The authors have no acknowledgments.

All vertebrate animal use protocols have been approved by the University of Minnesota Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee in accordance with recommended NIH and government guidelines.
1. Feeder Layer Initialization and Subculturing
<ol>
	<li>Thaw one cell vial containing frozen Swiss mouse 3T3 from the liquid nitrogen tank by placing the vial in a 37 &#176;C water bath for 1-2 min. The number of cells in the vial is approximately 1 x 106.</li>
	<li>Remove the 3T3 cell vial when the final sliver of ice has melted. Wipe the tube with a 70% alcohol swab. Then, transfer the vial to a biosafety cabinet.</li>
	<li>Transfer the cells slowly into a T-150 flask, and rinse the 3T3 vial with 1 mL of CGM medium. Slowly add 30 mL of pre-warmed 3T3 Complete Growth Medium (CGM) to the cells. Gently rock the flask to evenly spread the 3T3 fibroblast cells. Label the flask with cell line details, date, and passage number appropriately.</li>
	<li>Incubate the cells at 37 &#176;C with 5% CO2 and 95% humidity. 
	NOTE: According to the ATCC, the doubling time of Swiss mouse 3T3 is 18 h; when confluent (contact inhibited), the density is about 40,000 cells per cm2. We use a particular line of 3T3 within 10-15 passages after initialization. More rapid growth or the presence of spindle-shaped cells can occur at higher passages and is usually a sign that the 3T3 will not perform as well as feeder cells for adult mouse keratinocytes. If rapid growth occurs, it is better to initiate a new line from lower passage cells.</li>
	<li>Change media after 24 h to remove dead cells and remaining DMSO (cryopreservation agent), and twice weekly thereafter. Allow cells to proliferate around 80% confluence and use T-150 flasks for culture initiation. Use T-225 flasks for subculture after initialization.</li>
	<li>To subculture 3T3 fibroblast cells, remove the flask from the cell culture incubator and wash twice with cold sterile PBS (1x) with gentamycin. Pipet 10 mL of pre-warmed (37 &#176;C water bath) trypsin solution (0.25%) into each T-225 flask.
	<ol>
		<li>Place the flask on a warming plate for 3-8 min. Remove the flask and gently use palms to tap the walls of the flask to detach cells and confirm cell detachment under inverted microscope. Trypsin solution may appear cloudy with detached 3T3 cells.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Pipet the trypsin solution 3&#8211;4x to wash the cell growth surface of the flask and transfer the trypsinized cell to 30 mL of CGM in a 50 mL conical tube. Rewash the flask 3&#8211;5x with 10 mL of the CGM-trypsin-cell mixture from the 50 mL conical tube. 
	NOTE: The contents of two flask contents can be added to a 50 mL tube; if only one flask is used, then place 10 mL of trypsin/cells into 20 mL of CGM in a 50 mL tube.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the 50 mL conical tube at 160 x g for 7 min at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Now aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet with 5 mL of CGM, pipetting gently ~10x to completely disrupt the cell pellet. Add 10 mL of CGM to bring the total volume of the 50 mL conical tube to 15 mL.
	<ol>
		<li>Mix again ~10x and place 5 mL of the cell suspension into 3 separate T-150 flasks. The subculture ratio is 1:3 in T-225 flasks or 1:4 in T-150 flasks. Add 30 mL of pre-warmed 3T3 CGM to each of the flasks.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Label the flask with the cell line name, the date of cell seeding, and the passage number.</li>
	<li>To freeze down 3T3 cells following centrifugation in the subculture step, remove the 50 mL tube from the centrifuge and place on an ice bucket. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet with 1 mL of 5% DMSO-DMEM mixture (see Table 1) for each flask harvested.</li>
	<li>Place 1 mL of DMSO-DMEM mixture with cell suspension into each cryovial (one cryovial per 3T3 flask harvested). Label the vial with the passage number, the cell line name (3T3), and the date that the cells were frozen.</li>
	<li>Place these 3T3 cell vials into cell freezer jar (see Table of Materials) and transfer to -70 &#176;C freezer for &#62;5 h. Careful remove and transfer the vials from the cell freezer jar and place in a liquid nitrogen storage tank for long-term storage until next use. Enter information about the cell line name, the location in tank and the date in the laboratory liquid nitrogen inventory sheet.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of 3T3 Feeder Layer for X-ray Irradiation and Seeding
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 3T3 cells one week before their irradiation and allow them to grow ~100% confluence. The 3T3 cells are typically within the passages of 120 to 130.</li>
	<li>For successful clonogenic assays of primary keratinocytes, before seeding 3T3 cells, surface coat the 60 mm Petri dishes with a collagen.
	<ol>
		<li>Pipet around 2&#8211;3 mL of the collagen-coating solution into 60 mm Petri dishes to coat the bottom surface and remove the excess collagen-coating liquid (see Table 1). Transfer the Petri dishes to a 37 &#176;C incubator with 5% CO2 for a minimum of 1 h. Do not let the dishes dry in incubator.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>X-ray irradiation step: Follow steps 1.4&#8211;1.6. Use 50 mL of fresh CGM to re-suspend the cell pellet, close the conical tube and seal with paraffin sealing film. To avoid any contamination, use plastic bags to double bag the paraffin-sealed cell containing tube and place on ice. A mitomycin based alternative feeder layer can be used for keratinocyte culture7.</li>
	<li>Irradiate fibroblast 3T3 cells in the 50 mL conical tube with a 5,000 rads (50 Cgy) dose with a biological x-ray machine. Irradiate these cells along with the CGM media.
	<ol>
		<li>Following X-ray irradiation, centrifuge cells at 160 x g for 7 min at 4 &#176;C. Aspirate the supernatant media and gently resuspend cell pellet with 5 mL of CGM triturating gently ~10x. Now bring the final volume to 30 mL with additional 25 mL of medium and triturate 10x. These triturating steps are crucial for uniform 3T3 fibroblast layer for clonogenicity assay.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Viable Cell counting: Count the keratinocytes using a regular glass hemocytometer. Take approximately 0.5 mL of the cells and place into a 1.5 mL tube. Remove 200 &#181;L of cell mixture and add an equal volume of 0.4% Trypan blue solution and mixture 3&#8211;4x. Transfer cells with a hemocytometer and count all nucleated cells (small gold and pink cells) as viable cells. Calculate the final concentration of viable gold cells.</li>
	<li>Pipette 1 x 106 3T3 cells (a minimum of 7 x 105) cells may be used) into 60 mm collagen-coated Petri dishes (step 2.2) and gently add 4 mL of modified high-calcium Williams E media (see Table 1). Allow freshly seeded 3T3 cells to attach for 24 h. On the next day, harvest the fresh primary keratinocyte and seed them on top of attached 3T3 fibroblast layer for clonogenic assay as indicated below.</li>
</ol>
3. Primary Keratinocyte Harvesting and Seeding
<ol>
	<li>Euthanize four to five adult female mice via CO2 inhalation according to approved animal facility/IACUC standards. However, this protocol may also be used for single female/male mice.
	<ol>
		<li>Clip approximately 9 cm2 of the dorsal fur with an electric animal clipper and place all clipped mice into a 500 mL jar with enough povidone iodine antiseptic solution (not scrub) to cover them for 1&#8211;2 min. Shake the jar well to evenly coat the antiseptic solution over the mice.</li>
