Name: quantification of metal leaching in immobilized metal affinity chromatography
Uploaded: 2020-01-17T16:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Metal Leaching in Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography at JoVE.com

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant MCB-1817448 and by an award from the Thomas F. and Kate Miller Jeffress Memorial Trust, Bank of America, Trustee and specified donor Hazel Thorpe Carman and George Gay Carman Trust.

1. Assay component preparation
<ol>
	<li>Determine the chromatography fractions to be assayed using optical absorbance at 280 nm or alternative methods of protein quantification to identify the protein enriched fractions. 
	NOTE: For this work, we used a diode array UV-Vis spectrophotometer. To increase throughput, a plate reader capable of measuring UV-Vis absorbance can be used.</li>
	<li>Preparation of necessary assay components
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare or obtain 10-100 mM buffer (&#34;Sample Buffer&#34;) with a pH ...

<ol>
	<li>Porath, J., Carlsson, J. A. N., Olsson, I., Belfrage, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal+chelate+affinity+chromatography,+a+new+approach+to+protein+fractionation.">Metal chelate affinity chromatography, a new approach to protein fractionation.</a> Nature. 258 (5536), 598-599 (1975).</li><li>Block, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immobilized-Metal+Affinity+Chromatography+(IMAC):+A+Review.">Immobilized-Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC): A Review.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 463, 439-473 (2009).</li><li>Takeda, N., Matsuoka, T., Gotoh, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potentiality+of+IMAC+as+sample+pretreatment+tool+in+food+analysis+for+veterinary+drugs.">Potentiality of IMAC as sample pretreatment tool in food analysis for veterinary drugs.</a> Chromatographia. 72 (1/2), 127-131 (2010).</li><li>Felix, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+serum+proteins+involved+in+pancreatic+cancer+cachexia.">Identification of serum proteins involved in pancreatic cancer cachexia.</a> Life sciences. 88 (5-6), 218-225 (2011).</li><li>Wu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+enhanced+laser+desorption/ionization+profiling:+New+diagnostic+method+of+HBV-related+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization profiling: New diagnostic method of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 24 (1), 55-62 (2009).</li><li>Goldsmith, J. 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Equilibrium and modeling studies.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (29), 22513-22521 (2010).</li><li>Bornhorst, J. A., Falke, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+proteins+using+polyhistidine+affinity+tags.">Purification of proteins using polyhistidine affinity tags.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 326, 245-254 (2000).</li><li>Kokhan, O., Marzolf, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+quantification+of+transition+metal+leaching+in+metal+affinity+chromatography+with+hydroxynaphthol+blue.">Detection and quantification of transition metal leaching in metal affinity chromatography with hydroxynaphthol blue.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 582, 113347 (2019).</li><li>Doyle, C., Naser, D., Bauman, H., Rumfeldt, J., Meiering, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectrophotometric+method+for+simultaneous+measurement+of+zinc+and+copper+in+metalloproteins+using+4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol.">Spectrophotometric method for simultaneous measurement of zinc and copper in metalloproteins using 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 579, 44-56 (2019).</li><li>Furrer, J., Smith, G. S., Therrien, B., Gasser, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Inorganic Chemical Biology. , (2014).</li><li>Hogeling, S. M., Cox, M. T., Bradshaw, R. M., Smith, D. P., Duckett, C. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+Formation+Between+Hydroxy+Naphthol+Blue+and+First+Row+Transition+Metal+Cyanide+Complexes.">Complex Formation Between Hydroxy Naphthol Blue and First Row Transition Metal Cyanide Complexes.</a> Analytical Letters. 10 (13), 1105-1113 (1977).</li><li>Brittain, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+of+Transition+Metal+Ions+by+the+Calcium+Indicator+Hydroxy+Naphthol+Blue.">Binding of Transition Metal Ions by the Calcium Indicator Hydroxy Naphthol Blue.</a> Analytical Letters. 11 (4), 355-362 (1978).</li><li>Temel, N. K., Sertakan, K., G&#252;rkan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preconcentration+and+Determination+of+Trace+Nickel+and+Cobalt+in+Milk-Based+Samples+by+Ultrasound-Assisted+Cloud+Point+Extraction+Coupled+with+Flame+Atomic+Absorption+Spectrometry.">Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Nickel and Cobalt in Milk-Based Samples by Ultrasound-Assisted Cloud Point Extraction Coupled with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.</a> Biological Trace Element Research. 186 (2), 597-607 (2018).</li><li>Ferreira, S. L. C., Santos, B. F., de Andrade, J. B., Costa, A. C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectrophotometric+and+derivative+spectrophotometric+determination+of+nickel+with+hydroxynaphthol+blue.">Spectrophotometric and derivative spectrophotometric determination of nickel with hydroxynaphthol blue.</a> Microchimica Acta. 122 (1), 109-115 (1996).</li><li>Denisov, I. G., Grinkova, Y. V., Lazarides, A. A., Sligar, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+Self-Assembly+of+Monodisperse+Phospholipid+Bilayer+Nanodiscs+with+Controlled+Size.">Directed Self-Assembly of Monodisperse Phospholipid Bilayer Nanodiscs with Controlled Size.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126 (11), 3477-3487 (2004).</li><li>Grinkova, Y. V., Denisov, I. G., Sligar, S. 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Colorimetric detection of metals using HNB provides a simple way to quantify the degree of protein contamination by transition metal ions from IMAC resins. As we established in Ref. 20, Ni2+ binds to HNB with 1:1 stoichiometry and the dissociation constant for the Ni-HNB complex changes with pH. However, the complex Kd is in the sub-nM range for all recommended (7-12) pH values. In practical terms, it means that all Ni2+ in any tested fractions will bind to HNB as long as no other strong ...

