Name: a reliable and reproducible critical-sized segmental femoral defect model in rats stabilized with a custom external fixator
Uploaded: 2019-03-24T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator at JoVE.com

This work was supported by an NIH Equipment Grant 1S10OD023676-01 with additional support provided through the University of Wisconsin&#8217;s Departments of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation and School of Medicine and Public Health. We wish to acknowledge the UW&#8217;s Carbone Cancer Center Support Grant P30 CA014520 and use of their Small Animal Imaging Facility, as well as NIH Training Grant 5T35OD011078-08 for support of H. Martin. We also thank Michael and Mary Sue Shannon for their support of the Musculoskeletal Regeneration Partnership.

The rats used in this study received daily care in accordance with the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition16. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Wisconsin-Madison evaluated and approved this experimental protocol before the project began.
1. Animals
<ol>
	<li>Use the outbred Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing approximately 350 g.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (rh...

<ol>
	<li>Filipowska, J., Tomaszewski, K. A., Nied&#378;wiedzki, &. #. 3. 2. 1. ;., Walocha, J. A., Nied&#378;wiedzki, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+vasculature+in+bone+development,+regeneration+and+proper+systemic+functioning.">The role of vasculature in bone development, regeneration and proper systemic functioning.</a> Angiogenesis. 20 (3), 291-302 (2017).</li><li>Charalambous, C. P., Akimau, P., Wilkes, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybrid+monolateral-ring+fixator+for+bone+transport+in+post-traumatic+femoral+segmental+defect:+A+technical+note.">Hybrid monolateral-ring fixator for bone transport in post-traumatic femoral segmental defect: A technical note.</a> Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 129 (2), 225-226 (2009).</li><li>Xing, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+a+bilateral+femoral+large+segmental+bone+defect+mouse+model+potentially+applicable+to+basic+research+in+bone+tissue+engineering.">Establishment of a bilateral femoral large segmental bone defect mouse model potentially applicable to basic research in bone tissue engineering.</a> The Journal of Surgical Research. 192 (2), 454-463 (2014).</li><li>Chadayammuri, V., Hake, M., Mauffrey, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innovative+strategies+for+the+management+of+long+bone+infection:+A+review+of+the+Masquelet+technique.">Innovative strategies for the management of long bone infection: A review of the Masquelet technique.</a> Patient Safety in Surgery. 9 (32), (2015).</li><li>Koettstorfer, J., Hofbauer, M., Wozasek, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Successful+limb+salvage+using+the+two-staged+technique+with+internal+fixation+after+osteodistraction+in+an+effort+to+treat+large+segmental+bone+defects+in+the+lower+extremity.">Successful limb salvage using the two-staged technique with internal fixation after osteodistraction in an effort to treat large segmental bone defects in the lower extremity.</a> Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 132 (19), 1399-1405 (2012).</li><li>Fragomen, A. T., Rozbruch, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanics+of+external+fixation.">The mechanics of external fixation.</a> The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery. 3 (1), 13-29 (2007).</li><li>O&#8217;Toole, R. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+prospective+randomized+trial+to+assess+fixation+strategies+for+severe+open+tibia+fractures:+Modern+ring+external+fixators+versus+internal+fixation+(FIXIT+Study).">A prospective randomized trial to assess fixation strategies for severe open tibia fractures: Modern ring external fixators versus internal fixation (FIXIT Study).</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 31, S10-S17 (2017).</li><li>F&#252;rmetz, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+transport+for+limb+reconstruction+following+severe+tibial+fractures.">Bone transport for limb reconstruction following severe tibial fractures.</a> Orthopedic Reviews. 8 (1), 6384 (2016).</li><li>Dohin, B., Kohler, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Masquelet&#8217;s+procedure+and+bone+morphogenetic+protein+in+congenital+pseudarthrosis+of+the+tibia+in+children:+A+case+series+and+meta-analysis.">Masquelet&#8217;s procedure and bone morphogenetic protein in congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia in children: A case series and meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Children's Orthopaedics. 6 (4), 297-306 (2012).</li><li>Einhorn, T. A., Gerstenfeld, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fracture+healing:+Mechanisms+and+interventions.">Fracture healing: Mechanisms and interventions.