Name: a protocol for housing mice in an enriched environment
Uploaded: 2015-06-08T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 30 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment at JoVE.com

This work was supported by NIH grants CA163640, CA166590, and AG041250 to LC.

The procedures described below have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Ohio State University.
1. Preparation of Enriched Environment Prior to Housing Mice
<ol>
	<li>Cleaning and maintaining instruments.
	<ol>
		<li>Run the large enrichment bin (120 cm x 90 cm x 76 cm) through a cage wash. A typical Animal Facility cage wash protocol includes 5 to 6 washing cycles, with the last cycle reaching 82 &#186;C. The whole washing should take approximately 40 min. Air-dry the bin.
		<ol>
			<li>If the large enrichment bin, and any other housing instruments, cannot be sent through cage wash, then spray and wipe down the inside of the bin with sporicidal disinfectants following the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. Wipe off the bin with a tap water soaked paper towel or 30% ethanol and dry with a paper towel to get rid of any scent from the previous disinfectant.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Use plastic tubing, igloos with saucer type wheels, and other various plastic hutch-like toys in the EE. Wash these toys through a cage wash. If you do not have access to a cage wash follow step&#160;1.1.1.1.</li>
		<li>Use metal running wheels in the EE. Wash wheels through a cage wash. If the paint on the wheels starts to fade so that the wheel becomes noisy when the animals run on it, apply a small amount petroleum jelly to where the wheel and axel connect.</li>
		<li>Use wooden logs in the EE. Clean the logs by removing any bedding or other debris by hand. Then sterilize the logs by autoclaving them on a dry cycle or textile cycle, which reaches a temperature of 121 &#186;C for 15 min.</li>
		<li>Use cages between dimensions of 29 cm x 18 cm x 12.5 cm and 30.5 cm x 19 cm x 14 cm to hold a feeding and drinking wire rack.Cut a hole at least 5 cm in diameter out of the front-bottom of the cage for mice to go in and out of from the EE. Clean these feeding cages through cage wash.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Setting up the environment
	<ol>
		<li>Pour &#188;-inch corn cob laboratory animal bedding into the large enrichment bin. Cover the entire floor surface of the bin to a depth of 2-2.5 cm with bedding.</li>
		<li>Place two or three logs in one corner of the bin.&#160;Place logs in the corner to sequester an area of about 1,225 cm2. In the area sequestered by the logs, place three igloos with saucer wheels on top. Make sure the wheels are not touching the walls of the bin, the logs, or each other, so that there is enough room for the wheels to spin freely.</li>
		<li>Piece together the plastic tubing so that multiple arms branch out from the centeral connecting piece. Place this tubing in the middle of the bin.</li>
		<li>At two corners of the bin, place one feeding cage each filled with the same bedding as the bin, and the hole in the front of the feeding cage should be facing towards the center of the bin. On top of these feeding cages a clean food and water wire should be placed to hold food and water. Do not place any lid on the cage. Put food and water in the cage wires.</li>
		<li>Place three metal wheels in the bin, though not all next to each other. The three different types of wheels are one 11.5 cm wheel, one 20.5 cm wheel, and one 28 cm wheel. Then place 4-5 more plastic hutch-like toys or tunnels throughout the enrichment bin.</li>
		<li>Cover the bin with micro-isolator filter paper. Use binder clips to clip the filter paper to the bin.</li>
		<li>Novelty is important to EE. Use this setup as the framework of the EE and vary the placement of aforementioned cages, objects, and toys to create a novel environment for the animals.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Housing the Animals
<ol>
	<li>Breed animals for experiments in regular laboratory housing and not EE. Optionally, place the animals in EE as early as 21 days of age upon weaning. Genotype and ear punch/tag animals prior to EE housing.</li>
	<li>When placing animals into the enrichment bin from a standard cage, place the cage in the bin on its side so that the animals can move freely from the standard cage to the enrichment bin. Do not allow the nesting materials to be transferred into the enrichment bin.</li>
	<li>House 10-20 animals of the same age, gender, and genetic strain in the EE.</li>
</ol>
