExpress+update--simplifying+data+submissions.">ArrayExpress update--simplifying data submissions.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 43 (Database issue), D1113-D1116 (2015).</li><li>Cohen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sepsis:+a+roadmap+for+future+research.">Sepsis: a roadmap for future research.</a> Lancet Infect Dis. 15 (5), 581-614 (2015).</li><li>Spinelli, L., Carpentier, S., Montanana Sanchis, F., Dalod, M., Vu Manh, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BubbleGUM:+automatic+extraction+of+phenotype+molecular+signatures+and+comprehensive+visualization+of+multiple+Gene+Set+Enrichment+Analyses.">BubbleGUM: automatic extraction of phenotype molecular signatures and comprehensive visualization of multiple Gene Set Enrichment Analyses.</a> BMC Genomics. 16 (1), 814 (2015).</li></ol>

Animal models have long been applied for the investigation of disease mechanisms and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. However, skepticism regarding the predictivity of animal models started to spread following failures of clinical trials12. Furthermore, controversial discussions about appropriate strategies for analyzing and interpreting big omics data from preclinical trials were raised by opposite conclusions drawn from the same data after applying differing data analysis strateg...

Animal models are widely used to study human diseases, because of their assumed similarity to humans in terms of genetics, anatomy, and physiology. Moreover, animal models often serve as gatekeepers to clinical therapies and can have a huge impact on the success of translational research. Careful selection of the optimal animal model can reduce the number of misleading animal studies. Recently, the relevance of animal models for translational research has been controversially discussed, particularly because analyzing the same datasets obtained from human inflammatory diseases and related mouse models led to contradictory conclusions 1,2. This discussion revealed a fundamental problem during analyzing omics data: standardized approaches for systematic data analysis are needed in order to reduce biased gene selection and to increase the robustness of interspecies comparisons 3.
Traditionally, the analysis of transcriptomics data (and other omics data) is done at the single-gene level and includes an initial step of gene selection based on stringent cut-off parameters (e.g., fold change &#62;2.0, p value &#60;0.05). However, the setting of initial cut-off parameters often is subjective, arbitrary and not biologically justified, and can even lead to opposite conclusions1,2. Furthermore, initial gene selection generally restricts the analysis to a few highly up- and downregulated genes and is thus not sensitive enough to include the majority of genes that were differentially expressed to a lesser extent.
With the rise of the genomics era in the early 2000s and the increasing knowledge of biological pathways and contexts, alternative statistical approaches were developed that allowed to circumvent the limitations of single-gene level analyses. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA)4, which is one of the widely accepted methods for the analysis of transcriptomics data, makes use of a-priori defined groups of genes (e.g., signaling pathways, proximal location on a chromosome etc.). GSEA first maps all detected unfiltered genes to the intended gene sets (e.g., pathways), irrespective of their individual change in expression. This approach thus also includes moderately regulated genes that would otherwise be lost with single-gene level analyses. The additive change in expression within gene sets is subsequently performed using running sum statistics.
Despite its wide use in medical research, GSEA and related set enrichment approaches are not self-evidently taken into account for the analysis of complex omics data. Here, we describe a protocol for comparing omics data from human samples with those from mouse models in order to identify the ideal model for translational studies. We demonstrate the applicability of the protocol based on a collection of mouse models that are used for mimicking human inflammatory disorders. However, this analysis pipeline is not restricted to human-mouse comparisons and is amendable to further research questions.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="632">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td class="xl63" height="42" style="height:31.5pt;width:162pt" width="216">Excel</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:98pt" width="130">Microsoft Corporation</td>
			<td class="xl63" style="width:89pt" width="119"></td>
			<td class="xl64" style="width:125pt" width="167"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protocol for using gene set enrichment analysis to identify the appropriate animal model for translational research

Recent studies that compared transcriptomic datasets of human diseases with datasets from mouse models using traditional gene-to-gene comparison techniques resulted in contradictory conclusions regarding the relevance of animal models for translational research. A major reason for the discrepancies between different gene expression analyses is the arbitrary filtering of differentially expressed genes. Furthermore, the comparison of single genes between different species and platforms often is limited by technical variance, leading to misinterpretation of the con/discordance between data from human and animal models. Thus, standardized approaches for systematic data analysis are needed. To overcome subjective gene filtering and ineffective gene-to-gene comparisons, we recently demonstrated that gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) has the potential to avoid these problems. Therefore, we developed a standardized protocol for the use of GSEA to distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate animal models for translational research. This protocol is not suitable to predict how to design new model systems a-priori, as it requires existing experimental omics data. However, the protocol describes how to interpret existing data in a standardized manner in order to select the most suitable animal model, thus avoiding unnecessary animal experiments and misleading translational studies.

The GSEA workflow and screenshots of exemplary data are demonstrated. Figure 1 shows the gene expression data file that contains the transcriptomic data of interest. For every study a descriptive phenotype file is required that is shown in Figure 2. Annotated gene sets (e.g., pathways) are defined in the gene set database file (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows a step-b...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to Identify the Appropriate Animal Model for Translational Research

We provide a standardized protocol for the use of gene set enrichment analysis of transcriptomic data to identify an ideal mouse model for translational research. 
This protocol can be used with DNA microarray and RNA sequencing data and can further be extended to other omics data if data are available.

Recent studies that compared transcriptomic datasets of human diseases with datasets from mouse models using traditional gene-to-gene comparison ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli

Communication between animals is diverse and complex. Animals may communicate using auditory, seismic, chemosensory, electrical, or visual signals. In ...

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the ...

The Method of Rodent Whole Embryo Culture using the Rotator-type Bottle Culture System

Whole embryo culture (WEC) technique has been developed in 1950's by New and his colleagues, and applied for developmental biology 1. Although development ...

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System to Study Protein Homeostasis in a Multicellular Organism

The folding and assembly of proteins is essential for protein function, the long-term health of the cell, and longevity of the organism. Historically, the ...

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Xenopus laevis as a Model to Identify Translation Impairment

Protein synthesis is a fundamental process to gene expression impacting diverse biological processes notably adaptation to environmental conditions. The ...

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis

Nucleosomes are the smallest structural unit of chromatin, composed of 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histone proteins. Histone ...