Name: lower limb biomechanical analysis of healthy participants
Uploaded: 2020-04-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Dr. Johnathan Williams for his advice on MATLAB data processing.

The method reported was followed in a study that received ethical approval from the Bournemouth University Research Ethics Committee (Reference 15005).
1. Participants
<ol>
	<li>Recruit healthy adults (aged from 23 to 63 years, mean &#177; S.D.; 42.0 &#177; 13.4, body mass 70.4 &#177; 15.3 kg, height 175.5 &#177; 9.8 cm; 15 males, 15 females) to participate in the study. Thirty participants were recruited for this study.</li>
	<li>Ensure that there is no self-reported history of dizziness, b...

<ol>
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M., Harlaar, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+adding+a+virtual+reality+environment+to+different+modes+of+treadmill+walking.">Effects of adding a virtual reality environment to different modes of treadmill walking.</a> Gait Posture. 39 (3), 939-945 (2014).</li><li>Liu, W. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproducibility+and+Validity+of+the+6-Minute+Walk+Test+Using+the+Gait+Real-Time+Analysis+Interactive+Lab+in+Patients+with+COPD+and+Healthy+Elderly.">Reproducibility and Validity of the 6-Minute Walk Test Using the Gait Real-Time Analysis Interactive Lab in Patients with COPD and Healthy Elderly.</a> PLoS One. 11 (9), e0162444 (2016).</li><li>Herman, T., Mirelman, A., Giladi, N., Schweiger, A., Hausdorff, J. 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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+the+reduction+of+skin+marker+artifacts+during+walking+:+Application+to+the+knee.">A method for the reduction of skin marker artifacts during walking : Application to the knee.</a> KSME International Journal. 17 (6), 825-835 (2003).</li><li>Liu, P. C., Liu, J. F., Chen, L. Y., Xia, K., Wu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intermittent+pneumatic+compression+devices+combined+with+anticoagulants+for+prevention+of+symptomatic+deep+vein+thrombosis+after+total+knee+arthroplasty:+a+pilot+study.">Intermittent pneumatic compression devices combined with anticoagulants for prevention of symptomatic deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty: a pilot study.</a> Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 13, 179-183 (2017).</li><li>Al-Amri, M., Al Balushi, H., Mashabi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-rater+repeatability+of+gait+parameters+in+healthy+adults+during+self-paced+treadmill-based+virtual+reality+walking.">Intra-rater repeatability of gait parameters in healthy adults during self-paced treadmill-based virtual reality walking.</a> Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. 20 (16), 1669-1677 (2017).</li><li>Zeni, J., Richards, J., Higginson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+simple+methods+for+determining+gait+events+during+treadmill+and+overground+walking+using+kinematic+data.">Two simple methods for determining gait events during treadmill and overground walking using kinematic data.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 27 (4), 710-714 (2008).</li><li>Tsaopoulos, D. E., Baltzopoulos, V., Richards, P. J., Maganaris, C. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+correction+of+dynamometer+moment+for+the+effects+of+segment+motion+during+isometric+knee-extension+tests.">Mechanical correction of dynamometer moment for the effects of segment motion during isometric knee-extension tests.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 111 (1), 68-74 (2011).</li><li>Abernethy, P., Wilson, G., Logan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strength+and+power+assessment.+Issues,+controversies+and+challenges.">Strength and power assessment. Issues, controversies and challenges.</a> Sports Medicine. 19 (6), 401-417 (1995).</li><li>Kroll, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+a+Selected+Measure+of+Human+Strength.">Reliability of a Selected Measure of Human Strength.</a> Research Quarterly, American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. 33 (3), 410-417 (1962).</li><li>Anzak, A., Tan, H., Pogosyan, A., Brown, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Doing+better+than+your+best:+loud+auditory+stimulation+yields+improvements+in+maximal+voluntary+force.">Doing better than your best: loud auditory stimulation yields improvements in maximal voluntary force.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 208 (2), 237-243 (2011).</li><li>Belkhiria, C., De Marco, G., Driss, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+verbal+encouragement+on+force+and+electromyographic+activations+during+exercise.">Effects of verbal encouragement on force and electromyographic activations during exercise.</a> Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 58 (5), 750-757 (2018).</li><li>Bickers, M. 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The contribution of this study is to accurately and comprehensively describe within one protocol the techniques for combined gait analysis and muscle strength testing that have not previously been described together.
In order to achieve accurate results for gait analysis, there are two areas that require maximum attention: 1) marker placements and 2) acclimatization time. The accuracy of the measured data is heavily dependent on the accuracy of the model used. The other key factors that affect...