		<li>Pour off the solution and rinse with clean water until the liquid runs clear. Repeat the same antiseptic wash followed by a water rinse. After the antiseptic wash with iodine solution, soak all the mice in 70% ethanol for 5&#8211;10 min. 
		NOTE: Mice with light fur (e.g., BALB/c) will retain a slight yellowish color from the antiseptic iodine washes, while darker mice (e.g., C57BL/6) will not. Notably, cell viability or culture growth is not affected due to the yellow color.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Carefully remove the clipped dorsal skin using thumb forceps and scissors in a laminar flow hood. Place the excised dorsal skin in conical tube filled with PBS/2x gentamycin. Avoid using ventral side skin to prevent mammary cell contamination in culture.</li>
	<li>Using autoclaved forceps and a scalpel, place one dorsal skin at a time hairy side down onto a thin Petri dish. Start scraping all subcutaneous tissue including fat from the ventral side of the skin tissue until it is semi-translucent. Try to remove maximum traces of subcutaneous tissue without tearing the skin (hair follicle part). Also, do not scrape for a long time and avoid skin drying.
	<ol>
		<li>Keep scraped skin in PBS solution until all other remaining skins are processed. Using a scalpel, slice skins into 0.5 cm x 1&#8211;1.5 cm strips and place the hairy side up onto a sterile Petri dish.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Carefully pipette 20 mL of PBS/2x Gentamicin solution mixed with trypsin (0.25%) into a 100 mm x 20 mm plastic Petri dish. Using sterile forceps, transfer the skins and float them hairy side up on the surface of trypsin solution for 2 h in a 32 &#176;C incubator. 
	NOTE: Trypsinization time and temperature are crucial for good yield of highly culturable primary keratinocytes. Although other methods may provide good yields of viable cells, the culturability of the keratinocytes has been less satisfactory.
	<ol>
		<li>During this 2 h incubation time, coat dishes with collagen coating and place them at 37 &#176;C for 1 h (see step 3.1.2). For clonogenic assays, the 60 mm Petri dishes have already been coated 24 h prior to keratinocyte harvesting to allow the irradiated 3T3 feeder layer to attach to bottom and spread evenly. 
		NOTE: Coating of culture dishes for clonogenic culture is very important for proper attachment, colony formation, and ultimate growth/proliferation of mice epidermal keratinocytes.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Epidermal scraping step: Arrange a sterile plastic square Petri dish and create a surface at a 30&#176; incline for proper epidermal scraping with 15 mL of harvesting medium (see Table 1). Carefully remove a floating skin strip from the trypsin solution with curved forceps. With a new scalpel blade, scrape off the epidermis and hairs into the medium.
	<ol>
		<li>Do not use excessive force, but use sufficient force to scrape the epidermis, or it will affect the cell viability.</li>
		<li>During epidermis scraping, keep the blade perpendicular to the skin piece. If the blade is angled toward the motion of the blade, there are more chances of skin tearing. If the blade is angled away from the blade movement, there are more chances of insufficient epidermis removal.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Carefully pour the harvesting medium containing scraped epidermal cells into a sterile 60 mL jar (autoclavable and reusable) with a 1.5 inch magnetic stir bar. Rinse the Petri dish with additional harvesting medium to collect remaining epidermal cells and bring the final volume to 30 mL. Use a magnetic stirrer and stir at 100 rpm for 20 min at room temperature. This process will remove the trapped epidermal cells from hairs.</li>
	<li>Place a sterile 70 &#181;m cell strainer on the top of a 50 mL conical tube. The cell strainer fits on top of a 50 mL conical tube.
	<ol>
		<li>Take the jar inside a biosafety hood. Remove the stir bar and pour the contents into strainer filter attached to a 50 mL conical tube. Strain out undesired hair and sheets of stratum corneum.</li>
		<li>Press the hairs along with stratum corneum materials within the strainer and manipulate them to release the trapped hair cells. Use 5 mL of harvesting medium to allow remaining trapped cells to release and flow into the tube. Bring the total volume up to 50 mL in conical tube.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Cap the 50 mL conical tube with cell filtrate and centrifuge at 160 x g for 7 min at 4 &#176;C. Next aspirate the supernatant and add 5 mL of harvesting medium. Resuspend the cell pellet by triturating gently ~20x with a 5 mL pipet.
	<ol>
		<li>At this step, keep the cells in an icebox to avoid any aggregation. Add 25 mL of harvesting medium and triturate again (20&#8211;25x).</li>
		<li>To ensure an accurate keratinocyte count at this step, take 1 mL of cell suspension and add 19 mL harvesting medium. Now the cell dilution is 1:20 in 50 mL conical tube. If keratinocytes are harvested from a single mouse, adjust the volume of the cell suspension. Instead of 30 mL, use 15 mL and make a 1:10 dilution for counting the cells.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Pipet 0.5 mL of diluted cells from the 50 mL conical tube (1:20 dilution) and transfer to a 1.5 mL autoclaved microcentrifuge tube. Remove 0.2 mL (200 &#181;L) of cell mix to another 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and add an equal volume (200 &#181;L) of 0.4% Trypan blue solution. Gently mix this solution 3x and transfer cells to a hemocytometer for counting nucleated keratinocytes.
	<ol>
		<li>Score all dark blue cells positive for Trypan blue as non-viable dead cells, and score small gold and pinkish cells as viable cells. The final keratinocyte yield per mouse should be around 30 million viable cells.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the original 50 mL conical tube (from step 3.8) for 7 min at 160 x g at 4 &#176;C. At this step, resuspend the cells in desired medium and make the required dilution for seeding cells.
	<ol>
		<li>For mass culture, seed 2 to 4 million viable gold cells in each 35 mm Petri dish in cell culture medium (KGM-type medium + supplements for monolayer cultures) (see Table 1). For a clonogenic (colony formation) assay, seed 1,000 cells per 60 mm Petri dish on X-ray irradiated Swiss mouse 3T3 feeder layers with collagen-coating and modified William&#8217;s E medium with supplements and serum.</li>
		<li>Use a total of 2 to 4 mL medium for 35 mm and 60 mm Petri dishes, respectively. Also, formulate DMEM and Williams E medium procured from ATCC with reduced levels of sodium bicarbonate for use at 5% CO2.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Grow the culture cells (mass or clonogenic) at 32 &#176;C, 95% humidity with 5% CO2. Change the media one day after initial seeding for mass culture, and then 3x weekly thereafter. However, for clonal assays, the first medium change is 2 days after cell seeding and 3x weekly thereafter.</li>
	<li>For clonal culture, cultivate cells at two- and four-week intervals. After completion of clonal cultures (2 or 4 weeks), aspirate the medium. Fix the colonies in 10% buffered formalin overnight at room temperature and stain with 0.5% rhodamine B in autoclave water for 1 h. Then, remove the rhodamine B stain with a pipette from the edge of the dishes.
	<ol>