3. Maintaining the Environment and Observing the Mice During Studies
<ol>
	<li>Daily
	<ol>
		<li>Quietly observe the animals for signs of illness or distress. If necessary, gently handle the animals to further inspect health conditions. Record abnormal observations and consult a health technician or veterinarian staff if the animal displays conditions that require removal from the experiment.</li>
		<li>Provide topical treatment with triple anti-biotic ointment for small wounds or scabs. If an animal needs to be removed due to a chronic illness or injury, remove the animal from the experiment for euthanasia. If animals meet early removal criteria for the overseeing animal research care committee or veterinarian, do not return animals back to EE.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Twice a Week
	<ol>
		<li>Check the feed and water levels. Ensure that feed and water will last for the next 3-4 days. Straighten up running wheels and enrichment toys so that they are spread out and can be used by mice. Replace any that are too dirty.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Weekly
	<ol>
		<li>Replace water bottles with clean water bottles. Rearrange enrichment devices in a manner that follows the setup in Section&#160;1.2. yet is different from the setup of the previous week.&#160; 
		&#8203;NOTE: If an experiment requires the animals to be removed from the enriched environment for an activity (recording body weight, blood draw, behavior test, etc.) it is best to rearrange the environment while the animals are away from the enrichment bin.</li>
		<li>Clean the feeding cages in the EE by hand or send it through cage wash as detailed in Section&#160;1.1.5. Replace the wire racks that hold the food and water with clean wire racks as well.</li>
		<li>Follow the instruction in Section&#160;2.2. when placing the animals back in enrichment. Spot check the rest of the large enrichment bin and clean, if necessary, by scooping out dirty litter and spreading down new clean bedding.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Bi-weekly
	<ol>
		<li>While performing the weekly husbandry, clean the toys by hand or send&#160;through cage wash as detailed in Section&#160;1.1.2. If needed, place the mice in a standard micro-isolator cage for the time required to clean.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Monthly
	<ol>
		<li>Clean the majority of the litter out by moving enrichment toys and feeding cages and scooping out the litter. Replace with fresh litter. Ensure that there is one inch of bedding in all areas of the cage. If needed, place the mice in a standard micro-isolator cage for the time required to clean.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Every Three Months (or At End of Experiment)
	<ol>
		<li>Remove all bedding and toys and clean and disinfect the enrichment bin as described in Section&#160;1.1.1. If the experiment is ongoing, replace with new bedding, feeding cages, assortment of toys and then return the mice to the bin.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Disinfect the entire enrichment bin more frequently than every three months if required by the research institution in which the EE is housed. If this is necessary and another large enrichment container is available, set up the additional enrichment container as detailed in Section&#160;1.2. and transfer the animals to the new container, while the previous one is being cleaned.</li>
</ol>
4. Control Housing Conditions
<ol>
	<li>House animals in the control group in micro-isolator cages of dimensions 30.5 cm x 19 cm x 14 cm. Include a wire rack in the cage for holding food and a water bottle, if the cage is not hooked up to a automatic watering system.</li>
	<li>Provide the same corn cob bedding in the control cage as is in the EE. Provide a 4 cm x 4 cm nestlet for the mice to make a nest out of.</li>
	<li>Replace and/or clean the cages, feeding wires, food and water once a week. Clean cages and wire racks through cage wash or as detailed in Section&#160;1.1.1.1. Clean the cages more often if animals urinates more frequently or if the drinking water leaks onto the bedding.</li>
	<li>Monitor the health of the animals in control housing daily. Assure the animals have plenty of food and water.</li>
	<li>House 3~5 mice of the same gender in regular mouse cage. Do not provide any toy, tube, or hutch in the cage.</li>
	<li>Institutional laboratory animal care facility health and laboratory technicians may provide husbandry for these control mice.</li>
	<li>Keep animals on a 12 hr light/dark cycle as is for the mice in EE.</li>
</ol>

