Name: adaptation of hybridization capture of chromatin-associated proteins for proteomics to mammalian cells
Uploaded: 2018-06-01T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Adaptation of Hybridization Capture of Chromatin-associated Proteins for Proteomics to Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

This work was supported by NIH Grants P50HG004952 and R01GM109099 to MO.

1. Capture Oligonucleotide Design
<ol>
	<li>Design a panel of oligonucleotides to be used during the hybridization capture of the target region/s.
	<ol>
		<li>Aim to design 4&#8211;8 oligonucleotides per target region, but as a minimum, design at least one oligonucleotide targeting each end of the target region.</li>
		<li>If the target sequence is long (&#62;500 base pairs), design the oligonucleotides as spread out as possible to assure effective enrichment of chromatin across the entire target regio...

<ol>
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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+formaldehyde-assisted+isolation+of+regulatory+elements+(FAIRE)+to+isolate+active+regulatory+DNA.">Using formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE) to isolate active regulatory DNA.</a> Nat. Protoc. 7 (2), 256-267 (2012).</li><li>Dai, Y., Kennedy-Darling, J., Shortreed, M. R., Scalf, M., Gasch, A. P., Smith, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplexed+Sequence-Specific+Capture+of+Chromatin+and+Mass+Spectrometric+Discovery+of+Associated+Proteins.">Multiplexed Sequence-Specific Capture of Chromatin and Mass Spectrometric Discovery of Associated Proteins.</a> Anal. Chem. 89 (15), 7841-7846 (2017).</li><li>Guillen-Ahlers, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HyCCAPP+as+a+tool+to+characterize+promoter+DNA-protein+interactions+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">HyCCAPP as a tool to characterize promoter DNA-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genomics. 107 (6), (2016).</li><li>Kennedy-Darling, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery+of+Chromatin-Associated+Proteins+via+Sequence-Specific+Capture+and+Mass+Spectrometric+Protein+Identification+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Discovery of Chromatin-Associated Proteins via Sequence-Specific Capture and Mass Spectrometric Protein Identification in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> J Proteome Res. 13 (8), 3810-3825 (2014).</li><li>Guillen-Ahlers, H., Shortreed, M. R. R., Smith, L. M. M., Olivier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+methods+for+the+analysis+of+chromatin-associated+proteins.">Advanced methods for the analysis of chromatin-associated proteins.</a> Physiol Genomics. 46 (13), 441-447 (2014).</li><li>Lambert, J. -. P., Fillingham, J., Siahbazi, M., Greenblatt, J., Baetz, K., Figeys, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+the+budding+yeast+chromatin-associated+interactome.">Defining the budding yeast chromatin-associated interactome.</a> Mol Syst Biol. 6, 448 (2010).</li><li>Soldi, M., Bonaldi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Proteomic+Investigation+of+Chromatin+Functional+Domains+Reveals+Novel+Synergisms+among+Distinct+Heterochromatin+Components.">The Proteomic Investigation of Chromatin Functional Domains Reveals Novel Synergisms among Distinct Heterochromatin Components.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 12 (3), 764-780 (2013).</li><li>Wang, C. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+proteins+captured+by+ChIP-mass+spectrometry+are+linked+to+dosage+compensation+in+Drosophila.">Chromatin proteins captured by ChIP-mass spectrometry are linked to dosage compensation in Drosophila.</a> Nat Struct Mol Biol. 20 (2), 202-209 (2013).</li><li>Byrum, S. D., Raman, A., Taverna, S. D., Tackett, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChAP-MS:+A+Method+for+Identification+of+Proteins+and+Histone+Posttranslational+Modifications+at+a+Single+Genomic+Locus.">ChAP-MS: A Method for Identification of Proteins and Histone Posttranslational Modifications at a Single Genomic Locus.</a> Cell Rep. 2 (1), 198-205 (2012).</li><li>Fujita, T., Fujii, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+isolation+of+specific+genomic+regions+and+identification+of+associated+immunoprecipitation+(+eChIP+)+using+CRISPR.">Efficient isolation of specific genomic regions and identification of associated immunoprecipitation ( eChIP ) using CRISPR.</a> Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 439 (1), 132-136 (2013).</li><li>Liu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Situ+Capture+of+Chromatin+Interactions+by+Biotinylated+dCas9.">In Situ Capture of Chromatin Interactions by Biotinylated dCas9.</a> Cell. 170 (5), 1028-1043 (2017).</li><li>Myers, S. A., Wright, J., Zhang, F., Carr, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9-APEX-mediated+proximity+labeling+enables+discovery+of+proteins+associated+with+a+predefined+genomic+locus+in+living+cells.">CRISPR/Cas9-APEX-mediated proximity labeling enables discovery of proteins associated with a predefined genomic locus in living cells.</a> bioRxiv. , (2017).</li><li>D&#233;jardin, J., Kingston, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+Proteins+Associated+with+Specific+Genomic+Loci.">Purification of Proteins Associated with Specific Genomic Loci.</a> Cell. 136 (1), 175-186 (2009).</li><li>Buxton, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elucidating+Protein-DNA+Interactions+in+Human+Alphoid+Chromatin+via+Hybridization+Capture+and+Mass+Spectrometry.">Elucidating Protein-DNA Interactions in Human Alphoid Chromatin via Hybridization Capture and Mass Spectrometry.</a> J. Proteome Res. 16 (9), 3433-3442 (2017).</li><li>Kennedy-Darling, J., Holden, M. T., Shortreed, M. R., Smith, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplexed+programmable+release+of+captured+DNA.">Multiplexed programmable release of captured DNA.</a> Chembiochem. 15 (16), 2353-2356 (2014).</li><li>Fujita, T., Fujii, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+specific+genomic+regions+and+identification+of+associated+molecules+by+engineered+DNA-binding+molecule-mediated+chromatin+immunoprecipitation+(enChIP)+using+CRISPR.">Isolation of specific genomic regions and identification of associated molecules by engineered DNA-binding molecule-mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP) using CRISPR.</a> Chromatin Protoc. Third Ed. , 43-52 (2015).</li><li>Lambert, J. -. P., Mitchell, L., Rudner, A., Baetz, K., Figeys, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel+Proteomics+Approach+for+the+Discovery+of+Chromatin-associated+Protein+Networks.">A Novel Proteomics Approach for the Discovery of Chromatin-associated Protein Networks.</a> Mol Cell Proteomics. 8 (4), 870-882 (2009).</li></ol>