		<li>Rinse the dishes in cold autoclaved water until the dishes run clear. Put the dishes inclined on the lid of the dishes and let them dry for final colony counting. Notably, when performing clonogenic culture assay, never pipet &#60;1 mL of cells. If cells are concentrated, serially dilute the cell concentration.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Morris, R. J., Tacker, K. C., Fischer, S. M., Slaga, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+primary+in+vitro+clonogenic+keratinocytes+from+normal+adult+murine+epidermis,+following+initiation,+and+during+promotion+of+epidermal+tumors.">Quantitation of primary in vitro clonogenic keratinocytes from normal adult murine epidermis, following initiation, and during promotion of epidermal tumors.</a> Cancer Research. 48 (22), 6285-6290 (1988).</li><li>Tani, H., Morris, R. J., Kaur, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enrichment+for+murine+keratinocyte+stem+cells+based+on+cell+surface+phenotype.">Enrichment for murine keratinocyte stem cells based on cell surface phenotype.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (20), 10960-10965 (2000).</li><li>Morris, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capturing+and+profiling+adult+hair+follicle+stem+cells.">Capturing and profiling adult hair follicle stem cells.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 22 (4), 411-417 (2004).</li><li>Trempus, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enrichment+for+living+murine+keratinocytes+from+the+hair+follicle+bulge+with+the+cell+surface+marker+CD34.">Enrichment for living murine keratinocytes from the hair follicle bulge with the cell surface marker CD34.</a> Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 120 (4), 501-511 (2003).</li><li>Redvers, R. P., Kaur, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serial+cultivation+of+primary+adult+murine+keratinocytes.">Serial cultivation of primary adult murine keratinocytes.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 289, 15-22 (2005).</li><li>Jensen, K. B., Driskell, R. R., Watt, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assaying+proliferation+and+differentiation+capacity+of+stem+cells+using+disaggregated+adult+mouse+epidermis.">Assaying proliferation and differentiation capacity of stem cells using disaggregated adult mouse epidermis.</a> Nature Protocols. 5 (5), 898-911 (2010).</li><li>Blacker, K. L., Williams, M. L., Goldyne, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitomycin+C-treated+3T3+fibroblasts+used+as+feeder+layers+for+human+keratinocyte+culture+retain+the+capacity+to+generate+eicosanoids.">Mitomycin C-treated 3T3 fibroblasts used as feeder layers for human keratinocyte culture retain the capacity to generate eicosanoids.</a> Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 89 (6), 536-539 (1987).</li><li>Morris, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Procedure for harvesting epidermal cells from the dorsal epidermis of adult mice for primary cell culture in &#8220;high calcium&#8221; defined medium. , (1994).</li><li>Wu, W. Y., Morris, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+the+harvest+and+assay+of+in+vitro+clonogenic+keratinocytes+stem+cells+from+mice.">Method for the harvest and assay of in vitro clonogenic keratinocytes stem cells from mice.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 289, 79-86 (2005).</li><li>Popova, N. V., Teti, K. A., Wu, K. Q., Morris, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+two+keratinocyte+stem+cell+regulatory+loci+implicated+in+skin+carcinogenesis.">Identification of two keratinocyte stem cell regulatory loci implicated in skin carcinogenesis.</a> Carcinogenesis. 24 (3), 417-425 (2003).</li><li>Popova, N. V., Tryson, K. A., Wu, K. Q., Morris, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+that+the+keratinocyte+colony+number+is+genetically+controlled.">Evidence that the keratinocyte colony number is genetically controlled.</a> Experimental Dermatology. 11 (6), 503-508 (2002).</li><li>Trempus, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+microarray+transcriptome+profiling+of+CD34-enriched+mouse+keratinocyte+stem+cells.">Comprehensive microarray transcriptome profiling of CD34-enriched mouse keratinocyte stem cells.</a> Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 127 (12), 2904-2907 (2007).</li><li>Baer-Dubowska, W., Morris, R. J., Gill, R. D., DiGiovanni, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+covalent+DNA+adducts+in+mouse+epidermal+subpopulations+after+topical+application+of+benzo(a)pyrene+and+7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.">Distribution of covalent DNA adducts in mouse epidermal subpopulations after topical application of benzo(a)pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.</a> Cancer Research. 50 (10), 3048-3054 (1990).</li><li>Blanpain, C., Lowry, W. E., Geoghegan, A., Polak, L., Fuchs, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-renewal,+multipotency,+and+the+existence+of+two+cell+populations+within+an+epithelial+stem+cell+niche.">Self-renewal, multipotency, and the existence of two cell populations within an epithelial stem cell niche.</a> Cell. 118 (5), 635-648 (2004).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The keratinocyte harvesting method described here was developed to produce high yields of highly culturable primary epidermal keratinocytes from the back of adult female mice. These keratinocytes are suitable for flow cytometry, molecular biology application, and primary cell culture, including the clonogenic assay reported here. This keratinocyte harvesting method also has been useful for studying other downstream aspects of cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis and tumor promotion1,13.
There are several critical steps in the protocol. First, for rigor and reproducibility, female mice of age 54 &#177; 2 days were used. This has enabled us to perform sensitive and quantitative colony assays from multiple strains of mice and to use them as a phenotype in linkage analysis leading to identification of least one new stem cell regulatory gene10,11. Second, it is helpful to cut the skins into smaller pieces, as the trypsinization is more effective than trying to keep the skin whole. Third, the time and the temperature of the trypsin flotation is very important to the subsequent culturability. Moreover, one needs to &#34;poke considerably&#34; at the hairs remaining on the filter to dislodge the attached cells. This step is important to obtain high yields of cells. Furthermore, the 32 &#176;C temperature of the incubator is important for the longer-term cultivation of keratinocytes from adult mice. Finally, in this protocol, the parallel readouts of in vitro and in vivo experiments1 are based on primary cultures rather than subcultures or cell lines. Notably, if harvesting primary keratinocytes for the first time using this protocol, keep the remaining dermis after scraping to confirm the full removal of hair follicles along with epidermis by histopathological observation.
The principal strength of this protocol for harvesting adult mouse keratinocytes is that it produces high yields of culturable cells that are suitable for many downstream applications. The chief limitation is that some cell surface epitopes may be sensitive to trypsinization such that immunostaining may be compromised. Therefore, when testing a new cell surface antibody, it may be prudent to use a dispase6 or thermolysin5 based method for harvesting for comparison. The significance of this protocol is that it has been rigorously tested, quantified, and applied to such diverse applications as assays for clonogenic stem cells1,9,10,11, for mass cultures in biochemistry8, for FACS sorting in stem cell analysis3,4, for molecular biology3,12, and for ongoing RNA and DNA sequencing.