Since its inception by Porath and co-workers1, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) has become a method of choice to quickly separate proteins based on their ability to bond with transition metal ions such as Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Co2+. This is most commonly done via engineered poly-histidine tags and is now one of the most common chromatographic purification techniques for the isolation of recombinant proteins2. IMAC has also found applications beyond recombinant protein purification as a way to isolate quinolones, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and &#946;-lactams for food sample analysis3 and as a step in identifying blood-serum protein markers for liver and pancreatic cancers4,5. Not surprisingly, IMAC has also become a method of choice for the isolation of a number of native bioenergetics enzymes6,7,8,9,10. However, successful implementation of these purification methods for studies on enzymatically active bioenergetic proteins is dependent on the presence of negligible levels of metal cations leached from the column matrix into the eluate. The divalent metal cations commonly used in IMAC have known pathologic biological significance, even at low concentrations11,12. The physiological effect of these metals is most pronounced in bioenergetic systems, where they can prove lethal as inhibitors of cellular respiration or photosynthesis13,14,15. Similar issues are unavoidable for the majority of protein classes where residual contaminant metals can interfere with a protein&#39;s biological functions or characterization with biochemical and biophysical techniques.
While the levels of metal contamination under oxidizing conditions and using imidazole as an eluant are typically low16, protein isolations performed in the presence of cysteine reducing agents (DTT, &#946;-mercaptoethanol, etc.) or with stronger chelators like histidine17,18 or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) result in much higher levels of metal contamination19,20. Similarly, since metal ions in IMAC resins are frequently coordinated by carboxylic groups, protein elutions performed under acidic conditions are also likely to have much higher levels of metal contamination. Metal content in solutions can be assessed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) down to a limit of detection in the ppb-ppt range21,22,23,24. Unfortunately, AAS and ICP-MS are not realistic means for detection in a traditional biochemistry lab as those methods would require access to specialized equipment and training.
Previous work by Brittain25,26 investigated the use of hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) as a way to identify the presence of transition metals in solution. However, there were several internal contradictions in the data20 and those works failed to offer an adequate protocol. Studies by Temel et al.27 and Ferreira et al.28 expanded on Brittain&#39;s work with HNB as a potential metal indicator. However, Temel developed a protocol that makes use of AAS for sample analysis, using HNB only as a chelating agent. Ferreira&#39;s study used the change in the HNB absorbance spectra at 563 nm, a region of the free-dye HNB spectra that overlaps heavily with the spectra of HNB-metal complexes at pH 5.7, making the assay sensitivity fairly low as well as resulting in relatively weak metal binding affinity20. To address issues in our own lab with Ni2+ leaching from IMAC, we have expanded the work done by Brittain25,26 and Ferreria28 to develop an easy assay capable of detecting nanomolar levels of several transition metals. We showed that HNB binds nickel and other common for IMAC metals with sub-nanomolar binding affinities and form 1:1 complex over a wide range of pH values20. The assay reported here is based on these findings and utilizes absorbance changes in the HNB spectrum at 647 nm for metal quantification. The assay can be performed in the physiological pH range using common buffers and instrumentation found in a typical biochemistry lab by using colorimetric detection and quantification of metal-dye complexes and the associated change in absorbance of the free-dye when it binds to metal.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2xYT broth</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP9743-500</td>
			<td>media for E.coli growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES, free acid</td>
			<td>BioBasic</td>
			<td>HB0264</td>
			<td>alternative buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HisPur Ni-NTA resin</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>88222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydroxynaphthol blue disoidum salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>219916-5g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>O3196-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>BioBasic</td>
			<td>IB0277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS, free acid</td>
			<td>BioBasic</td>
			<td>MB0360</td>
			<td>alternative buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S369-500</td>
			<td>alternative buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tricine</td>
			<td>Gold Bio</td>
			<td>T870-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9284-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of metal leaching in immobilized metal affinity chromatography