</a> Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 11, 45-54 (2015).</li><li>Pascher, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+delivery+to+cartilage+defects+using+coagulated+bone+marrow+aspirate.">Gene delivery to cartilage defects using coagulated bone marrow aspirate.</a> Gene Therapy. 11 (2), 133-141 (2004).</li><li>Glatt, V., Matthys, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adjustable+stiffness,+external+fixator+for+the+rat+femur+osteotomy+and+segmental+bone+defect+models.">Adjustable stiffness, external fixator for the rat femur osteotomy and segmental bone defect models.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (92), (2014).</li><li>Betz, O. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+percutaneous+gene+delivery+to+enhance+healing+of+segmental+bone+defects.">Direct percutaneous gene delivery to enhance healing of segmental bone defects.</a> The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 88 (2), 355-365 (2006).</li><li>Fang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulation+of+new+bone+formation+by+direct+transfer+of+osteogenic+plasmid+genes.">Stimulation of new bone formation by direct transfer of osteogenic plasmid genes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (12), 5753-5758 (1996).</li><li>Kaspar, K., Schell, H., Toben, D., Matziolis, G., Bail, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+easily+reproducible+and+biomechanically+standardized+model+to+investigate+bone+healing+in+rats,+using+external+fixation.">An easily reproducible and biomechanically standardized model to investigate bone healing in rats, using external fixation.</a> Biomedizinische Technik. 52 (6), 383-390 (2007).</li><li>Leary, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AVMA+guidelines+for+the+euthanasia+of+animals:+2013+edition.">AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2013 edition.</a> American Veterinary Medical Association. , (2013).</li><li>McKay, W. F., Peckham, S. M., Badura, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive+clinical+review+of+recombinant+human+bone+morphogenetic+protein-2+(INFUSE+Bone+Graft).">A comprehensive clinical review of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (INFUSE Bone Graft).</a> International Orthopaedics. 31 (6), 729-734 (2007).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Living lmage Software. , (2006).</li><li>Bassett, J. H. D., Van Der Spek, A., Gogakos, A., Williams, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+X-ray+imaging+of+rodent+bone+by+faxitron.">Quantitative X-ray imaging of rodent bone by faxitron.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. , 499-506 (2012).</li><li>Histing, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+bone+healing+models:+Standards,+tips,+and+pitfalls+results+of+a+consensus+meeting.">Small animal bone healing models: Standards, tips, and pitfalls results of a consensus meeting.</a> Bone. 49 (4), 591-599 (2011).</li><li>Lieberman, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+regional+gene+therapy+with+bone+morphogenetic+protein-2-producing+bone-marrow+cells+on+the+repair+of+segmental+femoral+defects+in+rats.">The effect of regional gene therapy with bone morphogenetic protein-2-producing bone-marrow cells on the repair of segmental femoral defects in rats.</a> The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 81 (7), 905-917 (1999).</li><li>Tsuchida, H., Hashimoto, J., Crawford, E., Manske, P., Lou, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineered+allogeneic+mesenchymal+stem+cells+repair+femoral+segmental+defect+in+rats.">Engineered allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells repair femoral segmental defect in rats.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 21 (1), 44-53 (2003).</li><li>Jiang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+standardized+massive+bone+defect+model+in+rats+employing+an+internal+eight-hole+stainless+steel+plate+for+bone+tissue+engineering.">Novel standardized massive bone defect model in rats employing an internal eight-hole stainless steel plate for bone tissue engineering.</a> Journal of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. 12 (4), 2162-2171 (2018).</li><li>Baltzer, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+enhancement+of+fracture+repair:+Healing+of+an+experimental+segmental+defect+by+adenoviral+transfer+of+the+BMP-2+gene.">Genetic enhancement of fracture repair: Healing of an experimental segmental defect by adenoviral transfer of the BMP-2 gene.</a> Gene Therapy. 7 (9), 734-739 (2000).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+defect+animal+models+for+testing+efficacy+of+bone+substitute+biomaterials.">Bone defect animal models for testing efficacy of bone substitute biomaterials.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Translation. 3 (3), 95-104 (2015).</li></ol>