Mammalian skin covers the entire body and serves a multitude of functions (e.g., a primary physical barrier, temperature regulation, and moisture retention). Over the last five decades, basic research on mouse skin has yielded new information on the structure and function of the skin. The mouse skin model has greatly helped understanding of the basic biology behind the complex molecular mechanisms of chemical or ultraviolet radiation-induced carcinogenesis. These mouse skin models provided a significant contribution towards understanding of human skin diseases and their mitigation. To explore further molecular dissection of the primary keratinocytes in hair follicle developmental biology, stem cell research, carcinogenesis, and genetic exploration of epidermis, it is frequently desirable to isolate and culture primary epithelial keratinocytes from mice skin to use in parallel with in vivo experiments. The motivating factor in developing this method was the need for an in vitro assay for clonogenic epidermal and hair follicle stem cells1,2. There was also an urgent need for single cell suspensions of epidermal cells suitable for clonogenic assays3, fluorescence activated cell sorting, and flow cytometry3,4. The advantages of this method are a robust harvest increase an order of magnitude over other methods5,6, inclusion of the epithelial portion of the hair follicles, and the high culturability of the harvested cells. In the 1980s, there were no known methods that could meet these requirements. In subsequent years, this method was refined to increase cell yield. The principal limitation of this method would be masking of some trypsin sensitive antibodies that would compromise immunoreactivity6.
The mice received husbandry according to the Specific Pathogen Free guidelines. One to five female mice 54 &#177; 2 days of age were obtained. In older mice, the viability of keratinocytes will be reduced due to anagen phase (growth) of the hair cycle. Also, the process of trypsinization is more difficult compared to young mice. The harvesting procedure has been successfully optimized for the thinner skin of female mice compared to male. Male mice are generally not used for keratinocyte harvests as they have a tendency to fight with one another during housing and therefore may leave scratches or wounds on the skin.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.4% Trypan blue 1x in 0.9% saline</td><td>Life Technologies Gibco</td><td>15250-061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 M HEPES Buffer</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H0887</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>1.5 inch magnetic stir bar with pivot ring</td><td>Bel-Art, Wayne</td><td>371101128</td><td>in 2 oz Nalgene jar</td></tr><tr><td>10 mL disposable pipettes</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>357551</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 mL sterile conical tube</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>352097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>150 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (T-150) culture flask</td><td>Corning</td><td>430825</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 mL Screw Cap Micro Tube Conical</td><td>Sarstedt</td><td>72.608</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 oz Nalgene jar</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>2118-0002</td><td>60 mL</td></tr><tr><td>2.5% Trypsin solution 10x</td><td>Life Technologies Gibco</td><td>15090-046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>225 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (T-225) culture flask</td><td>Corning</td><td>431082</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>32 oz Nalgene Square Storage Bottles: PETG</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>2019-1000</td><td>1000 mL</td></tr><tr><td>35 mm sterile culturing dish</td><td>Corning</td><td>430165</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 mL disposable pipets</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>357543</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 mL sterile conicle tube</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>352098</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60 mm sterile culturing dish</td><td>Corning</td><td>430166</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70% ethanol</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>90 mm diameter Spectra Mesh filter, 74 &amp;micro;m pore size</td><td>Spectrum Laboratories</td><td>145956</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antibiotics (penicillin-streptomycin)</td><td>Life Technologies Gibco</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine calf serum (BCS)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Hyclone</td><td>SH30073.03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>354331</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD34 Ram34 FITC conjugated antibody</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>553733</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD49f (alpha6-integrin, GOH3) PE conjugated antibody</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>555736</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell Strainer, 70 &amp;micro;m sterile</td><td>BD Discovery Labware</td><td>352350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagen, Bovine, Type I, 30 mg</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>354231</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CoolCell Economical cell freezing container for 1 or 2 mL cryovials</td><td>Biocison</td><td>BCS-136PK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning 2 mL Polypropylene Cryogenic Vial, Self-Standing with Round Bottom</td><td>Corning</td><td>430659</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D2650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Distilled Milli-Q water</td><td></td><td></td><td>made fresh; twice distilled reverse osmosis water</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s phosphate-buffered saline 1x, Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; free</td><td>Life Technologies Gibco</td><td>14190-144</td><td>Sterile</td></tr><tr><td>Dulbecco&#039;s Modified Eagle&#039;s Medium (DMEM)</td><td>ATCC</td><td>30-2002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific Hyclone</td><td>SH 300070.03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fibronectin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F1141-5MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand 4 oz. Sterile Specimen Container</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>16-320-730</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin 50 mg/mL 10</td><td>Life Technologies Gibco</td><td>15750-060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KGM</td><td>Lonza</td><td>CC-3103</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nalgene &amp;ldquo;Mr. Frosty&quot; cell freezer</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>5100-0001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nalgene PC Straight-Side Wide-Mouth Jars, 16 oz</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>2116-0500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No. 22 sterile stainless-steel blades</td><td>BD Bard-Parker</td><td>371222</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>No. 4 scalpel handles</td><td>Biomedical Research Instruments</td><td>26-1200</td><td>In a cup with 70% ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>One pair of full-curve eye dressing forceps</td><td>Militex</td><td>18-784</td><td>In a cup with 70% ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>One pair of scissors</td><td>Biomedical Research Instruments</td><td>25-1050</td><td>In a cup with 70% ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>One pair of thumb dressing forceps</td><td>Militex</td><td>6-4</td><td>In a cup with 70% ethanol</td></tr><tr><td>Oster Pro-Cord/Cordless Trimmer no.40 blade</td><td>Jarden Consumer Solutions/Oster</td><td>78997-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic Petri dish 100 mm x 20 mm sterile</td><td>Corning</td><td>430167</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pyrex Brand Plain Stemless Glass Funnel</td><td>Corning</td><td>6240-75</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rat IgG2akappa FITC isotype control antibody</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>553929</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rat IgG2akappa PE isotype control antibody</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>555844</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SFM</td><td>Life Technologies Gibco</td><td>10725-018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SMEM</td><td>Life Technologies Gibco</td><td>11380-037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SMEM: Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; and Mg&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; free minimal essential medium for suspension culture</td><td>Life Technologies Gibco</td><td>11380-037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Square sterile plastic Petri dishes</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>351112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Swiss mouse 3T3 fibroblasts</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CCL-92</td><td>used within 10 passages</td></tr><tr><td>Triadine; 10% Povidone-Iodine Prep Topical Solution, 16 oz</td><td>Triad Group</td><td>10-8216</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VWR Plastic Petri dishes, sterile Space Saver 100 x 10</td><td>VWR</td><td>25384-324</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Williams E Medium</td><td>Life Technologies Gibco</td><td>12551-032</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ziploc bag</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation of mouse epidermal keratinocytes and their in vitro clonogenic culture

