Name: using a bacterial pathogen to probe for cellular and organismic-level host responses
Uploaded: 2019-02-22T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses at JoVE.com

Mice were treated humanely in accordance with all appropriate government guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health and their use was approved for this entire study by the University of Miami Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol 16-053).
1. Preparing Cells for Infection
<ol>
	<li>Propagate mouse macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7 in DMEM tissue culture media supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (henceforth referred to as DME...

<ol>
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Due to its rapid and processive cellular infection program, Lm is an ideal pathogen to probe cellular activities that impact infection. A number of host factors have been identified that either positively or negatively affect Lm cellular infection11,12,13,14. Two such host factors characterized in our laboratory, Perforin-2 and the Heme Regulated Inhibitor (P2 and hI), regulat...

Infection-based experimental models are inherently challenging due to their dependence on the starting state conditions of the host and pathogen, the various pathogen infection strategies, and the difficulty of attributing pathogen- and host-driven processes based on outcomes. The bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) has become an ideal pathogen to probe host defense responses because of its genetic and microbiological tractability, its rapid and processive cellular infection strategy, and the relatively clear relationship between its cellular- and organismic-level infection phenotypes. The cellular infection of Lm proceeds through four distinct phases1: (i) cellular invasion that concludes with Lm being enclosed within a vacuole; (ii) Lm-directed dissolution of the vacuole membrane and release of Lm into the cytosol; (iii) intracytosolic replication; and (iv) physical penetration of the plasma membrane that results in either the infection of directly adjacent cells (such as in an epithelial sheet) or, in solitary cells, release of Lm into the extracellular milieu. Each of these phases are promoted by specific Lm-encoded factors (referred to as &#39;virulence factors&#39;) that, when deleted, cause infection defects in both cellular and animal models. This general infection strategy has been independently evolved by a number of the so-called &#39;cytosolic&#39; pathogens2.
Colony-forming unit (CFU) assays are widely employed to evaluate both in vitro (i.e., cellular) as well as in vivo (i.e., organismic) infection outcomes. In addition to their high sensitivity, particularly for in vivo infections, CFU assays provide an unambiguous readout for pathogen invasion and intracellular survival/proliferation. CFU assays have been extensively used to analyze both Lm and host cell determinants that impact infection. As informative as these prior studies have been to analyze cellular invasion and intracytosolic replication, CFU assays have not, to the best of our knowledge, been used to track the fourth phase of the Lm infection process: cellular escape. Here, we describe relatively simple means of how cellular escape (hereafter referred to as &#39;emergence&#39;) can be monitored by CFU assay (as well as by flow cytometry) and show examples of how both pathogen- and host-encoded factors regulate this phase of the Lm infection cycle. The analysis of the terminal phase of the cellular Lm infection cycle may make it possible to identify additional pathogen and host cell infection-specific factors and activities.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ACK Lysing Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1049201</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) broth</td>
			<td>EMD Milipore</td>
			<td>110493</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cell Strainer, 70 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">VWR</td>
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			<td>11965-092</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FACS tubes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352054</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FBS - Heat Inactivated&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4135-500ML</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hanks&#8217; Balanced Salt solution</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H6648-6X500ML</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">LB agar</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Grow Cells MS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MBPE-4040</td>
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			<td>R415</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SP6800 Spectral Analyzer</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Syringe 28G 1/2&#34; 1cc</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">329461</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">TPP Tissue Culture 48 Well Plates&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">MIDSCI</td>
			<td>TP92048</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">TPP Tissue Culture 6 Well Plates&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">MIDSCI</td>
			<td>TP92406</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">UltraComp eBeads</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">eBioscience</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Antigen</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD11b&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Flurochrome = PE Cy5, Dilution = 1/100, Clone = M1/70</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD11c</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Flurochrome = AF 647, Dilution = 1/100, Clone = N418</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">CD45</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Flurochrome = APC Cy7, Dilution = 1/100, Clone = 30-F11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">F4/80</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Flurochrome = PE, Dilution = 1/100, Clone = BM8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Live/Dead</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Flurochrome = AmCyN, Dilution = 1/100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ly6C</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Flurochrome = PacBlue, Dilution = 1/200, Clone = HK1.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MHC II</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Flurochrome = AF 700, Dilution = 1/200, Clone = M5/114.15.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">NK 1.1</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Flurochrome = BV 605, Dilution = 1/100, Clone = PK136</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using a bacterial pathogen to probe for cellular and organismic-level host responses

There are a variety of strategies bacterial pathogens employ to survive and proliferate once inside the eukaryotic cell. The so-called 'cytosolic' pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Francisella tularensis, and Rickettsia spp.) gain access to the infected cell cytosol by physically and enzymatically degrading the primary vacuolar membrane. Once in the cytosol, these pathogens both proliferate as well as generate sufficient mechanical forces to penetrate the plasma membrane of the host cell in order to infect new cells. Here, we show how this terminal step of the cellular infection cycle of L. monocytogenes (Lm) can be quantified by both colony-forming unit assays and flow cytometry and give examples of how both pathogen- and host-encoded factors impact this process. We also show a close correspondence of Lm infection dynamics of cultured cells infected in vitro and those of hepatic cells derived from mice infected in vivo. These function-based assays are relatively simple and can be readily scaled up for discovery-based high-throughput screens for modulators of eukaryotic cell function.

Assessing the role of pathogen and host-encoded factors impacting cellular infection 
Using the infection conditions described above, 0.15% of the input wild-type Lm is recovered after 1.5 h of co-incubation with cultured macrophages (Figure 1A). In the subsequent 1.5 h of co-incubation (3 h post infection, hpi), there was a 4-fold increase in recovery of viable Lm and from 3 to 6 hpi there was an addit...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses at JoVE.com

Using a Bacterial Pathogen to Probe for Cellular and Organismic-level Host Responses

We describe both in vitro and in vivo infection assays that can be used to analyze the activities of host-encoding factors.

There are a variety of strategies bacterial pathogens employ to survive and proliferate once inside the eukaryotic cell. The so-called 'cytosolic' ...

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