Small animal models of orthopedic injuries such as complete bone fractures enable research that explores the mechanisms of osteogenesis and assessing the therapeutic potential of biomaterials20. This study introduces a rat segmental defect model stabilized by a custom external fixator that a lab and biomedical engineering team can readily reproduce for further studies of load-bearing osteosynthetic bone repair.
Previous studies using critical-sized defects in rat models...

Orthopedic trauma surgery focuses on treating a wide range of complex fractures. Critical diaphyseal segmental bone defects have proven difficult to treat clinically due to the decreased regenerative ability of the surrounding muscle and periosteum as well as the failure of localized angiogenesis1. Modern treatment techniques include operative fixation with bone grafting, delayed bone (Masquelet) grafting, bone transport, fusion, or amputation2,3,4. In most patients who have ambulatory function preserved after their trauma, with well-functioning distal limbs, limb salvage is clearly a better treatment option5. These salvage treatments often require staged surgical interventions over a long treatment course. Some authors have suggested that external fixation is superior as compared to the internal fixation for these applications due to the decreased tissue damage during implantation, decreased implanted surface area, and increased postoperative adjustability of the fixator6. However, a prospective randomized controlled trial is currently underway to help clarify this controversy of internal versus external fixation in severe open fractures of the tibia7. Unfortunately, with either treatment selected, significant complication and failure rates persist8,9. With either treatment method, with respect to the segmental bone loss, the surgeon must contend with segmental diaphyseal defects that present significant challenges. Corrections of segmental defects must maximize bone stabilization and simultaneously enhance the osteogenic process10,11.
Due to the clinical importance, yet the lower volume, of critical-sized diaphyseal segmental defects, an effective, reproducible animal model is necessary to enable research teams to advance treatment techniques and ultimately improve clinical outcomes. Researchers need to study in vivo physiologic healing mechanisms in a mammalian animal model. While such models of external fixation already exist12,13,14,15, we hope to provide a more reliable method for non-unions in the untreated animals, decrease costs through the choice of affordable fixator materials, and outline a straightforward surgical protocol for the easy application to future studies. The primary goal of this protocol is to establish a reliable and reproducible model of a critical diaphyseal defect in rats. The procedure was evaluated by assessing the stabilization and bone healing in rat femurs over 12 weeks. The secondary goals included: making an affordable model as a cost effective as possible, simplifying the surgical approach and stabilization, and ensuring ethical care of the animals. The authors and research team conducted preliminary experiments with a range of different biomaterials and potential regenerative therapies to improve healing in this segmental defect.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% Sterile Saline</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>2F7124</td>
			<td>Used for irrigating wound and rehydration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Iodine/Povidone</td>
			<td>Carefusion</td>
			<td>1215016</td>
			<td>Used to prep skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Neutral Buffered Formalin</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>89370094</td>
			<td>Used as fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1mm non-threaded kirschner wire</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td>VW1003.15</td>
			<td>Sterilized, used for the most proximal pin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1mm threaded kirschner wire</td>
			<td>DePuy Synthes</td>
			<td>VW1005.15</td>
			<td>Sterilized, used for the 3 most distal pin slots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2x2 gauze</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>4006130</td>
			<td>Sterilized, used to prep skin and absorb blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 Vicryl Suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>4015304</td>
			<td>Used to close muscle and skin layers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-40 x 0.25&#34;,18-8 stainless steel button head cap screws</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>External fixator assembly</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4200 Cordless Driver</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>OR-S-4200</td>
			<td>Used to drill kirschner wires</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4x4 gauze</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>1219158</td>
			<td>Sterilized, used to absorb blood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 % Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to prep skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Baytril</td>
			<td>Bayer Healthcare LLC, Animal health division</td>
			<td>312.10010.3</td>
			<td>Added to water as an antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cefazolin</td>
			<td>Hikma Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>8917156</td>
			<td>Pre-op antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CleanCap Gaussia Luciferase mRNA (5moU)</td>
			<td>TriLink Biotechnologies</td>
			<td>L-7205</td>
			<td>Modified mRNA encoding for Gaussia Luciferase, keep on ice during use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coelenterazine native</td>
			<td>NanoLight Technology</td>
			<td>303</td>
			<td>Substrate for Guassia Luciferase, used to assess luciferase activity in vivo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double antibiotic ointment</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson consumer Inc</td>
			<td>8975432</td>
			<td>Applied to pin sites post-op as wound care</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual Cut Microblade</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>5400-003-410</td>
			<td>Used to create 5mm defect in femur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP120-500</td>
			<td>Used to decalcify bone to prep for histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extended Release Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>ZooPharm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used as 3 day pain relief</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fenestrated drapes</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1204025</td>
			<td>Used to establish sterile field</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Handpiece cord for TPS</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>OR-S-5100-4N</td>
			<td>Used to create 5mm defect in femur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>K&#38;H Pet Products</td>
			<td>121239</td>
			<td>Rat body temperature maintenance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexagonal head screwdriver</td>
			<td>Wiha</td>
			<td>263/1/16 &#34; X 50</td>
			<td>External fixator tightening</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Induction chamber</td>
			<td>Generic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Anesthesia for rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infuse collagen sponge with recombinant human Bone Morphogenic Protein-2</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>7510200</td>
			<td>Clinically relevant treatment used as positive control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Clipper</td>
			<td>10250</td>
			<td>Anesthesia for rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>124262</td>
			<td>Bioluminescence imaging modality</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jig</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to place bicortical pins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine MessengerMAX</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>LMRNA003</td>
			<td>mRNA complexing agent that enables mRNA delivery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sensorcaine-MPF (Bupivicane (0.25%) and Epinephrine (1:200,000))</td>
			<td>APP Pharmaceuticals, LLC</td>
			<td>NDC 63323-468-37</td>
			<td>Applied to surgical site for pain relief and vasoconstriction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile water</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td>8904653</td>
			<td>Used as solvent for cefazolin powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium external fixator plates</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepared in house with scrap titanium and milling machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Total Performance System (TPS) Console</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>OR-S-5100-1</td>
			<td>Used to create 5mm defect in femur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TPS MicroSaggital Saw</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>OR-S-5100-34</td>
			<td>Used to create 5mm defect in femur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrafocus Faxitron with DXA</td>
			<td>Faxitron</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>High resolution radiographic imaging modality</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uniprim rat diet</td>
			<td>Envigo</td>
			<td>TD.06596</td>
			<td>Medicated rat diet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal Handswitch for TPS</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>OR-S-5100-9</td>
			<td>Used to create 5mm defect in femur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vetbond Tissue Adhesive</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1469</td>
			<td>Skin closure</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a reliable and reproducible critical-sized segmental femoral defect model in rats stabilized with a custom external fixator