The protocol described here is a reliable method of harvesting primary keratinocytes from adult female mice (54 &#177; 2 days old) yielding approximately 30 x 106 viable cells per mouse. Primary adult mouse keratinocytes are harvested from the dorsal skin of female mice. Male mice (~6 weeks old) can be used for keratinocyte harvesting depending on the requirements of the experiment. Euthanized mice are shaved and sterilized with serial washes in povidone iodine and ethanol solutions (70% alcohol). After disinfecting the mice, the dorsal skin is removed and the subcutaneous fat and muscle are removed with a scalpel and discarded. The skins are cut into small pieces and treated with a mild, low temperature trypsinization to detach the lower dermis from the epidermis. The scraped epidermises are stirred at low speed, filtered to remove the hairs, counted, and re-suspended in culture medium. This method provides an excellent single cell suspension of highly culturable cells for many downstream applications.

Typically, yields of epidermal keratinocytes per mouse ranging from 20 x 106 to 30 x 106 Trypan blue excluding cells are obtained8,9. The viability ranges from 80%-90%. Typical seeding efficiencies are around 30% attachment at 24 h. Colony formation on irradiated 3T3 feeder layers is around 60 colonies per 1,000 viable cells seeded for C57BL/6 mice, and approximately 30 colonies per 1,000 cells for Swiss-type mice10,11. Typical results from colony formation assays are illustrated in Figure 1. The number of hair follicle stem cells is approximately 9% CD34+/CD49f+ stem cells for C57BL/6 mice12. Typical results from flow cytometry are given in Figure 2.
Growth characteristics of four different media are illustrated in Figure 3. The media tested include KGM-gold, SFM, William&#39;s E medium, and Morris-2 (a reduced calcium medium developed in the Morris laboratory based on Williams E).
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58701/58701fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Representative examples from an assay for clonogenic keratinocytes from adult mice. This photograph demonstrates keratinocyte colony formation from CD-1 female mice 54 days of age treated topically with 1) no treatment, 2) acetone followed one week later by acetone twice weekly for two weeks, 3) DMBA followed one week later by acetone twice weekly for two weeks, 4) acetone followed one week later by TPA twice weekly for two weeks, and 5) DMBA followed one week later by TPA twice weekly for two weeks. After their in vivo treatments, keratinocytes were harvested and seeded at 1,000 cells per dish onto feeder layers of irradiated 3T3, and cultured for two weeks, after which the dishes were fixed with buffered formalin and stained with rhodamine B. The dishes in each column are replicates from each mouse treatment group. Note that the number of larger colonies increased upon treatment with DMBA, and the total number of colonies increased TPA treatment of the mice prior to keratinocyte harvest. Abbreviations: DMBA: 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene; TPA: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/58701/58701fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58701/58701fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Representative example of flow cytometry of hair follicle stem cells from adult mice. Briefly, the isolated primary keratinocytes were isolated from dorsal mice skin and filtered for cellular debris using cell filter. The isolated keratinocyte suspension was labeled with CD49f or &#945;6-integrin (PE) and CD34 (FITC) antibodies along with live dead dye and other controls. FITC and PE isotype control antibodies (Rat IgG2akappa) were used for compensation purpose (see Table of Materials). Stem cells were selected by means of CD49f (PE channel), which recognized the external component of the hemi-desmosomes found on basal epidermal and hair follicle cells, and CD34 (FITC channel), which recognized the hair follicle stem cells (i.e., CD34-FITC+ and a6-PE+ (upper right column, total 5%)). The right side column shows the different keratinocyte populations namely CD34-FITC only, CD34-FITC and a6-PE cells (double positive stem cell population), a6-PE only, and unstained cells. Note that there are two CD34+ stem cell populations as have been reported6,14. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/58701/58701fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/58701/58701fig3.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Comparison of four different media on primary cultures of epidermal cells from adult female mice. Primary keratinocytes were isolated from the dorsal mice skin and counted for seeding using four different media (KGM, SFM, Willem&#39;s-E and Morris-2). Equal numbers of keratinocytes were seeded and followed for their general morphology and growth pattern. Note that the proliferating keratinocytes have slightly different morphologies. KGM, SFM, and Morris-2 all of which are reduced calcium media have the most robust growth after fourteen days. In contrast, the cells do not persist when cultured in Williams E medium that has 1.4 mM calcium and a high ratio of potassium to sodium. Surprisingly, Williams E medium with supplements and twenty percent fetal bovine serum supports keratinocyte clonal cultures far better than any other medium tested, probably because the enriched Williams E medium helps the 3T3 feeder cells to &#34;feed&#34; better. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/58701/58701fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Solutions and Media</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harvesting Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.5% trypsin (5 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s PBS (500 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin (2 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS with 2x gentamycin (45 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with 2x gentamycin</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin solution</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purecol-fibronectin dish-coating solution:</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M HEPES (1 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>116 mM CaCl2 (1 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin 1.0 mg/mL (10 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture medium (100 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin (1 mg)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purecol collagen (1 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell freezing solution</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO (2 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM with 10% BCS and pen-strep</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harvesting Medium</td>
			<td>Needs to be without calcium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2x gentamycin (1 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS (50 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SMEM (500 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-Calcium Williams&#39; E Media with:</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF (5 &#181;g/mL) 1 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine 14.5 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone (1 mg/mL) 0.5 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin 1 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LinoAcid-BSA (0.1 mg/mL) 0.5 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Ess AminoAcids 4 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Vitamins 5 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin 5 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transferrin (5mg/mL) 1 mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vit A (1 mg/1,000 &#181;L) 57.5 &#181;L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vit E 1 mg/mL (4&#176;C)&#160; 3.5 &#181;L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vit D2 (10 mg/mL) 50 &#181;L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3T3 fibroblast complete growth medium (CGM)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCS (100 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (900 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin (10 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KGM</td>
			<td>Medium used for mass culture is a reduced calcium medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Morris 2 medium with the same supplements as Williams&#39; E</td>
			<td>A reduced calcium variant of Williams E with supplements</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
Table 1: Solution and media recipes.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Mouse Epidermal Keratinocytes and Their In Vitro Clonogenic Culture at JoVE.com