The HyCCAPP method described here has many unique features that make it a powerful approach to uncover DNA-interactions that otherwise would remain elusive. The nature of the process gives HyCCAPP the flexibility to work in different organisms and regions of the genome. It is a method, however, that has several limitations to be considered.
HyCCAPP is a method that avoids any cell modifications so that it can potentially be applied in primary cells, cell culture systems, or even tissue samples...

During the past decade, there has seen a dramatic improvement in sequencing technologies, allowing the study of a wide range of genomes in large numbers of samples, and with astonishing resolution. The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Consortium, a large-scale multi-institutional effort spearheaded by the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health, has provided insights into how individual transcription factors and other regulatory proteins bind to and interact with the genome. The initial effort characterized specific DNA-protein interactions, as assessed by Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for over 100 known DNA-binding proteins1. Alternative methods such as DNase footprinting2 and formaldehyde assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE)3 have also been used to locate specific regions of the genome interacting with proteins, but with the obvious limitation that these experimental approaches do not identify the interacting proteins. Despite the extensive efforts over the past years, no technology has emerged that efficiently allows the comprehensive characterization of protein-DNA interactions in chromatin, and the identification and quantification of chromatin-associated proteins.
To address this need, we developed a novel approach which we termed as Hybridization Capture of Chromatin-Associated Proteins for Proteomics (HyCCAPP). Initially developed in yeast4,5,6, the approach isolates crosslinked chromatin regions of interest (with bound proteins) using sequence-specific hybridization capture. After isolation of the protein-DNA complexes, approaches such as mass spectrometry can be used to characterize the set of proteins bound to the sequence of interest. Thus, HyCCAPP can be considered as a non-biased approach to uncover novel DNA-protein interactions, in the sense that it does not rely on antibodies and it is completely agnostic about the proteins that might be found. There are other approaches capable to uncover novel DNA-interacting proteins7, but most rely on ChIP-like methods8,9,10, plasmid insertions11,12,13,14, or regions with high copy numbers15. In contrast, HyCCAPP can be applied to multi- and single-copy regions, and it does not require any prior information about the proteins in the region. In addition, while some of the methods mentioned above have valuable features, notably avoiding the need for DNA-protein crosslinking reactions, the unique feature of HyCCAPP is that it can be applied to single-copy regions in unmodified cells, and without any prior knowledge about putative binding proteins, or available antibodies.
At this point, HyCCAPP has predominantly been applied to the analysis of various genomic regions in yeast4,5,6, and was recently used to analyze protein-DNA interactions in alpha-satellite DNA, a repeat region in the human genome16. As part of our ongoing work, we have adapted the hybridization capture approach initially developed for yeast chromatin to be applicable to the analysis of human cells, and present here a modified protocol that allows the selective capture of single-copy target regions in the human genome with efficiencies similar to our initial studies in yeast. This new optimized protocol now allows the adaptation and utilization of the technology to interrogate protein-DNA interactions across the human genome, using mass spectrometry or other analytical approaches.
It is important to emphasize that the HyCCAPP method is meant for the analysis of specific target regions and is not yet suitable for genome-wide analyses. The technology is especially useful when dealing with regions for which there is scarce information about interacting proteins, or when a more comprehensive in-depth analysis of interacting proteins at a specific genome locus is desired. HyCCAPP is meant to uncover DNA-binding proteins but not characterize accurately the specific protein binding sites in genomic DNA. In its current implementation, the methodology does not provide information about the DNA binding sequences or motifs for individual proteins. Therefore, it nicely complements existing technologies such as FAIRE, and may allow the identification of novel binding proteins in genomic regions identified by an initial FAIRE analysis.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PrimerQuest tool</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OligoAnalyzer 3.1</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Analyze capture oligonucleotids</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PairFold</td>
			<td>UBC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Analyze interactions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 media</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>11875093</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>26140079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess automated cell counter</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>850 cm2 roller bottle&#160;</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td>680058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roller system</td>
			<td>Wheaton</td>
			<td>22-288-525</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37 % formaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F8775</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Igepal CA-630</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I3021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15630080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Branson digital sonifier SFX 150</td>
			<td>Emerson</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit 3.0 fluorometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit dsDNA BR assay kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>Q32850</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioanalyzer 2100</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent DNA 1000 kit</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5067-1504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MES sodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl 5M</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>AM9760G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DynaMag-2 magnet</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DynaMag-15 magnet</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>12301D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynabeads M-280 atreptavidin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>60210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low binding tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22431081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization oven</td>
			<td>SciGene</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube shaker and rotator</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>415110Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase I (RNase-free)</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>M0303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SSC buffer 20&#215; concentrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6639</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

adaptation of hybridization capture of chromatin-associated proteins for proteomics to mammalian cells

The hybridization capture of chromatin-associated proteins for proteomics (HyCCAPP) technology was initially developed to uncover novel DNA-protein interactions in yeast. It allows analysis of a target region of interest without the need for prior knowledge about likely proteins bound to the target region. This, in theory, allows HyCCAPP to be used to analyze any genomic region of interest, and it provides sufficient flexibility to work in different cell systems. This method is not meant to study binding sites of known transcription factors, a task better suited for Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-like methods. The strength of HyCCAPP lies in its ability to explore DNA regions for which there is limited or no knowledge about the proteins bound to it. It can also be a convenient method to avoid biases (present in ChIP-like methods) introduced by protein-based chromatin enrichment using antibodies. Potentially, HyCCAPP can be a powerful tool to uncover truly novel DNA-protein interactions. To date, the technology has been predominantly applied to yeast cells or to high copy repeat sequences in mammalian cells. In order to become the powerful tool we envision, HyCCAPP approaches need to be optimized to efficiently capture single-copy loci in mammalian cells. Here, we present our adaptation of the initial yeast HyCCAPP capture protocol to human cell lines, and show that single-copy chromatin regions can be efficiently isolated with this modified protocol.

Due to the need for large input amounts of chromatin for HyCCAPP to succeed, cells are grown to relatively high levels of confluency. Trypan blue staining is used to confirm that cell death rates are moderate (&#60;10 %). In single copy experiments, chromatin content prior to hybridization capture needs to be in the femtomolar range, which usually requires at least 109 cells as starting material. Prior to full scale experiments, it is recommended to test capture oligonucleotide...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Adaptation of Hybridization Capture of Chromatin-associated Proteins for Proteomics to Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

Adaptation of Hybridization Capture of Chromatin-associated Proteins for Proteomics to Mammalian Cells

This is a method to identify novel DNA-interacting proteins at specific target loci, relying on sequence-specific capture of crosslinked chromatin for subsequent proteomic analyses. No prior knowledge about potential binding proteins, nor cell modifications are required. Initially developed for yeast, the technology has now been adapted for mammalian cells.

The hybridization capture of chromatin-associated proteins for proteomics (HyCCAPP) technology was initially developed to uncover novel DNA-protein ...

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