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Environmental+enrichment+inhibits+sponta-+neous+apoptosis,+prevents+seizures+and+is+neuroprotective.">Environmental enrichment inhibits sponta- neous apoptosis, prevents seizures and is neuroprotective.</a> Nat. 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The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The robust effects of EE on gene expression in the brain, decreased adiposity and cancer growth in mice depend heavily on the researcher&#8217;s ability to maintain the novel environment and handle the animals in a manner that promotes physical activity, social interaction, and cognitive challenges, yet does not distress the animals. There are two most important procedural steps to remember. First, remember to change the placement of the toys, objects, and cages every week. Even though the toys and objects might be the same from the previous week, the mice perceive the environment as novel. Change the toys and objects themselves with different ones every other week. Second, remember to keep the environment clean. If the soiled bedding does not get removed, the increased nitrogen levels may be a stressor to the animals.
In addition, there are many techniques to note in this EE protocol. The use of different or unique toys and different designs of plastic tube mazes is encouraged. The environment can be challenging but should not pose a threat to the animals&#8217; health. Moreover, beware of toys that are dysfunctional, because the dysfunctional toys increase the risk of mouse limbs getting caught, or might be toxic to the animals if consumed by chewing on it. One constant to the EE is the use of three saucer wheels on top of igloos, sequestered to a corner or side of the bin by 2-3 logs. This setup of running saucers behind the logs has been present in all our enrichment studies. In terms of the use and placement of the other objects, the description of the layout above is a foundational blue print of the EE setup. Variation of the setup with this foundational framework of plastic tubing, running wheels, running saucers, cages and logs should provide a sufficient novel environment to reproduce the reported results.
If working with transgenic animals that have diabetes or other metabolic diseases, pay close attention to the food and water consumption to assure that the animals do not run out of food and water. If the animals have diabetes, they will urinate more, so the bedding of the EE housing may need to be spot checked and cleaned more frequently. The places in the EE housing that need bedding removed most often are the corners. Remember to adjust the wheels and other toys, so that they can be used by the animals. The animals are capable of running saucer wheels into the bedding and knocking running wheels over. If the animals are young, 3 to 5 weeks of age, they might dig under the cages in the EE and hide together under there, leaving the researcher clueless as to where the animals are. When removing soiled bedding, replacing toys, or cleaning cages, it is suggested to put the animals in a clean standard cage so as not to stress them out while adjusting their environment. It is easier to get all the animals in one cage if they have fewer places to hide in the environment. Therefore, removing toys prior to sequestering the animals in a cage makes the process easier. Furthermore, do not place more than 5-6 animals in a single standard cage while waiting for the cleaning or adjusting their EE environment. The male animals in EE can be aggressive particularly when EE is initiated in adulthood. Therefore, it is important to observe the environment for any wounded or dead animals.
In addition, the typical number of animals we house in EE for this large size of container is 10-20 mice. The number of animals other researchers use for EE vary, using around 10 or less mice, and the size of the cage or bin should be taken into consideration when determining the number of animals to house in EE. Having too many animals in a living environment can lead to aggression in male mice. The mice we have housed in EE have been of C57BL/6 backgrounds. Mice of other strains may be more or less aggressive, or more prone to health issues in this EE setup. This should be taken into consideration in determining the husbandry plan for the mice and the enriched environment.
Four weeks EE housing is sufficient to induce decrease of adiposity, drop of leptin level, and inhibition of B16 melanoma growth. Longer EE can lead to stronger effects on metabolism and cancer inhibition. If mice undergo surgical procedures during or before exposure to EE, they may be housed with sutures intact. Whether or not animals respond well to this particular EE setup with surgical staples or catheters intact has not been studied. Furthermore, we are currently investigating how this particular EE affects the lifespan or healthspan of aged animals. Preliminary data suggest that female C57BL/6 mice, 10 months of age, respond to EE similarly to young mice. One limitation of the EE housing is accommodating such a large bin in animal facility space, and preferentially in a gender specific room. Thus future studies on the effects of EE on a smaller scale, as well as finding toys that are easy to clean, endure high temperature cleaning and are safe to the animals health, will improve the applications of the EE in metabolic and cancer research.

Environmental enrichment (EE) is an experimental paradigm used to explore the effects of a complex and challenging environment that does not stress the animals1. EE is an animal housing technique composed of increased space, physical activity, and social interactions, which in turn increases sensory, cognitive, motor, and social stimulation2. Igloos, running wheels, saucer wheels, tube mazes, and other objects in the housing environment foster this sensory cognitive, social, and motor stimulation by promoting exploration and interaction. The layout of the objects in the enclosure changes regularly to present a novel environment, to which the mice are forced to adapt. This strategy offers mild and brief challenges that induce a beneficial, benign, and healthy adaptive response, known as eustress, as opposed to a more aversive, hostile environment or maladaptive distress3,4. By promoting eustress and limiting harmful distress, mice show a variety of favorable phenotypes.
EE is a reliable experimental model with a wide range of applications, while being devoid of elements traditionally thought of as stressful1. The effects of EE on rodents have been studied for more than half a century. In the early 1960s studies showed that cortical cholinesterase levels decreased and subcortical cholinesterase levels increased in rats that were housed in environments with increased living space, increased number of rats, and a variety of wooden toys, mazes, and platforms5,6. In addition, EE is associated with many adaptive changes in the brain, behavior, and metabolism in mice of different ages and genetic backgrounds. Therefore, EE is a useful paradigm for a broad scope of experiments studying the effects of the environment on mice. EE effects can be observed in mice as quickly as one-week exposure, and can be seen in animals as old as eighteen months7. EE is often used in neuroscience and neurobehavioral experiments to study recovery of function, learning and memory2. Moreover, EE has considerable impact on the phenotype of a variety of toxin induced and transgenic animal models of human neurological diseases including Huntington&#8217;s disease, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease, Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Epilepsy, Stroke, and more2.
However, over the years there has been inconsistency with the enrichment design making comparisons between studies from different laboratories difficult. For example, each of the studies on the EE effects relative to human neurological diseases referred to above had varying parameters to the enrichment. The study on Huntington&#8217;s disease housed 4-6 mice in large cages (44 x 28 x 12.5 cm3) containing cardboard boxes, tunnels, and sheets, as well as wooden and plastic objects that were changed every two days8,9. One of the studies done on Alzheimer&#8217;s housed 20 mice in a larger cage (1 m3) containing 2 running wheels, plastic tubes, cardboard boxes and nesting material that were changed or rearranged weekly10. Many setups of EE have similar themes such as objects to run on or hide in, yet the number of mice per EE housing, the living area, and the period of changing the environment vary much.
The inconsistent designs of EE have led to failed replication of EE effects. Our data on cancer and metabolism together suggest that the combination of stimulations provided in the following detailed EE housing protocol lead to significant anti-cancer and anti-obesity effects14,15. However, the difference of EE settings adopted by different labs might influence the outcomes of EE, as is seen in one failed attempt to reproduce EE effects on the growth of specific cancer tumors implanted in mice11. The different results could be due to a variety of reasons ranging from different growth rates of the tumor cell cultures to the type of detergent used for cleaning housing equipment11. In order to replicate the results seen in our experiments, a particular design of enrichment and animal husbandry is required. The following procedure details the EE housing that will allow other researchers to successfully replicate our efficacious enrichment model.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Large enrichment bin (120 cm x 90 cm x 76 cm)</td><td>Custom made.</td><td>Custom made.</td><td>Made of polypropylene. Edges of the bin are 1.5 cm thick.</td></tr><tr><td>Large enrichment bin alternative (120 cm x 110 cm x 76 cm)</td><td>Global Industrial</td><td>155202</td><td>If necessary, this bin works as an alternative to the one above.</td></tr><tr><td>Habitrail Mini tubes</td><td>Habitrail</td><td>62720; 62705; 62725; 62715; 62054</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic igloos with saucer wheels</td><td>Bio Serv</td><td>K3327; K3250</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Metal Running Wheels</td><td>Super Pet</td><td>61392; 61394; 61396</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Manzanita Wood Gnawing Sticks, 3&quot;</td><td>Bio Serv</td><td>W0016</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Tunnels</td><td>Bio Serv</td><td>K3322</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse cages that go in the large EE bin.</td><td>Lab Products Inc</td><td>10027 Mouse Cage</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Cage Klenz 180 Alkaline Cage Wash Detergent, Cage Klenz 250 Acid Detergent</td><td>Steris Life Sciences</td><td>1K1802; 1K2502</td><td>These detergents are used in the cage wash for the toys, large enrichment bins, and cages.</td></tr><tr><td>Sporklenz</td><td>Steris Life Sciences</td><td>6526Q8</td><td>Alternative sporicide/disinfectant to washing toys, bins, and cages in cage wash.</td></tr><tr><td>Bed-O-Cobs 1/4&quot; bedding</td><td>The Andersons, Inc.</td><td>4B</td><td>Corn cob bedding is 1/4&quot; in diameter.</td></tr><tr><td>Nestlets for control housed mice</td><td>Ancare</td><td></td><td>Cotton squares</td></tr></tbody></table>