Isolation of Mouse Epidermal Keratinocytes and Their In Vitro Clonogenic Culture

The goal of this protocol is to isolate epidermal keratinocytes from the dorsal skin of adult mice for a variety of downstream applications such as molecular biology, biochemistry, fluorescence activated cell sorting, and primary in vitro uses (e.g., clonogenic keratinocytes).

The protocol described here is a reliable method of harvesting primary keratinocytes from adult female mice (54 &#177; 2 days old) yielding approximately ...

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17.1K Views.  University of Minnesota. The goal of this protocol is to isolate epidermal keratinocytes from the dorsal skin of adult mice for a variety of downstream applications such as molecular biology, biochemistry, fluorescence activated cell sorting, and primary in vitro uses (e.g., clonogenic keratinocytes).

Video: Isolation of Mouse Epidermal Keratinocytes and Their In Vitro Clonogenic Culture

Isolating Hair Follicle Stem Cells and Epidermal Keratinocytes from Dorsal Mouse Skin

The hair follicle (HF) is an ideal system for studying the biology and regulation of adult stem cells (SCs). This dynamic mini organ is replenished by distinct pools of SCs, which are located in the permanent portion of the HF, a region known as the bulge. These multipotent bulge SCs were initially identified as slow cycling label retaining cells; however, their isolation has been made feasible after identification of specific cell markers, such as CD34 and keratin 15 (K15). Here, we describe a robust method for isolating bulge SCs and epidermal keratinocytes from mouse HFs utilizing fluorescence activated cell-sorting (FACS) technology. Isolated hair follicle SCs (HFSCs) can be utilized in various in vivo grafting models and are a valuable in vitro model for studying the mechanisms that govern multipotency, quiescence and activation.

An ideal model for studying adult stem cell biology is the mouse hair follicle. Here we present a protocol for isolating different populations of hair follicles stem cells and epidermal keratinocytes, employing enzymatic digestion of mouse dorsal skin followed by FACS analysis.

The hair follicle (HF) is an ideal system for studying the biology and regulation of adult stem cells (SCs). This dynamic mini organ is replenished by ...