Contamination of enzymes with metals leached from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) columns poses a major concern for enzymologists, as many of the common di-and trivalent cations used in IMAC resins have an inhibitory effect on enzymes. However, the extent of metal leaching and the impact of various eluting and reducing reagents are poorly understood in large part due to the absence of simple and practical transition metal quantification protocols that use equipment typically available in biochemistry labs. To address this problem, we have developed a protocol to quickly quantify the amount of metal contamination in samples prepared using IMAC as a purification step. The method uses hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) as a colorimetric indicator for metal cation content in a sample solution and UV-Vis spectroscopy as a means to quantify the amount of metal present, into the nanomolar range, based on the change in the HNB spectrum at 647 nm. While metal content in a solution has historically been determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma techniques, these methods require specialized equipment and training outside the scope of a typical biochemistry laboratory. The method proposed here provides a simple and fast way for biochemists to determine the metal content of samples using existing equipment and knowledge without sacrificing accuracy.

The spectrum of free HNB at neutral pH (black line) and representative spectra of fractions assayed for Ni2+ from the isolation of MSP1E3D129 are shown in Figure 2. A successful assay series should demonstrate a decreased absorbance at 647 nm compared to the HNB control, which corresponds to the formation of HNB complexes in the presence of a transition metal. A failed assay would be indicated by an increase in absorbance at 647 nm. Alternatively, more than...

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Quantification of Metal Leaching in Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography

We present an assay for easy quantification of metals introduced to samples prepared using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The method uses hydroxynaphthol blue as the colorimetric metal indicator and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer as the detector.

Contamination of enzymes with metals leached from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) columns poses a major concern for enzymologists, as ...

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Anticancer Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation by the MTT Assay

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular ...

Synthesis of a Water-soluble Metal&#8211;Organic Complex Array

Synthesis of a Water-soluble MetalÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œOrganic Complex Array

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of a water-soluble multimetallic peptidic array containing a predetermined sequence of metal centers such as ...

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

Micro-analytical techniques based on chemical element imaging enable the localization and quantification of chemical composition at the cellular level. ...

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution ...

Surface Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Improved Moisture Resistance

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous inorganic materials with promising properties in gas storage and separation, catalysis and sensing. ...

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and ...

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. ...

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides