Name: studying normal tissue radiation effects using extracellular matrix hydrogels
Uploaded: 2019-07-24T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Normal Tissue Radiation Effects using Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels at JoVE.com

The authors thank Dr. Laura L. Bronsart for providing the GFP- and luciferase-4T1 cells, Dr. Edward L. LaGory for advice on 1-([4-(Xylylazo)xylyl]azo)-2-naphthol staining, Dr. Craig L. Duvall for IVIS and lyophilizer use, and Dr. Scott A. Guelcher for rheometer use. This research was financially supported by NIH grant #R00CA201304.

Animal studies were performed in accordance with institutional guidelines and protocols approved by the Vanderbilt University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
1. Preparation and ex vivo irradiation of MFPs
<ol>
	<li>Sacrifice athymic Nu/Nu mice (8&#8211;10 weeks) using CO&#173;2 asphyxiation followed by cervical dislocation.</li>
	<li>Clean the skin using 70% ethanol.</li>
	<li>Collect mammary fat pads (MFPs) from sacrificed mice using pre-sterilized scissors and force...

<ol>
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Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+matrix+arrays+for+high+throughput+screening+and+systems+analysis+of+cell+function.">Tissue matrix arrays for high throughput screening and systems analysis of cell function.</a> Nature Methods. 12 (12), 1197-1204 (2015).</li><li>Tian, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ-specific+metastases+obtained+by+culturing+colorectal+cancer+cells+on+tissue-specific+decellularized+scaffolds.">Organ-specific metastases obtained by culturing colorectal cancer cells on tissue-specific decellularized scaffolds.</a> Nature Biomedical Engineering. 2 (6), 443-452 (2018).</li><li>Saldin, L. T., Cramer, M. C., Velankar, S. S., White, L. J., Badylak, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+matrix+hydrogels+from+decellularized+tissues:+Structure+and+function.">Extracellular matrix hydrogels from decellularized tissues: Structure and function.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 49, 1-15 (2017).</li><li>Hinderer, S., Layland, S. L., Schenke-Layland, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ECM+and+ECM-like+materials+&#8212;+Biomaterials+for+applications+in+regenerative+medicine+and+cancer+therapy.">ECM and ECM-like materials &#8212; Biomaterials for applications in regenerative medicine and cancer therapy.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 97, 260-269 (2016).</li><li>Young, D. A., Ibrahim, D. O., Hu, D., Christman, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Injectable+hydrogel+scaffold+from+decellularized+human+lipoaspirate.">Injectable hydrogel scaffold from decellularized human lipoaspirate.</a> Acta Biomaterialia. 7 (3), 1040-1049 (2011).</li><li>Singelyn, J. M., Christman, K. L., Littlefield, R. B., Schup-Magoffin, P. J., DeQuach, J. A., Seif-Naraghi, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naturally+derived+myocardial+matrix+as+an+injectable+scaffold+for+cardiac+tissue+engineering.">Naturally derived myocardial matrix as an injectable scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering.</a> Biomaterials. 30 (29), 5409-5416 (2009).</li><li>Pouliot, R. 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N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Three+Methods+for+the+Derivation+of+a+Biologic+Scaffold+Composed+of+Adipose+Tissue+Extracellular+Matrix.">Comparison of Three Methods for the Derivation of a Biologic Scaffold Composed of Adipose Tissue Extracellular Matrix.</a> Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods. 17 (4), 411-421 (2011).</li><li>Link, P. A., Pouliot, R. A., Mikhaiel, N. S., Young, B. M., Heise, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tunable+Hydrogels+from+Pulmonary+Extracellular+Matrix+for+3D+Cell+Culture.">Tunable Hydrogels from Pulmonary Extracellular Matrix for 3D Cell Culture.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (119), 1-9 (2017).</li><li>Massensini, A. 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This method of hydrogel formation is largely dependent on the amount of starting tissue. Murine MFPs are small, and the decellularization process results in a significant reduction of material (Table 1). The process can be repeated with more MFPs to increase final yield. Milling is another important step that may lead to loss of material. Others have shown success with a cryogenic mill, but this protocol is based on milling via a handheld mortar and electric drill with a pestle attachment<sup class="xref...