Developmental Biology

Generation and Culturing of Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin

The main function of keratinocytes is to provide the structural integrity of the epidermis, thereby maintaining a mechanical barrier to the outside world. In addition, keratinocytes play an essential role in the initiation, maintenance, and regulation of epidermal immune responses by being part of the innate immune system responding to antigenic stimuli in a fast, nonspecific manner. Here, we describe a protocol for isolation of primary human keratinocytes from adult skin, and demonstrate that these cells respond to calcium-induced terminal differentiation, as measured by an increased expression of the differentiation marker involucrin. In addition, we show that the isolated keratinocytes are responsive to IL-1&#946;-induced activation of intracellular signaling pathways as measured by the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Taken together, we describe a method for isolation and culturing of primary human keratinocytes from adult skin. Because the keratinocytes are the predominant cell type in the epidermis, this method is useful to study molecular mechanisms in cutaneous biology in vitro.

The human skin acts as a first line of defense against the external environment. We present a method for isolating primary human keratinocytes from adult skin. These isolated keratinocytes are useful in numerous experimental setups, and are a highly suitable model for studying molecular mechanisms in cutaneous biology in vitro.

The main function of keratinocytes is to provide the structural integrity of the epidermis, thereby maintaining a mechanical barrier to the outside world. ...

A Simplified and Efficient Method to Isolate Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin Tissue

Primary human keratinocytes isolated from fresh skin tissues and their expansion in vitro have been widely used for laboratory research and for clinical applications. The conventional isolation method of human keratinocytes involves a two-step sequential enzymatic digestion procedure, which has been proven to be inefficient in generating primary cells from adult tissues due to the low cell recovery rate and reduced cell viability. We recently reported an advanced method to isolate human primary epidermal progenitor cells from skin tissues that utilizes the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 in the medium. Compared with the traditional protocol, this new method is simpler, easier, and less time-consuming, and increases epithelial stem cell yield and enhances their stem cell characteristics. Moreover, the new methodology does not require the separation of the epidermis from the dermis, and, therefore, is suitable for isolating cells from different types of adult tissues. This new isolation method overcomes the major shortcomings of conventional methods and is more suitable for producing large numbers of epidermal cells with high potency both for laboratory and for clinical applications. Here, we describe the new method in detail.

Here we present a protocol to efficiently isolate primary human keratinocytes from adult skin tissues. This method simplifies the conventional procedure by using the ROCK Inhibitor Y-27632 in the inoculation medium to spontaneously separate epidermal cells from dermal cells.

Primary human keratinocytes isolated from fresh skin tissues and their expansion in vitro have been widely used for laboratory research and for clinical ...

Isolation and Staining of Mouse Skin Keratinocytes for Cell Cycle Specific Analysis of Cellular Protein Expression by Mass Cytometry

The goal of this protocol is to detect and quantify protein expression changes in a cell cycle-dependent manner using single cells isolated from the epidermis of mouse skin. There are seven important steps: separation of the epidermis from the dermis, digestion of the epidermis, staining of the epidermal cell populations with cisplatin, sample barcoding, staining with metal tagged antibodies for cell cycle markers and proteins of interest, detection of metal-tagged antibodies by mass cytometry, and the analysis of expression in the various cell cycle phases. The advantage of this approach over histological methods is the potential to assay the expression pattern of &#62;40 different markers in a single cell at different phases of the cell cycle. This approach also allows for the multivariate correlation analysis of protein expression that is more quantifiable than histological/imaging methods. The disadvantage of this protocol is that a suspension of single cells is needed, which results in the loss of location information provided by the staining of tissue sections. This approach may also require the inclusion of additional markers to identify different cell types in crude cell suspensions. The application of this protocol is evident in the analysis of hyperplastic skin disease models. Moreover, this protocol can be adapted for the analysis of specific sub-type of cells (e.g., stem cells) by the addition of lineage-specific antibodies. This protocol can also be adapted for the analysis of skin cells in other experimental species.

This protocol describes how to isolate skin keratinocytes from mouse models, to stain with metal-tagged antibodies, and to analyze stained cells by mass cytometry in order to profile the expression pattern of proteins of interest in the different cell cycle phases.

The goal of this protocol is to detect and quantify protein expression changes in a cell cycle-dependent manner using single cells isolated from the ...

Establishing a High Throughput Epidermal Spheroid Culture System to Model Keratinocyte Stem Cell Plasticity

Epithelial dysregulation is a node for a variety of human conditions and ailments, including chronic wounding, inflammation, and over 80% of all human cancers. As a lining tissue, the skin epithelium is often subject to injury and has evolutionarily adapted by acquiring the cellular plasticity necessary to repair damaged tissue. Over the years, several efforts have been made to study epithelial plasticity using in&#160;vitro and ex vivo cell-based models. However, these efforts have been limited in their capacity to recapitulate the various phases of epithelial cell plasticity. We describe here a protocol for generating 3D epidermal spheroids and epidermal spheroid-derived cells from primary neonatal human keratinocytes. This protocol outlines the capacity of epidermal spheroid cultures to functionally model distinct stages of keratinocyte generative plasticity and demonstrates that epidermal spheroid re-plating can enrich heterogenous normal human keratinocytes (NHKc) cultures for integrin&#945;6hi/EGFRlo keratinocyte subpopulations with enhanced stem-like characteristics. Our report describes the development and maintenance of a high throughput system for the study of skin keratinocyte plasticity and epidermal regeneration.

Here we describe a protocol for the systematic cultivation of epidermal spheroids in 3D suspension culture. This protocol has wide-ranging applications for use in a variety of epithelial tissue types and for the modeling of several human diseases and conditions.

