Name: phospho flow cytometry with fluorescent cell barcoding for single cell signaling analysis and biomarker discovery
Uploaded: 2018-10-04T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery at JoVE.com

This work was conducted in the lab of Professor Kjetil Task&#233;n, and was supported by the Norwegian Cancer Society and Stiftelsen Kristian Gerhard Jebsen. Johannes Landskron and Marianne Enger are acknowledged for critical reading of the manuscript.

Blood samples were received following written informed consent from all donors. The study was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics of South-East Norway and the research on human blood was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki8.
NOTE: Steps 1-3 should be performed under sterile conditions in a tissue culture hood.
1. Isolation of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs)...

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Phospho flow cytometry is a powerful technique to measure protein phosphorylation levels in single cells. Since the method relies on staining with antibodies, phospho flow cytometry is limited by antibody availability. Furthermore, in order to obtain reliable results, all antibodies should be titrated and verified before use. A detailed protocol for titration of phospho-specific antibodies has been described elsewhere12. During panel design, consideration of the signal-to-noise ratio is critical. ...

Phospho flow cytometry is used to analyze protein phosphorylation levels at single-cell resolution. The overall goal of the method is to map cellular signaling patterns under specified conditions. By exploiting the multiparameter capacity of flow cytometry, several signaling pathways can be analyzed simultaneously in different subsets of a heterogeneous cell population such as peripheral blood. These traits offer advantages over other antibody-based technologies such as immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), protein array, and reverse phase protein array (RPPA)1. Phospho flow cytometry can be combined with fluorescent cell barcoding (FCB), which means that individual cell samples are labeled with unique signatures of fluorescent dyes so that they can be mixed together, stained and analyzed as a single sample2. This reduces the antibody consumption, increases the data robustness through the combination of control and treated samples, and enhances the speed of acquisition. The combined FCB population can then be divided into smaller samples and stained with up to 35 distinct phospho-specific antibodies, depending on the amount of starting material. Large profiling experiments can, thereby, be run with standard cytometer hardware. Phospho flow cytometry has been applied to profile signaling pathways in patient samples from several hematological cancers including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)3,4,5, acute myeloid leukemia (AML)6 and non-Hodgkin lymphomas7. Phospho flow cytometry is thus a powerful approach to characterize signaling aberrations, identify and validate biomarkers, and assess pharmacodynamics.
Here, the optimized protocol for analysis of CLL patient samples by phospho flow cytometry is provided (Figure 1A). Examples of basal signaling characterization, anti-IgM/B cell receptor stimulation and drug perturbation are shown. A detailed description of an FCB matrix is provided. The protocol can easily be adapted to other suspension cell types.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640 GlutaMAX</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>61870-010</td>
			<td>Cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10270169</td>
			<td>Additive to cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11360-039</td>
			<td>Additive to cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM non-essential amino acids</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11140-035</td>
			<td>Additive to cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lymphoprep</td>
			<td>Alere Technologies AS</td>
			<td>1114547</td>
			<td>Density gradient medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-IgM</td>
			<td>Southern Biotech</td>
			<td>2022-01</td>
			<td>For stimulation of the B cell receptor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Phosflow Fix Buffer I</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>557870</td>
			<td>Fixation buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Phosflow Perm Buffer III</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>558050</td>
			<td>Permeabilization buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 5-TFP</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A30005</td>
			<td>Barcoding reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pacific Blue Succinimidyl Ester</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P10163</td>
			<td>Barcoding reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pacific Orange Succinimidyl Ester, Triethylammonium Salt</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P30253</td>
			<td>Barcoding reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compensation beads</td>
			<td>Defined by user</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Correct species reactivity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon tubes</td>
			<td>Defined by user</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td>Defined by user</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 well V-bottom plates</td>
			<td>Defined by user</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Compatible with the flow cytometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuges</td>
			<td>Defined by user</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For Eppendorf tubes, Falcon tubes and plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water bath</td>
			<td>Defined by user</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Temperature regulated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>Defined by user</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>With High Throughput Sampler (HTS)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antigen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AKT (pS473)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>4075</td>
			<td>Clone: D9E 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Parente-Ribes et al., 2016, Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduce&#8230;, Haematologica, 101(2):e59-62 
			Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410 
			Kalland et al., 2012, Modulation of proximal signaling in normal and transformed&#8230;, Exp Cell Res, 318(14):1611-9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ATF-2 (pT71)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-8398</td>
			<td>Clone: F-1 
			Reference: Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410 
			Pollheimer et al., 2013, Interleukin-33 drives a proinflammatory endothelial&#8230;, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 33(2):e47-55</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BLNK (pY84)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>558443</td>
			<td>Clone: J117-1278 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Parente-Ribes et al., 2016, Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduce&#8230;, Haematologica, 101(2):e59-62 
			Kalland et al., 2012, Modulation of proximal signaling in normal and transformed&#8230;, Exp Cell Res, 318(14):1611-9 
			Myklebust et al., 2017, Distinct patterns of B-cell receptor signaling in&#8230;, Blood, 129(6): 759-770</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Btk (pY223)/Itk (pY180)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>564846</td>
			<td>Clone: N35-86 
			Reference: Myklebust et al., 2017, Distinct patterns of B-cell receptor signaling in&#8230;, Blood, 129(6): 759-770</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Btk (pY551)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>558129</td>
			<td>Clone: 24a/BTK (Y551)&#160; 
			Reference: Kalland et al., 2012, Modulation of proximal signaling in normal and transformed&#8230;, Exp Cell Res, 318(14):1611-9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Btk (pY551)/Itk (pY511)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>558134</td>