Orthopedic research relies heavily on animal models to study mechanisms of bone healing in vivo as well as investigate the new treatment techniques. Critical-sized segmental defects are challenging to treat clinically, and research efforts could benefit from a reliable, ambulatory small animal model of a segmental femoral defect. In this study, we present an optimized surgical protocol for the consistent and reproducible creation of a 5 mm critical diaphyseal defect in a rat femur stabilized with an external fixator. The diaphyseal ostectomy was performed using a custom jig to place 4 Kirschner wires bicortically, which were stabilized with an adapted external fixator device. An oscillating bone saw was used to create the defect. Either a collagen sponge alone or a collagen sponge soaked in rhBMP-2 was implanted into the defect, and the bone healing was monitored over 12 weeks using radiographs. After 12 weeks, rats were sacrificed, and histological analysis was performed on the excised control and treated femurs. Bone defects containing only collagen sponge resulted in non-union, while rhBMP-2 treatment yielded the formation of a periosteal callous and new bone remodeling. Animals recovered well after implantation, and external fixation proved successful in stabilizing the femoral defects over 12 weeks. This streamlined surgical model could be readily applied to study bone healing and test new orthopedic biomaterials and regenerative therapies in vivo.

Surgeries were performed in approximately one hour by one surgeon with the help of one assistant. After surgical optimization, intra- and postoperative complications were greatly minimized and use of the jig apparatus ensured consistent size (5 x 3 x 3 mm) and localization of femoral defects. Rats were ambulatory immediately following recovery from anesthesia and did not appear to have any altered behavioral patterns; their gait was not antalgic, and they did not appear to be disturbed by...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator at JoVE.com

A Reliable and Reproducible Critical-Sized Segmental Femoral Defect Model in Rats Stabilized with a Custom External Fixator

In vivo mammalian models of critical-sized bone defects are essential for researchers studying healing mechanisms and orthopedic therapies. Here, we introduce a protocol for the creation of reproducible, segmental, femoral defects in rats stabilized using external fixation.

Orthopedic research relies heavily on animal models to study mechanisms of bone healing in vivo as well as investigate the new treatment techniques. ...

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Microcontact printing provides a rapid, highly reproducible method for the creation of well-defined patterned substrates.1  While microcontact printing ...

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and ...

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

A Full Skin Defect Model to Evaluate Vascularization of Biomaterials In Vivo

Insufficient vascularization is considered to be one of the main factors limiting the clinical success of tissue-engineered constructs. In order to ...

Custom-designed Laser-based Heating Apparatus for Triggered Release of Cisplatin from Thermosensitive Liposomes with Magnetic Resonance Image Guidance

Liposomes have been employed as drug delivery systems to target solid tumors through exploitation of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect ...

Method and Instrumented Fixture for Femoral Fracture Testing in a Sideways Fall-on-the-Hip Position

Mechanical testing of femora brings valuable insights into understanding the contribution of clinically-measureable variables such as bone mineral density ...

An Efficient and Reproducible Protocol for Distraction Osteogenesis in a Rat Model Leading to a Functional Regenerated Femur

This protocol describes the use of a newly developed external fixator for distraction osteogenesis in a rat femoral model. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) ...

Fabrication of Custom Agarose Wells for Cell Seeding and Tissue Ring Self-assembly Using 3D-Printed Molds

Engineered tissues are being used clinically for tissue repair and replacement, and are being developed as tools for drug screening and human disease ...

Perfusable Vascular Network with a Tissue Model in a Microfluidic Device

A spheroid (a multicellular aggregate) is regarded as a good model of living tissues in the human body. Despite the significant advancement in the ...

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Regulation of chromatin compaction is an important process that governs gene expression in higher eukaryotes. Although chromatin compaction and gene ...

A Tripeptide-Stabilized Nanoemulsion of Oleic Acid

We describe a method to produce a nanoemulsion composed of an oleic acids-Pt(II) core and a lysine-tyrosine-phenylalanine (KYF) coating (KYF-Pt-NE). The ...