Cancer is characterized by excess proliferation of cells that can evade apoptosis and also metastasize to distant sites1. Breast cancer is one of the most common forms among females in the US, with an estimated 266,000 new cases and 40,000 deaths in 20182. A particularly aggressive and difficult to treat subtype is triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lacks estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor (HER2). Radiation therapy is commonly used in breast cancer to eliminate residual tumor cells following lumpectomy, but over 13% of TNBC patients still experience recurrence at the primary tumor site3.
It is known that radiation therapy is effective in mitigating metastasis and recurrence because the combination of lumpectomy and radiation results in the same long-term survival as mastectomy4. However, it has recently been shown that radiation treatment is associated with local recurrence to the primary tumor site in immunocompromised settings5,6. Also, it is well known that radiation changes the extracellular matrix (ECM) of normal tissue by inducing fibrosis7. Therefore, it is important to understand the role of radiation-induced ECM changes in dictating tumor cell behavior.
Decellularized tissues have been used as in vitro models to study disease8,9. These decellularized tissues preserve ECM composition and recapitulate the complex in vivo ECM. This decellularized tissue ECM can be further processed and digested to form reconstituted ECM hydrogels that can be used to study cell growth and function10,11. For example, injectable hydrogels derived from decellularized human lipoaspirate and from myocardial tissue served as non-invasive methods of tissue engineering, and a hydrogel derived from porcine lung tissue was utilized as an in vitro method of testing mesenchymal stem cell attachment and viability12,13,14. The effect of normal tissue radiation damage on ECM properties, however, has not been investigated.
Hydrogels derived from ECM have the greatest potential for in vitro study of in vivo phenomena. Several other materials have been studied, including collagen, fibrin, and matrigel, but it is difficult to synthetically recapitulate the composition of the ECM13. An advantage of using ECM-derived hydrogels is that the ECM contains the necessary proteins and growth factors for a particular tissue14,15. Irradiation of normal tissue during lumpectomy causes significant changes to the ECM, and ECM-derived hydrogels can be used to study this effect in vitro. This method could lead to more complex and more accurate in vitro models of disease.
In this study, we subjected murine mammary fat pads (MFPs) to radiation ex vivo. The MFPs were decellularized and made into pre-gel solution. Hydrogels were formed with embedded 4T1 cells, a murine TNBC cell line. The rheological properties of the hydrogel material were examined, and tumor cell dynamics were evaluated within the hydrogels. Hydrogels fabricated from irradiated MFPs enhanced tumor cell proliferation. Future studies will incorporate other cell types to study cell-cell interactions in the context of cancer recurrence following therapy.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Neutral Buffered Formalin, Cube with Spigot</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>16004-128</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-methylbutane</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>19387</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AR 2000ex Rheometer</td>
			<td>TA Instruments</td>
			<td>10D4335</td>
			<td>rheometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A1933-25G</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>calcein acetoxymethyl (calcein AM)</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes, Inc.</td>
			<td>C1430</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Luciferin Firefly, potassium salt</td>
			<td>Biosynth Chemistry &#38; Biology</td>
			<td>L-8820</td>
			<td>(S)-4,5-Dihydro-2-(6-hydroxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid potassium salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPX Mountant for Histology</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>06522-500ML</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14040133</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin-Y with Phloxine</td>
			<td>Richard-Allan Scientific</td>
			<td>71304</td>
			<td>eosin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethidium homodimer</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes, Inc.</td>
			<td>E1169</td>
			<td>ethidium homodimer-1 (EthD-1)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F0926-500ML</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisher Healthcare Tissue-Plus O.C.T. Compound</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23-730-571</td>
			<td>cryostat embedding medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount-G</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>0100-01</td>
			<td>aqueous based mounting medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FreeZone 4.5</td>
			<td>Labconco</td>
			<td>7751020</td>
			<td>lyophilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342 Solution (20 mM)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td>blue fluorescent dye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>258148-500ML</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Lumina III</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td>bioluminescence imaging system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimtech Science Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly Clark</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>delicate task wipes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-Propanol (Peroxide-Free/Sequencing), Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1130-500</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oil Red O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O0625-25G</td>
			<td>1-([4-(Xylylazo)xylyl]azo)-2-naphthol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OPS Diagnostics CryoGrinder</td>
			<td>OPS Diagnostics, LLC</td>
			<td>CG-08-02</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS (10X), pH 7.4</td>
			<td>Quality Biological, Inc.</td>
			<td>119-069-151</td>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pepsin from porcine gastric mucosa</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6887-5G</td>
			<td>pepsin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peracetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>77240-100ML</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phalloidin-iFluor 594 Reagent (ab176757)</td>
			<td>abcam</td>
			<td>ab176757</td>
			<td>phalloidin conjugate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propylene glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>W294004-1KG-K</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Richard-Allan Scientific Signature Series Bluing Reagent</td>
			<td>Richard-Allan Scientific</td>
			<td>7301L</td>
			<td>bluing agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Richard-Allan Scientific Signature Series Hematoxylin 7211</td>
			<td>Richard-Allan Scientific</td>
			<td>7211</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI Medium 1640</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11875-093</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium deoxycholate, 98%</td>
			<td>Frontier Scientific</td>
			<td>JK559522</td>
			<td>deoxycholic acid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5016</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton x-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100-100ML</td>
			<td>t-Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%), phenol red</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman qualitative filter paper, Grade 4</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>1004-110</td>
			<td>grade 4 qualitative filter paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylenes (Certified ACS), Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>X5-4</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

studying normal tissue radiation effects using extracellular matrix hydrogels

Radiation is a therapy for patients with triple negative breast cancer. The effect of radiation on the extracellular matrix (ECM) of healthy breast tissue and its role in local recurrence at the primary tumor site are unknown. Here we present a method for the decellularization, lyophilization, and fabrication of ECM hydrogels derived from murine mammary fat pads. Results are presented on the effectiveness of the decellularization process, and rheological parameters were assessed. GFP- and luciferase-labeled breast cancer cells encapsulated in the hydrogels demonstrated an increase in proliferation in irradiated hydrogels. Finally, phalloidin conjugate staining was employed to visualize cytoskeleton organization of encapsulated tumor cells. Our goal is to present a method for fabricating hydrogels for in vitro study that mimic the in vivo breast tissue environment and its response to radiation in order to study tumor cell behavior.

MFPs were decellularized following irradiation using the procedure shown in Figure 1A. MFPs pre-decellularization (Figure 1B) and post-decellularization (Figure 1C) are shown. Decellularization was confirmed using hematoxylin and eosin (H &#38; E) staining, and 1-([4-(Xylylazo)xylyl]azo)-2-naphthol staining was used to evaluate lipid content (Figure 2). Rheological properties of the ECM hydrogels were also assessed at 37 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Studying Normal Tissue Radiation Effects using Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels at JoVE.com

Studying Normal Tissue Radiation Effects using Extracellular Matrix Hydrogels

This protocol presents a method for decellularization and subsequent hydrogel formation of murine mammary fat pads following ex vivo irradiation.

Radiation is a therapy for patients with triple negative breast cancer. The effect of radiation on the extracellular matrix (ECM) of healthy breast tissue ...

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