			<td>Clone: 24a/BTK (Y551)&#160; 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Parente-Ribes et al., 2016, Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduce&#8230;, Haematologica, 101(2):e59-62</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD3&#950; (pY142)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>558489</td>
			<td>Clone: K25-407.69 
			Reference: Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histone H3 (pS10)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>9716</td>
			<td>Clone: D2C8 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I&#954;B&#945;</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>5743</td>
			<td>Clone: L35A5 
			Reference: Myklebust et al., 2017, Distinct patterns of B-cell receptor signaling in&#8230;, Blood, 129(6): 759-770</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAT (pY171)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>558518</td>
			<td>Clone: I58-1169 
			Reference: Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lck (pY505)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>558577</td>
			<td>Clone: 4/LCK-Y505&#160; 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEK1 (pS298)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>560043</td>
			<td>Clone: J114-64 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NF-&#954;B p65 (pS529)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>558422</td>
			<td>Clone: K10-895.12.50 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410 
			Kalland et al., 2012, Modulation of proximal signaling in normal and transformed&#8230;, Exp Cell Res, 318(14):1611-9 
			Pollheimer et al., 2013, Interleukin-33 drives a proinflammatory endothelial&#8230;, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 33(2):e47-55</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NF-&#954;B p65 (pS536)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>4887</td>
			<td>Clone: 93H1 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410 
			Kalland et al., 2012, Modulation of proximal signaling in normal and transformed&#8230;, Exp Cell Res, 318(14):1611-9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p38 MAPK (pT180/Y182)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>4552</td>
			<td>Clone: 28B10 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410 
			Pollheimer et al., 2013, Interleukin-33 drives a proinflammatory endothelial&#8230;, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 33(2):e47-55</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p44/42 MAPK (pT202/Y204)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>4375</td>
			<td>Clone: E10 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Parente-Ribes et al., 2016, Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduce&#8230;, Haematologica, 101(2):e59-62 
			Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410 
			Kalland et al., 2012, Modulation of proximal signaling in normal and transformed&#8230;, Exp Cell Res, 318(14):1611-9 
			Pollheimer et al., 2013, Interleukin-33 drives a proinflammatory endothelial&#8230;, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 33(2):e47-55</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p53 (pS15)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>NN</td>
			<td>Clone: 16G8 
			Reference: Irish et al., 2007, Flt3 Y591 duplication and Bcl-2 overexpression&#8230;, Blood, 109(6):2589-96</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p53 (pS20)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>NN</td>
			<td>Clone: Polyclonal 
			Reference: Irish et al., 2007, Flt3 Y591 duplication and Bcl-2 overexpression&#8230;, Blood, 109(6):2589-96</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p53 (pS37)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>NN</td>
			<td>Clone: Polyclonal 
			Reference: Irish et al., 2007, Flt3 Y591 duplication and Bcl-2 overexpression&#8230;, Blood, 109(6):2589-96</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p53 (pS46)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>NN</td>
			<td>Clone: Polyclonal 
			Reference: Irish et al., 2007, Flt3 Y591 duplication and Bcl-2 overexpression&#8230;, Blood, 109(6):2589-96</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p53 (pS392)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>NN</td>
			<td>Clone: Polyclonal 
			Reference: Irish et al., 2007, Flt3 Y591 duplication and Bcl-2 overexpression&#8230;, Blood, 109(6):2589-96</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLC&#947;2 (pY759)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>558498</td>
			<td>Clone: K86-689.37 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Myklebust et al., 2017, Distinct patterns of B-cell receptor signaling in&#8230;, Blood, 129(6): 759-770</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rb (pS807/pS811)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>558590</td>
			<td>Clone: J112-906 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Pollheimer et al., 2013, Interleukin-33 drives a proinflammatory endothelial&#8230;, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 33(2):e47-55</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S6-Ribos. Prot. (pS235/236)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>4851</td>
			<td>Clone: D57.2.2E 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SAPK/JNK (pT183/Y185)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>9257</td>
			<td>Clone: G9 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Pollheimer et al., 2013, Interleukin-33 drives a proinflammatory endothelial&#8230;, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 33(2):e47-55</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SLP76 (pY128)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>558438</td>
			<td>Clone: J141-668.36.58&#160; 
			Reference: Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STAT1 (pY701)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>612597</td>
			<td>Clone: 4a&#160; 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Myklebust et al., 2017, Distinct patterns of B-cell receptor signaling in&#8230;, Blood, 129(6): 759-770</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STAT3 (pY705)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>557815</td>
			<td>Clone: 4/P-STAT3 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STAT4 (pY693)</td>
			<td>Zymed/ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>71-7900</td>
			<td>Clone: Polyclonal 
			Reference: Uzel et al., 2001, Detection of intracellular phosphorylated STAT-4 by flow cytometry, Clin Immunol, 100(3): 270-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STAT5 (pY694)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>612599</td>
			<td>Clone: 47/Stat5(pY694) 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410 
			Myklebust et al., 2017, Distinct patterns of B-cell receptor signaling in&#8230;, Blood, 129(6): 759-770</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STAT6 (pY641)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>612601</td>
			<td>Clone: 18/P-Stat6 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYK (pY525/Y526)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td>12081</td>
			<td>Clone: C87C1 
			Reference: Myhrvold et al., 2018, Single cell profiling of phospho-protein levels in.., Oncotarget, 9(10):9273-9284 
			Parente-Ribes et al., 2016, Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors reduce&#8230;, Haematologica, 101(2):e59-62</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZAP70/SYK (pY319/Y352)</td>
			<td>Beckton Dickinson Pharmingen</td>
			<td>557817</td>
			<td>Clone: 17A/P-ZAP70 
			Reference: Sk&#229;nland et al., 2014, T-cell co-stimulation through the CD2 and CD28&#8230;, Biochem J, 460(3):399-410 
			Kalland et al., 2012, Modulation of proximal signaling in normal and transformed&#8230;, Exp Cell Res, 318(14):1611-9 
			Myklebust et al., 2017, Distinct patterns of B-cell receptor signaling in&#8230;, Blood, 129(6): 759-770</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

phospho flow cytometry with fluorescent cell barcoding for single cell signaling analysis and biomarker discovery

Aberrant cell signaling plays a central role in cancer development and progression. Most novel targeted therapies are indeed directed at proteins and protein functions, and cell signaling aberrations may therefore serve as biomarkers to indicate personalized treatment options. As opposed to DNA and RNA analyses, changes in protein activity can more efficiently evaluate the mechanisms underlying drug sensitivity and resistance. Phospho flow cytometry is a powerful technique that measures protein phosphorylation events at the cellular level, an important feature that distinguishes this method from other antibody-based approaches. The method allows for simultaneous analysis of multiple signaling proteins. In combination with fluorescent cell barcoding, larger medium- to high-throughput data-sets can be acquired by standard cytometer hardware in short time. Phospho flow cytometry has applications both in studies of basic biology and in clinical research, including signaling analysis, biomarker discovery and assessment of pharmacodynamics. Here, a detailed experimental protocol is provided for phospho flow analysis of purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells as an example.

The main steps of the phospho flow cytometry protocol are illustrated in Figure 1A. In the presented example, CLL cells were stained with the barcoding reagent Pacific Blue at four dilutions. Three-dimensional barcoding can be performed by combining three barcoding dyes, as illustrated in Figure 1B. The individual samples are then deconvoluted by subsequent gating on each barcoding reagent versus SSC-A (<strong class="xf...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery at JoVE.com

Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery

Here, a protocol for medium- to high-throughput analysis of protein phosphorylation events at the cellular level is presented. Phospho flow cytometry is a powerful approach to characterize signaling aberrations, identify and validate biomarkers, and assess pharmacodynamics.

Aberrant cell signaling plays a central role in cancer development and progression. Most novel targeted therapies are indeed directed at proteins and ...

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Unit 1

Principles of Cell Signaling

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Target Cell Pre-enrichment and Whole Genome Amplification for Single Cell Downstream Characterization

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Characterize Disease-related Mutants of RAF Family Kinases by Using a Set of Practical and Feasible Methods

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Evaluating Cell Death Using Cell-Free Supernatant of Probiotics in Three-Dimensional Spheroid Cultures of Colorectal Cancer Cells

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Far-Red Fluorescent Senescence-Associated ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â²-Galactosidase Probe for Identification and Enrichment of Senescent Tumor Cells by Flow Cytometry

Cellular senescence is a state of proliferative arrest induced by biological damage that normally accrues over years in aging cells but may also emerge ...

A Flow Cytometry-Based Cell Surface Protein Binding Assay for Assessing Selectivity and Specificity of an Anticancer Aptamer

A key challenge in developing an anticancer aptamer is to efficiently determine the selectivity and specificity of the developed aptamer to the target ...