The discipline of biomechanics primarily involves the study of stress, strain, loads and motion of biological systems - solid and fluid alike. It also involves the modelling of mechanical effects on the structure, size, shape and movement of the body1. For many years, developments in this field have improved our understanding of normal and pathologic gait, mechanics of neuromuscular control, and mechanics of growth and form2.
The main objective of this article is to present a comprehensive methodology on two of the latest technologies available to measure lower limb biomechanics of individuals. The gait analysis system measures and quantifies gait biomechanics by using a self-paced (SP) treadmill in combination with an augmented reality environment, which integrates a SP algorithm to regulate the treadmill&#39;s speed, as described by Sloot et al3. The muscle strength testing equipment is used as an assessment and a treatment tool for upper extremity rehabilitation4. This device can objectively assess a variety of physiological patterns of movement or job simulation tasks in isometric and isotonic modes. It is currently recognized as the gold standard for upper limb strength measurement5 but the evidence related specifically to the lower limb remains unclear. This paper explains the detailed protocol for completing an assessment of gait and isometric strength for the lower extremity.
Within biomechanical analysis, it is useful to combine assessments of functional performance (such as gait analysis) with specific tests of muscular performance. This is because whilst it may be assumed that increased muscle strength improves functional performance, this may not always be apparent6. This understanding is required for the improved future design of rehabilitation protocols and research strategies to assess these approaches.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>701 Small lever</td>
			<td>Baltimore Therapeutic Equipment Company (BTE)</td>
			<td>Not Available - Online link provided in description</td>
			<td>The unique attachment designed for the Primus RS to measure Knee Extension/Flexion - <a href="https://store.btetech.com/collections/primus/products/701-small-lever" target="_blank">https://store.btetech.com/collections/primus/products/701-small-lever</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Flow Software - Vresion 3.26</td>
			<td>Motekforce Link</td>
			<td>Not Available - Online link provided in description</td>
			<td>Software used to control GRAIL system - <a href="https://summitmedsci.co.uk/products/motek-dflow-hbm-software/" target="_blank">https://summitmedsci.co.uk/products/motek-dflow-hbm-software/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gait Offline Analysis (GOAT) - Version 2.3</td>
			<td>Motekforce Link</td>
			<td>Not Available - Online link provided in description</td>
			<td>Software used for the analysis of the gait parameters - <a href="https://www.motekmedical.com/product/grail/" target="_blank">https://www.motekmedical.com/product/grail/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gait Real-time Analysis Interactive Lab (GRAIL)</td>
			<td>Motekforce Link</td>
			<td>Not Available - Online link provided in description</td>
			<td>GRAIL system measures and quantifies gait biomechanics by using a virtual reality based self-paced (SP) treadmill - <a href="https://www.motekmedical.com/product/grail/" target="_blank">https://www.motekmedical.com/product/grail/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leg Pad for 701</td>
			<td>Baltimore Therapeutic Equipment Company (BTE)</td>
			<td>Not Available - Online link provided in description</td>
			<td>The unique attachment designed for the Primus RS to measure Knee Extension/Flexion - <a href="https://store.btetech.com/collections/primus/products/701-802-leg-pad" target="_blank">https://store.btetech.com/collections/primus/products/701-802-leg-pad</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positioning Chair</td>
			<td>Baltimore Therapeutic Equipment Company (BTE)</td>
			<td>Not Available - Online link provided in description</td>
			<td>Participant Positioning Chair is designed for assessment and treatment of the lower exteremeties. The chair is designed for multiple positions. <a href="https://www.btetech.com/product/primus/" target="_blank">https://www.btetech.com/product/primus/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primus RS</td>
			<td>Baltimore Therapeutic Equipment Company (BTE)</td>
			<td>Not Available - Online link provided in description</td>
			<td>Primus RS equipment captures and reports real time objective data in Isotonic, Isometric, and Isokinetic resistance modes - <a href="https://www.btetech.com/wp-content/uploads/BTE-Rehabilitation-Equipment-PrimusRS-Brochure-1.pdf" target="_blank">https://www.btetech.com/wp-content/uploads/BTE-Rehabilitation-Equipment-PrimusRS-Brochure-1.pdf</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lower limb biomechanical analysis of healthy participants

Biomechanical analysis techniques are useful in the study of human movement. The aim of this study was to introduce a technique for the lower limb biomechanical assessment in healthy participants using commercially available systems. Separate protocols were introduced for the gait analysis and muscle strength testing systems. To ensure maximum accuracy for gait assessment, attention should be given to the marker placements and self-paced treadmill acclimatization time. Similarly, participant positioning, a practice trial, and verbal encouragement are three critical stages in muscle strength testing. The current evidence suggests that the methodology outlined in this article may be effective for the assessment of lower limb biomechanics.

The mean and standard deviation of the spatial-temporal, kinematics, and kinetic gait parameters are given in Table 2. MVIC data for all 30 participants are summarized in Table 3. A typical set of data for the left and right side of one participant showing graphical representation of gait parameters is provided in Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively.
<p class="jove_content" fo:keep-together.w...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants at JoVE.com

Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants

This article introduces a comprehensive experimental methodology on two of the latest technologies available to measure the lower limb biomechanics of individuals.

Biomechanical analysis techniques are useful in the study of human movement. The aim of this study was to introduce a technique for the lower limb ...

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