Epithelial dysregulation is a node for a variety of human conditions and ailments, including chronic wounding, inflammation, and over 80% of all human ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Epithelial Stem Cells from Human Skin

The homeostasis of all self-renewing tissues is dependent on adult stem cells. As undifferentiated stem cells undergo asymmetric divisions, they generate daughter cells that retain the stem cell phenotype and transit-amplifying cells (TA cells) that migrate from the stem cell niche, undergo rapid proliferation and terminally differentiate to repopulate the tissue.
Epithelial stem cells have been identified in the epidermis, hair follicle, and intestine as cells with a high in vitro proliferative potential and as slow-cycling label-retaining cells in vivo 1-3. Adult, tissue-specific stem cells are responsible for the regeneration of the tissues in which they reside during normal physiologic turnover as well as during times of stress 4-5. Moreover, stem cells are generally considered to be multi-potent, possessing the capacity to give rise to multiple cell types within the tissue 6. For example, rodent hair follicle stem cells can generate epidermis, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles 7-9. We have shown that stem cells from the human hair follicle bulge region exhibit multi-potentiality 10.
Stem cells have become a valuable tool in biomedical research, due to their utility as an in vitro system for studying developmental biology, differentiation, tumorigenesis and for their possible therapeutic utility. It is likely that adult epithelial stem cells will be useful in the treatment of diseases such as ectodermal dysplasias, monilethrix, Netherton syndrome, Menkes disease, hereditary epidermolysis bullosa and alopecias 11-13. Additionally, other skin problems such as burn wounds, chronic wounds and ulcers will benefit from stem cell related therapies 14,15. Given the potential for reprogramming of adult cells into a pluripotent state (iPS cells)16,17, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin may provide a valuable source of cells for induction and downstream therapy for a wide range of disease including diabetes and Parkinson's disease.

A rapid, robust way of isolating viable adult epithelial stem cells from human skin is described. The method utilizes enzymatic digestion of skin collagen matrix , followed by plucking of hair follicles and isolation of single cell suspensions or tissue fragments for cell culture.

The homeostasis of all self-renewing tissues is dependent on adult stem cells. As undifferentiated stem cells undergo asymmetric divisions, they generate ...

Isolation, Culture, and Characterization of Primary Schwann Cells, Keratinocytes, and Fibroblasts from Human Foreskin

This protocol describes isolation methods, culturing conditions, and characterization of human primary cells with high yield and viability using rapid enzymatic dissociation of skin. Primary keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and Schwann cells are all harvested from the human newborn foreskin, which is available following standard of care procedures. The removed skin is disinfected, and the subcutaneous fat and muscle are removed using a scalpel. The method consists of enzymatic and mechanical separation of epidermal and dermal layers, followed by additional enzymatic digestion to obtain single-cell suspensions from each of these skin layers. Finally, single cells are grown in appropriate cell culture media following standard cell culture protocols to maintain growth and viability over weeks. Together, this simple protocol allows isolation, culturing, and characterization of all three cell types from a single piece of skin for in vitro evaluation of skin-nerve models. Additionally, these cells can be used together in co-cultures to gauge their effects on each other and their responses to in vitro trauma in the form of scratches performed robotically in the culture associated with wound healing.

The study of wound healing associated with musculoskeletal injury often requires the assessment of in vitro interactions between Schwann cells (SCs), keratinocytes, and fibroblasts. This protocol describes the isolation, culturing, and characterization of these primary cells from the human foreskin.

This protocol describes isolation methods, culturing conditions, and characterization of human primary cells with high yield and viability using rapid ...

Neuroscience

Isolation and Culture of Primary Mouse Keratinocytes from Neonatal and Adult Mouse Skin

The keratinocyte (KC) is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epidermal KCs play a critical role in providing skin defense by forming an intact skin barrier against environmental insults, such as UVB irradiation or pathogens, and also by initiating an inflammatory response upon those insults. Here we describe methods to isolate KCs from neonatal mouse skin and from adult mouse tail skin. We also describe culturing conditions using defined growth supplements (dGS) in comparison to chelexed fetal bovine serum (cFBS). Functionally, we show that both neonatal and adult KCs are highly responsive to high calcium-induced terminal differentiation, tight junction formation and stratification. Additionally, cultured adult KCs are susceptible to UVB-triggered cell death and can release large amounts of TNF upon UVB irradiation. Together, the methods described here will be useful to researchers for the setup of in vitro models to study epidermal biology in the neonatal mouse and/or the adult mouse.

Epidermal keratinocytes form a functional skin barrier and are positioned at the front line of host defense against external environmental insults. Here we describe methods for isolation and primary culture of epidermal keratinocytes from neonatal and adult mouse skin, and induction of terminal differentiation and UVB-triggered inflammatory response from keratinocytes.

The keratinocyte (KC) is the predominant cell type in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epidermal KCs play a critical role in providing skin ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Oral Keratinocytes from the Adult Mouse Palate

For years, most studies involving keratinocytes have been conducted using human and mouse skin epidermal keratinocytes. Recently, oral keratinocytes have attracted attention because of their unique function and characteristics. They maintain the homeostasis of the oral epithelium and serve as resources for applications in regenerative therapies. However, in vitro studies that use oral primary keratinocytes from adult mice have been limited due to the lack of an efficient and well-established culture protocol. Here, oral primary keratinocytes were isolated from the palate tissues of adult mice and cultured in a commercial low-calcium medium supplemented with a chelexed-serum. Under these conditions, keratinocytes were maintained in a proliferative or stem cell-like state, and their differentiation was inhibited even after increased passages. Marker expression analysis showed that the cultured oral keratinocytes expressed the basal cell markers p63, K14, and &#945;6-integrin and were negative for the differentiation marker K13 and the fibroblast marker PDGFR&#945;. This method produced viable and culturable cells suitable for downstream applications in the study of oral epithelial stem cell functions in vitro.

The present protocol describes the isolation and culture of oral keratinocytes derived from the adult mouse palate. An evaluation method using immunostaining is also reported.

For years, most studies involving keratinocytes have been conducted using human and mouse skin epidermal keratinocytes. Recently, oral keratinocytes have ...

Keratinocyte Colony Formation Assay: An In Vitro Assay to Assess the Ability of Keratinocytes to Grow into Colonies

Source: Morris, R. J. et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/v/58701"> Isolation of Mouse Epidermal Keratinocytes and Their In Vitro Clonogenic Culture</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
In this video, we perform a clonogenic assay of keratinocytes harvested from adult mice to determine the ability of individual cells to proliferate and form colonies. This keratinocyte harvesting technique is useful for studying other downstream aspects of cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis and tumor promotion.

Source: Morris, R. J. et al.  Isolation of Mouse Epidermal Keratinocytes and Their In Vitro Clonogenic Culture. J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
In this video, we ...