Name: whole-body pet/mri of pediatric patients: the details that matter
Uploaded: 2017-12-19T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-body PET/MRI of Pediatric Patients: The Details That Matter Video at JoVE.com

This work was supported by a grant from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, grant number R01 HD081123-01A1. Anuj Pareek is a visiting Ph.D. student from the Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. The authors acknowledge technologists Dawn Holley and Harsh Gandhi from the PET/MRI Metabolic Service Centre for their assistance with the acquisition of PET/MRI scans. We thank members of the Daldrup-Link lab, the PET/MRI service center, the Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, the Radiological Science Lab, the Pediatric Radiology Section, the Stanford Cancer Institute and the pediatric oncology team at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital for helpful discussions and support of this project.

All methods presented here have been established under a research study, which was approved by the institutional review board of Stanford University. The &#34;off label&#34; use of ferumoxytol was performed under an investigator-initiated investigational new drug application (IND 111,154).
1. 24 h Prior to PET/MRI Scan: Patient Safety Screening
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	<li>Screen the patient for potential magnetic field hazards using an MRI safety questionnaire. If the administration of intravenous MRI contras...

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	<li>Pichler, B. J., Judenhofer, M. S., Wehrl, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PET/MRI+hybrid+imaging:+Devices+and+initial+results.">PET/MRI hybrid imaging: Devices and initial results.</a> Eur. Radiol. 18 (6), 1077-1086 (2008).</li><li>Torigian, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PET+/+MR+Imaging+:+Technical+Aspects+and+Potential+Clinical+Applications.">PET / MR Imaging : Technical Aspects and Potential Clinical Applications.</a> Radiology. 267 (1), 26-44 (2013).</li><li>Daldrup-Link, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+PET/MR+Can+Add+Value+For+Children+With+Cancer.">How PET/MR Can Add Value For Children With Cancer.</a> Curr. Radiol. Rep. 5 (3), (2017).</li><li>Muehe, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+Provide+Gadolinium-Free+PET/MR+Cancer+Staging+of+Children+and+Young+Adults+in+Less+than+1+h:+the+Stanford+Approach.">How to Provide Gadolinium-Free PET/MR Cancer Staging of Children and Young Adults in Less than 1 h: the Stanford Approach.</a> Mol Imaging Biol. , (2017).</li><li>Spick, C., Herrmann, K., Czernin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=18F-FDG+PET/CT+and+PET/MRI+perform+equally+well+in+cancer+patients:+Evidence+from+studies+in+more+than+2300+patients.">18F-FDG PET/CT and PET/MRI perform equally well in cancer patients: Evidence from studies in more than 2300 patients.</a> J. Nucl. Med. 57 (310), 1-38 (2016).</li><li>Sher, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+sequential+PET/MRI+in+comparison+with+PET/CT+of+pediatric+lymphoma:+A+prospective+study.">Assessment of sequential PET/MRI in comparison with PET/CT of pediatric lymphoma: A prospective study.</a> Am. J. Roentgenol. 206 (3), 623-631 (2016).</li><li>Jadvar, H., Colletti, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Competitive+Advantage+of+PET/MRI.">Competitive Advantage of PET/MRI.</a> Eur. J. Radiol. 83 (1), 84-94 (2014).</li><li>Wan, J. C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid+biopsies+come+of+age:+towards+implementation+of+circulating+tumour+DNA.">Liquid biopsies come of age: towards implementation of circulating tumour DNA.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 17 (4), 223-238 (2017).</li><li>Grant, A. M., Deller, T. W., Khalighi, M. M., Maramraju, S. H., Delso, G., Levin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NEMA+NU+2-2012+performance+studies+for+the+SiPM-based+ToF-PET+component+of+the+GE+SIGNA+PET/MR+system.">NEMA NU 2-2012 performance studies for the SiPM-based ToF-PET component of the GE SIGNA PET/MR system.</a> Med. Phys. 43 (5), 2334-2343 (2016).</li><li>. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA strengthens warnings and changes prescribing instructions to decrease the risk of serious allergic reactions with anemia drug Feraheme (ferumoxytol) Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm440138.htm">https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm440138.htm</a> (2015)</li><li>Mattsson, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radiation+Dose+to+Patients+from+Radiopharmaceuticals:+a+Compendium+of+Current+Information+Related+to+Frequently+Used+Substances.">Radiation Dose to Patients from Radiopharmaceuticals: a Compendium of Current Information Related to Frequently Used Substances.</a> Ann. ICRP. 44 (2 Suppl), 7-321 (2015).</li></ol>

We have shown a step-by-step protocol for PET/MRI studies of pediatric cancer patients. The most critical part of the protocol is time-efficient planning and prescribing the PET-slabs and MRI sequences with the correct parameters and in the correct consecutive order before initiating the whole-body scan. This enables continuous acquisition of the entire body. Efficient scanning is especially important in the pediatric setting, where unsedated patients can easily lose patience and either s...

Integrated Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) enables cancer staging and treatment monitoring with high sensitivity, high soft tissue contrast, and added metabolic information1,2,3,4. In adult patients, PET/MRI performed equally well as PET/CT for staging of established cancers5,6,7. In the future, liquid biopsies will likely lead to earlier detection of cancer development (e.g., through transcriptomes and circulating DNA) and require more sensitive imaging tests than are currently available to find small tumors in the body8. This might put PET/MRI into a superior position to evaluate the whole body and detect cancers in anatomical areas that have been classically evaluated with MRI alone, such as the brain, neck, abdomen/pelvis,&#160;and musculoskeletal system.
For pediatric patients, PET/MRI has several advantages over PET/CT: First, PET/MRI provides a markedly reduced radiation exposure of the patient by up to 74%4. This can be achieved by using ionizing radiation-free MRI instead of CT technologies for anatomical co-registration of PET data. In addition, the increased sensitivity of modern PET detector systems9 and longer PET data acquisition during an MRI scan enables significant reduction of administered radiotracer doses by 30-50% compared to current PET/CT protocols4. Second, the possibility of combining staging scans of the primary tumor and the whole body saves time and avoids duplicate sedations for some patients, such as patients with bone and soft tissue sarcomas. However, a &#34;one stop&#34; staging scan is only clinically feasible if all PET/MRI data (local tumor and whole body) can be acquired in an efficient manner and if the abundance of resultant image data is presented in an easily digestible format to the radiologist. The protocol presented here will provide step-by-step instructions for the acquisition of PET/MRI data that can be used for clinical staging of children with cancer, with particular attention to specific needs of the pediatric population.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="835">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Integrated PET/MRI scanner</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:199px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">SIgna PET/MR</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>3.0 T integrated PET/MRI scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">MP24_R03</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>PET/MRI scanner software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">MIM software version 6.6.13</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">MIM Software Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>PET/MRI analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Contrast Agents</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">Ferumoxytol</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">AMAG Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>Iron Oxide nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">18F-FDG</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td>2-Deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:304px;">MRI coils available on the scanner</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nova 32 Channel Head coil</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Nova&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Neocoil 1H 16 channel GEM Flex Large Array</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M7000SK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Neocoil 1H 16 channel &#160;GEM Flex Medium Array</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M7000SL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Neocoil 1H 16 channel GEM Flex Small Array</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M7000SM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Everest Central Molecular Imaging Array (CMA)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M8000RB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Everest Head Neck Unit</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M8000CB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Everest Lower and Upper Anterior Array</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M8000CC &#38; M8000CA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Invivo 1H 8 channel High Res Brain Array</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M8000RA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3.0T HD Breast Array Coil</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">M7000GG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3.0T Split-Top Head TR Single Ch Coil</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">G6000BH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole-body pet/mri of pediatric patients: the details that matter

Integrated PET/MRI is a hybrid imaging technique enabling clinicians to acquire diagnostic images for tumor assessment and treatment monitoring with both high soft tissue contrast and added metabolic information. Integrated PET/MRI has shown to be valuable in the clinical setting and has many promising future applications. The protocol presented here will provide step-by-step instructions for the acquisition of whole-body 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) PET/MRI data in children with cancer. It also provides instructions on how to combine a whole-body staging scan with a local tumor scan for evaluation of the primary tumor. The focus of this protocol is to be both comprehensive and time-efficient, which are two ubiquitous needs for clinical applications. This protocol was originally developed for children above 6 years, or old enough to comply with breath-hold instructions, but can also be applied to patients under general anesthesia. Similarly, this protocol can be modified to fit institutional preferences in terms of choice of MRI pulse sequences for both the whole-body scan and local tumor assessment.

We demonstrate an integrated whole-body (head to toe) data set of MRI, PET and fused PET/MR images, respectively, respectively, of a 10 year-old boy with status post resection of an undifferentiated sarcoma of the 12th rib, who presented with pulmonary and cardiac metastases (Figure 1). The data set shown here was acquired within 40 min. The effective dose of the patient during this exam was 3.3 mSv11.
For patients who rece...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole-body PET/MRI of Pediatric Patients: The Details That Matter Video at JoVE.com

Whole-body PET/MRI of Pediatric Patients: The Details That Matter Video (Video) | JoVE

This article provides comprehensive step-by-step instructions for the acquisition of whole-body 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) PET/MRI scans for cancer staging of pediatric patients. The protocol was developed for children above 6 years, or old enough to comply with breath-hold instructions, but can be used for general anesthesia patients as well.

Whole-body PET/MRI of Pediatric Patients: The Details That Matter

Integrated PET/MRI is a hybrid imaging technique enabling clinicians to acquire diagnostic images for tumor assessment and treatment monitoring with both ...

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