Name: evaluating skilled prehension in mice using an auto-trainer
Uploaded: 2019-09-12T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating Skilled Prehension in Mice Using an Auto-Trainer at JoVE.com

The auto-training device was constructed by Jason Dunthorn, Uri Tasch, and Dan Tasch at Step Analysis, LLC, with design input support and instructions provided by Robert Hubbard, Richard O&#39;Brien, and Steven Zeiler.
Teresa Duarte of the Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown provided valuable insight and ideas about describing and categorizing mouse reaching actions.

All methods described here have been approved by the ACUC (Animal Care and Use Committee) of the Johns Hopkins University.
1. Preparing mouse cages for use
<ol>
	<li>Create a slotted opening with dimensions of 0.8 cm width and 7 cm height from the base at the front end of each cage, as illustrated in Figure 1. This slot serves as the opening through which the animal will reach. 
	NOTE: The auto-trainer was designed for the use with the standard mouse cage d...

<ol>
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Our auto-trainer evaluates forelimb reach-to-grasp (prehension) in an automated manner. To achieve this endpoint, many of the parameters designed for the mouse prehension task, including pellet placement, pellet size, and training criteria, have been iterated over several years and adapted from prior protocols2,5,6. The advancement here is the automation of the task using a robot that allows home-cage housing. Home-cage housing ...

Methods to experimentally test a motor skill pre- and post- neurological injury as well as modulate the timing, amount, and type of motor training are important to translational research. Over the last decade, mice, because of the attendant ease of genetic manipulation, have become a popular model system in which to elucidate the mechanisms of motor learning pre- and post- injury. However, behavioral assays in mice have not been optimized in the same way that such assays have been for other mammals (especially rats). Further, there are important differences between the behavior of a mouse and a rat that strongly suggest training the two species in different manners1,2.
Skilled prehensile movements use a hand/paw to place food in the mouth, to manipulate an object, or to use a tool. Indeed, reaching to grasp various objects in daily life is a fundamental function of upper limbs and the reach-to-eat act is a form of prehension that many mammals use. Many of the genetic, physiological, and anatomic changes underpinning prehensile skill acquisition have been well defined in the field3. In translating preclinical findings to clinical outcomes, one needs a relevant test that is efficient and reproducible. Studies of rodent and human reaching demonstrate that prehension behavior is similar in humans and in animals4. Accordingly, these similarities suggest that prehension testing can serve as a translational model for investigating motor learning as well as impairments and treatments of human disease. Therefore, evaluating prehension in mice can offer a powerful tool in translational research studying both health and disease states4.
Unfortunately, the prehension task in mice, even for a small-scale laboratory setting, can be laborious and time consuming. To alleviate this problem, we describe here an automated version of the prehension task. The described task requires mice to extend a single paw through the mouse's home cage frontal slot, pronate the extended paw, grasp the food pellet reward, and pull the pellet back to the cage interior for consumption. The resulting data is presented as either a prehension success or failure. This automation successfully records the data and reduces the burden and time with which researchers must engage the task.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:318px;">ABS Filament</td>
			<td style="width:242px;">Custom 3D Printed</td>
			<td style="width:166px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">utilized for pellet holder, frame, arm and funnel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">ABS Sheet</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8586K581</td>
			<td>3/8&#34; thickness; used for platform compononents, positioning stand guides and base</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Adruino Mini</td>
			<td>Adruino</td>
			<td>A000087</td>
			<td>nano version also compatiable as well as other similar microcontrollers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Bench-Top Adjustable-Height Positioning Stand</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>9967T43</td>
			<td>35 lbs. load capacity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Clear Acrylic Round Tube</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8532K14</td>
			<td>ID 3/8&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Low-Carbon&#160;Steel Wire</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>8855K14</td>
			<td>0.148&#34;&#160;diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Pellet Dispenser</td>
			<td>Lafayette Instrument: Neuroscience</td>
			<td>80209-45</td>
			<td>with 45 mg interchangeable pellet size wheel and optional stand</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Photointerrupter Breakout Board&#160;</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>BOB-09322 ROHS</td>
			<td>designed for Sharp GP1A57HRJ00F</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Reflective Object Sensor</td>
			<td>Fairchild Semiconductor</td>
			<td>QRD1113</td>
			<td>phototransistor output</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Servo Motor</td>
			<td>SparkFun</td>
			<td>S8213</td>
			<td>generic metal gear (micro size)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">Transmissive Photointerrupter</td>
			<td>Sharp</td>
			<td>GP1A57HRJ00F</td>
			<td>gap: 10 mm, slit: 1.8 mm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluating skilled prehension in mice using an auto-trainer

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that permits the mouse to reach out of its cage and retrieve food pellets. Minimal food restriction is employed to encourage the mice to perform the food retrieval from the slot. As the mice begin to associate coming to the slot for food, the pellets are manually pulled away to stimulate extension and pronation of their paw to grasp and retrieve the pellet through the frontal slot. When the mice begin to reach for the pellets as they arrive at the slot, the behavioral assay can be performed by measuring the rate at which they successfully grasp and retrieve the desired pellet. They are then introduced to an auto-trainer that automates both the process of providing food pellets for the mouse to grasp, and the recording of successful and failed reaching and grasping attempts. This allows for the collection of reaching data for multiple mice with minimal effort, to be used in experimental analysis as appropriate.

In general, it is recommended that each training session consist of about 20-30 trials, which may be set by the user, run automatically by the auto-trainer and saved into a single log file per session and mouse. Each trial can be run consecutively, right after the other, with 2-5 s of pause. Mice trained on the auto-trainer exhibit an increase in skill over 10 training sessions.
To compare the utility of the auto-trainer to manu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating Skilled Prehension in Mice Using an Auto-Trainer at JoVE.com

Evaluating Skilled Prehension in Mice Using an Auto-Trainer

Method to assess the impact of training on motor skills is a useful tool. Unfortunately, most behavioral assessments can be labor intensive and/or expensive.We describe here a robotic method of assessing prehension (reach-to-grasp) skill in mice.

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that ...

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