a protocol for housing mice in an enriched environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

EE affects growth factor expression, increases neurogenesis and survival of cells within the central nervous system (CNS)12,13. More recent studies have shown that this technique of EE leads to a remarkable suppression of cancer growth in three mouse cancer models including B16 melanoma, MC38 colon cancer and APCmin/+ mouse that contains a germline mutation and is highly susceptible to spontaneous adenoma formation in the intestines14. The results in Figure 2 confirm the suppression of B16 melanoma tumor growth implanted in mice exposed to EE for 5 weeks(~80% decrease of tumor mass). Cancer growth suppression was even observed in mice when EE was initiated after the tumor had been established14. EE resulted in greater inhibition of melanoma growth in the high fat diet induced obesity mice (~70% decrease of tumor mass) than that in mice of normal weight (~50% decrease of tumor mass)14. EE induced signature changes in the serum biomarkers including robust drop of leptin, decrease of IGF-1, and increase of adiponectin levels14.
In addition, this technique of EE decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, leads to resistance against diet-induced obesity, and induces a white to brown fat phenotypic switch by activating the hypothalamic-sympathoneural-adipocyte axis15. The decrease in adiposity was seen as early as six days exposed to EE (Figure 3A, B) and again confirmed in animals exposed to EE for four weeks (Figure 3C, D). It is also important to note that, one, the anti-cancer and anti-obesity effects associated with EE cannot be accounted by physical activity alone, and, two, the EE effects can be reproduced by overexpression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hypothalamus14,15.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52874/52874fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Enriched environment bin set up. The enriched environment has an area of 120 cm x 90 cm and includes two modified cages, running wheels, igloos with saucer wheels, plastic tubing, wooden logs, and other plastic enrichment toys.
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52874/52874fig2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Enriched environment reduces tumor growth in C57BL/6 male mice. Three week old male mice were house in EE or control cages for 5 weeks prior to tumor inoculation. B16 melanoma tumor weights at 17 days after inoculation of 105 cells per animal subcutaneously above the right flank (n = 10 per group. Student&#8217;s t-test, * p &#60;0.05).
<img alt="Figure 3a" src="/files/ftp_upload/52874/52874fig3a.jpg" /> 
<img alt="Figure 3b" src="/files/ftp_upload/52874/52874fig3b.jpg" /> 
<img alt="Figure 3c" src="/files/ftp_upload/52874/52874fig3c.jpg" /> 
<img alt="Figure 3d" src="/files/ftp_upload/52874/52874fig3d.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Enriched environment decreases adiposity in C57BL/6 male mice. Three week old mice were subjected to EE; one group for 6 days, another for four weeks. (A) Six days in EE decreased fat pad weights (n = 5 per group. Student&#8217;s t-test, *p &#60;0.05). (B) Six days in EE decreased fat pad weights relative to body weight (n = 5 per group. Student&#8217;s t-test, *p &#60;0.05). (C) Four weeks in EE decreased fat pad weights (n = 5 per group. Student&#8217;s t-test, *p &#60;0.05). (D) Four weeks in EE decreased fat pad weights relative to body weight (n = 5 per group. Student&#8217;s t-test, *p &#60;0.05). BAT: brown adipose tissue, IWAT: inguinal white adipose tissue, EWAT: epididymal white adipose tissue, RWAT: retroperitoneal white adipose tissue.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

18.2K Views.  The Ohio State University. Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

Video: A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits. Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully delay the onset of symptoms in models of Huntington&#8217;s disease 1-4, suggesting environmental factors can evoke a neuroprotective effect against the progressive, cellular level damage observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The ways in which an animal can be environmentally enriched, however, can vary considerably. Further, there is no straightforward manner in which the effects of environmental enrichment can be assessed: most methods require either fairly complicated behavioral paradigms and/or postmortem anatomical/physiological analyses. This protocol describes the use of a simple and inexpensive behavioral assay, the Puzzle Box 5-7 as a robust means of determining the efficacy of increased social, sensory and motor stimulation on mice compared to cohorts raised in standard laboratory conditions. This simple problem solving task takes advantage of a rodent&#8217;s innate desire to avoid open enclosures by seeking shelter. Cognitive ability is assessed by adding increasingly complex impediments to the shelter&#8217;s entrance. The time a given subject takes to successfully remove the obstructions and enter the shelter serves as the primary metric for task performance. This method could provide a reliable means of rapidly assessing the efficacy of different enrichment protocols on cognitive function, thus paving the way for systematically determining the role specific environmental factors play in delaying the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.

Environmental enrichment provides a potential protective effect against neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, however, there is no easy way of determining the efficacy of enrichment procedures. This protocol describes a simple &#8220;Puzzle Box&#8221; method for assessing an animal&#8217;s cognitive function, in order to reveal the effectiveness of environmental enrichment.

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

A Method to Define the Effects of Environmental Enrichment on Colon Microbiome Biodiversity in a Mouse Colon Tumor Model

Several recent studies have illustrated the beneficial effects of living in an enriched environment on improving human disease. In mice, environmental enrichment (EE) reduces tumorigenesis by activating the mouse immune system, or affects tumor bearing animal survival by stimulating the wound repair response, including improved microbiome diversity, in the tumor microenvironment. Provided here is a detailed procedure to assess the effects of environmental enrichment on the biodiversity of the microbiome in a mouse colon tumor model. Precautions regarding animal breeding and considerations for animal genotype and mouse colony integration are described, all of which ultimately affect microbial biodiversity. Heeding these precautions may allow more uniform microbiome transmission, and consequently will alleviate non-treatment dependent effects that can confound study findings. Further, in this procedure, microbiota changes are characterized using 16S rDNA sequencing of DNA isolated from stool collected from the distal colon following long-term environmental enrichment. Gut microbiota imbalance is associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer, but also of obesity and diabetes among others. Importantly, this protocol for EE and microbiome analysis can be utilized to study the role of microbiome pathogenesis across a variety of diseases where robust mouse models exist that can recapitulate human disease.

Environmental Enrichment (EE) is an animal housing environment that is used to reveal mechanisms that underlie the connections between lifestyle, stress, and disease. This protocol describes a procedure that uses a mouse model of colon tumorigenesis and EE to specifically define alterations in microbiota biodiversity that may impact animal mortality.

Several recent studies have illustrated the beneficial effects of living in an enriched environment on improving human disease. In mice, environmental ...

Cancer Research

Assessing Burrowing, Nest Construction, and Hoarding in Mice

Deterioration in the ability to perform "Activities of daily living" (ADL) is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical behavioural screening of possible treatments for AD currently largely focuses on cognitive testing, which frequently demands expensive equipment and lots of experimenter time. However, human episodic memory (the most severely affected aspect of memory in AD) is different to rodent memory, which seems to be largely non-episodic. Therefore the present ways of screening for new AD treatments for AD in rodents are intrinsically unlikely to succeed. A new approach to preclinical screening would be to characterise the ADL of mice. Fortuitously, several such assays have recently been developed at Oxford, and here the three most sensitive and well-characterised are presented.
Burrowing was first developed in Oxford13. It evolved from a need to develop a mouse hoarding paradigm. Most published rodent hoarding paradigms required a distant food source to be linked to the home cage by a connecting passage. This would involve modifying the home cage as well as making a mouse-proof connecting passage and food source. So it was considered whether it would be possible to put the food source inside the cage. It was found that if a container was placed on the floor it was emptied by the next morning., The food pellets were, however, simply deposited in a heap at the container entrance, rather than placed in a discrete place away from the container, as might be expected if the mice were truly hoarding them. Close inspection showed that the mice were performing digging ("burrowing") movements, not carrying the pellets in their mouths to a selected place as they would if truly hoarding them.6



Food pellets are not an essential substrate for burrowing; mice will empty tubes filled with sand, gravel, even soiled bedding from their own cage. Moreover, they will empty a full tube even if an empty one is placed next to it8.



Several nesting protocols exist in the literature. The present Oxford one simplifies the procedure and has a well-defined scoring system for nest quality5. 



A hoarding paradigm was later developed in which the mice, rather than hoarding back to the real home cage, were adapted to living in the "home base" of a hoarding apparatus. This home base was connected to a tube made of wire mesh, the distal end of which contained the food source. This arrangement proved to yield good hoarding behaviour, as long as the mice were adapted to living in the "home base" during the day and only allowed to enter the hoarding tube at night.

Burrowing, nesting, and hoarding are species-typical activities that mice readily perform in the laboratory. This article describes how they can be easily and cheaply assessed. These protocols are extremely sensitive to mouse strain, brain lesions and diseases. Moreover they constitute &#x201C;environmental enrichment&#x201D; for the mice, and embody the &#x201C;Refinement&#x201D; aspect of the &#x201C;3 Rs&#x201D;18.

Deterioration in the ability to perform "Activities of daily living" (ADL) is an early sign of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Preclinical behavioural screening ...

Neuroscience

Nest Building Behavior as an Early Indicator of Behavioral Deficits in Mice

Nest building is an innate behavior in male and female rodents, even when raised in laboratory settings. As such, many researchers provide rodents synthetic and/or natural materials (such as twine, tissue, cotton, paper, and hay) as a gauge of their overall well-being and as an ancillary assessment to predict the possible decline in cognition. Typically, changes in nesting behaviors, such as failure to create a nest, indicate a change in health or welfare. In addition, nesting behavior is sensitive to many environmental and physiological challenges, as well as many genetic mutations underlying pathological disease states. The following protocol describes a nesting behavior paradigm that explores the usage of four types of nesting material. In addition, the protocol utilizes intraclass correlations to demonstrate that inter-rater reliability is higher when nests are constructed out of shredded paper compared to other common nesting materials such as cotton squares, paper twists, and soft cob bedding. The chosen methodology and statistical considerations (i.e., intraclass correlation) for this assay may be of interest for those conducting experiments assessing the quality of living of mice.&#160;

Here, we present a protocol to quantify nest building behavior in mice, which is known to be impaired in several neurological disorders and diseases. This protocol examines the utility of four materials and offers the opportunity to quantify the rater agreement in scoring, improving the validity and reliability of the assay.

Nest building is an innate behavior in male and female rodents, even when raised in laboratory settings. As such, many researchers provide rodents ...

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This phenomenon has long been observed in humans, with individuals in positive states responding to ambiguity 'optimistically' and those in negative states instead showing 'pessimism'. Researchers aiming to assess animal affect have taken advantage of these differential responses, developing tasks to assess judgment bias as an indicator of affective state. These tasks are becoming increasingly popular across diverse species and fields of research. However, for laboratory mice, the most widely used vertebrates in research and a species heavily relied upon to model affective disorders, only one JB task has been successfully validated as sensitive to changes in affective state. Here, we provide a detailed description of this novel murine JB task, and evidence of its sensitivity to mouse affect. Though refinements are still necessary, assessment of mouse JB opens the door for answering both practical questions regarding mouse welfare, and fundamental questions about the impact of affective state in translational research.

This article provides a detailed description of a novel mouse judgment bias protocol. Evidence of this olfactory digging task's sensitivity to affective state is also demonstrated and its utility across diverse research fields is discussed.

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This ...

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, interactions with our environment can induce brain plasticity. Increasingly, research is trying to identify which environments stimulate brain plasticity beneficial for treating brain and behavioral disorders. Two environmental manipulations are described which increase or decrease the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive (TH+, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine (DA) synthesis) neurons in the adult mouse midbrain. The first comprises pairing male and female mice together continuously for 1 week, which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in males, but decreases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in females. The second comprises housing mice continuously for 2 weeks in &#8216;enriched environments&#8217; (EE) containing running wheels, toys, ropes, nesting material, etc., which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 14% in males. Additionally, a protocol is described for concurrently infusing drugs directly into the midbrain during these environmental manipulations to help identify mechanisms underlying environmentally-induced brain plasticity. For example, EE-induction of more midbrain TH+ neurons is abolished by concurrent blockade of synaptic input onto midbrain neurons. Together, these data indicate that information about the environment is relayed via synaptic input to midbrain neurons to switch on or off expression of &#8216;DA&#8217; genes. Thus, appropriate environmental stimulation, or drug targeting of the underlying mechanisms, might be helpful for treating brain and behavioral disorders associated with imbalances in midbrain DA (e.g. Parkinson&#8217;s disease, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and drug addiction).

This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult mice.

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, ...

Behavioral Assays for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mouse Models

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiologically complex condition with a heterogeneous genetic etiology. Clinically, ASD is diagnosed by social communication impairments and restrictive or repetitive behaviors, such as hand flapping or lining up objects. These behavioral patterns can be reliably observed in mouse models with ASD-linked genetic mutations, making them highly useful tools for studying the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms in ASD. Understanding how genetic changes affect the neurobiology and behaviors observed in ASD will facilitate the development of novel targeted therapeutic compounds to ameliorate core behavioral impairments. Our lab has employed several protocols encompassing well-described training and testing procedures that reflect a wide range of behavioral deficits related to ASD. Here, we detail two assays to study the core features of ASD in mouse models: self-grooming (a measure of repetitive behavior) and the three-chamber social interaction test (a measure of social interaction approach and preference for social novelty).

Rodent models are valuable tools for studying core behaviors related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this article, we expound on two behavioral tests for modeling the core features of ASD in mice: self-grooming, which assesses repetitive behavior, and the three-chamber social interaction test, which documents social impairments.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiologically complex condition with a heterogeneous genetic etiology. Clinically, ASD is diagnosed by social ...

Social Isolation Model: A Noninvasive Rodent Model of Stress and Anxiety

Anxiety disorders are one of the leading causes of disability in the United States (US). Current treatments are not always effective and less than 50% of patients achieve full remission. A critical step in developing a novel anxiolytic is to develop and utilize an animal model, such as mice, to study pathological changes and test drug target(s), efficacy, and safety. Current approaches include genetic manipulation, chronic administration of anxiety-inducing molecules, or the administration of environmental stress. These methods, however, may not realistically reflect anxiety induced throughout daily life. This protocol describes a novel anxiety model, which mimics the intentional or unintentional patterns of social isolation in modern life. The social isolation-induced anxiety model minimizes perceived distractions and invasiveness and utilizes wild type C57BL/6 mice. In this protocol, 6- to 8-week-old mice (male and female) are singly housed in opaque cages to visually block the external environment, such as neighboring mice, for 4 weeks. No environmental enrichments (such as toys) are provided, bedding material is reduced by 50%, any treatment of drug is administered as an agar form, and the exposure/handling of the mice is minimized. Socially isolated mice generated using this protocol exhibit greater anxiety-like behavior, aggression,&#160;as well as decreased cognition.

Presented here is a social isolation (SI)-induced anxiety mouse model that utilizes wild type C56BL/6J mice to induce stress and anxiety-like behavior with minimal handling and no invasive procedures. This model reflects modern life patterns of social isolation and is ideal for studying anxiety and related disorders.

Anxiety disorders are one of the leading causes of disability in the United States (US). Current treatments are not always effective and less than 50% of ...

Modeling Early-Life Adversity in Mice Using Limited Bedding and Nesting

Limited Bedding and Nesting as a Model for Early-Life Adversity in Mice

Early-life adversity (ELA), such as abuse, neglect, lack of resources, and an unpredictable home environment, is a known risk factor for developing neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. Animal models for ELA have been used to study the impact of chronic stress on brain development, and typically rely on manipulating the quality and/or quantity of maternal care, as this is the major source of early-life experiences in mammals, including humans. Here, a detailed protocol for employing the Limited Bedding and Nesting (LBN) model in mice is provided. This model mimics a low-resource environment, which provokes fragmented and unpredictable patterns of maternal care during a critical developmental window (postnatal days 2-9) by limiting the amount of nesting materials given to the dam to build a nest for her pups and separating the mice from the bedding via a mesh platform in the cage. Representative data are provided to illustrate the changes in maternal behavior, as well as the diminished pup weights and long-term changes in basal corticosterone levels, that result from the LBN model. As adults, offspring reared&#160;in the LBN environment have been shown to exhibit an aberrant stress response, cognitive deficits, and anhedonia-like behavior. Therefore, this model is an important tool to define how the maturation of stress-sensitive brain circuits is altered by ELA and results in long-term behavioral changes that confer vulnerability to mental disorders.

Author Spotlight: Exploring Microglial Interactions with Stress-Response Circuitry Using the Limited Bedding and Nesting Model

This protocol describes an animal model for studying how early-life adversity, provoked by an impoverished environment and unpredictable maternal care during the early postnatal period, affects brain development and the future risk of mental disorders.

Early-life adversity (ELA), such as abuse, neglect, lack of resources, and an unpredictable home environment, is a known risk factor for developing ...

Basic Care Procedures

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
Mice and rats account for over 90% of the animals used for biomedical research. The proper care of these research animals is critical to the outcome of experiments. There are general procedures that apply to the majority of these mice and rats, but some of the animals, such as the immunocompromised ones, require additional steps to be taken to sustain them for experimentation. 
Commonly used immunocompromised mice include those that have naturally occurred in inbred mice and those that have been created through genetic engineering. The first immunocompromised mice used in research were "nude" mice. The BALB/c Nude (nu) mouse was discovered in 1966, within a BALB/c colony that was producing mice lacking both hair and a thymus. These athymic mice have an inhibited immune system that is devoid of T cells. The value of this animal was soon discovered for the use in studies of microbial infections, immune deficiencies, and autoimmunity. Although not as commonly used as the nude mouse, there is also a nude rat. The nude rat is T cell deficient and shows depleted cell populations in thymus-dependent areas of peripheral lymphoid organs. Another naturally occurring immune deficient mouse is the severe combined immunodeficiency mouse (SCID). These mice have a defect that impairs the production of functional B and T cells. With the inability to mount an adequate immune response, these mice can serve as host recipients for transplants of human cells. Several genetically-modified mouse strains with immune deficiencies are commercially available.1 The severity of the deficiency varies with the genetic modification; however, all of the immunocompromised mice and rats are handled similarly.
This manuscript will describe the care of both immunocompetent and immunocompromised animals. The housing, diet, environmental requirements, and handling will be discussed for both groups of animals.

Basic Care Procedures for Laboratory Rodents

Source: Kay Stewart, RVT, RLATG, CMAR; Valerie A. Schroeder, RVT, RLATG. University of Notre Dame, IN
Mice and rats account for over 90% of the animals ...