Name: the lower body positive pressure treadmill for knee osteoarthritis rehabilitation
Uploaded: 2019-07-22T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill for Knee Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation at JoVE.com

This study was funded by Guangzhou Medical University (Grant Number 2018A053).

The clinical project was approved by the Medical Ethics Association of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University and has been registered at the China Clinical Trial Registration Center (No. ChiCTR1800017677 and entitled &#8220;Effect and Mechanism of Anti-gravity Treadmill on Lower Limb Motor Function in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis&#8221;).
1. Recruitment
<ol>
	<li>Recruit patients presenting with radiographic evidence of mild-to-moderate (Kellgren &#38; Lawrence gr...

<ol>
	<li>McAlindon, T. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OARSI+guidelines+for+the+non-surgical+management+of+knee+osteoarthritis.">OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis.</a> Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 22, 363-388 (2014).</li><li>Luyten, F. P., Denti, M., Filardo, G., Kon, E., Engebretsen, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Definition+and+classification+of+early+osteoarthritis+of+the+knee.">Definition and classification of early osteoarthritis of the knee.</a> Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy. 20, 401-406 (2012).</li><li>Lankhorst, G. J., Van de Stadt, R. J., Van der Korst, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relationships+of+functional+capacity,+pain,+and+isometric+and+isokinetic+torque+in+osteoarthrosis+of+the+knee.">The relationships of functional capacity, pain, and isometric and isokinetic torque in osteoarthrosis of the knee.</a> Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 17, 167-172 (1985).</li><li>Waugh, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+activity+intervention+in+primary+care+and+rheumatology+for+the+management+of+knee+osteoarthritis:+A+review.">Physical activity intervention in primary care and rheumatology for the management of knee osteoarthritis: A review.</a> Arthritis Care &amp; Research. 71 (2), 189-197 (2019).</li><li>Segal, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+quadriceps+strength+and+proprioception+on+risk+for+knee+osteoarthritis.">Effect of quadriceps strength and proprioception on risk for knee osteoarthritis.</a> Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise. 42, 2081 (2010).</li><li>Linda, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EULAR+recommendations+for+the+non-pharmacological+core+management+of+hip+and+knee+osteoarthritis.">EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological core management of hip and knee osteoarthritis.</a> Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 72, 1125-1135 (2013).</li><li>Watanabe, S., Someya, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Body+Weight-supported+Walking+on+Exercise+Capacity+and+Walking+Speed+in+Patients+with+Knee+Osteoarthritis:+A+Randomized+Controlled+Trial.">Effect of Body Weight-supported Walking on Exercise Capacity and Walking Speed in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.</a> Journal of the Japanese Physical Therapy Association. 16, 28-35 (2013).</li><li>Takacs, J., Anderson, J. E., Leiter, J. R., MacDonald, P. B., Peeler, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+body+positive+pressure:+an+emerging+technology+in+the+battle+against+knee+osteoarthritis?.">Lower body positive pressure: an emerging technology in the battle against knee osteoarthritis?.</a> Clinical Interventions in Aging. 8, 983-991 (2013).</li><li>Ruckstuhl, H., Kho, J., Weed, M., Wilkinson, M. W., Hargens, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparing+two+devices+of+suspended+treadmill+walking+by+varying+body+unloading+and+Froude+number.">Comparing two devices of suspended treadmill walking by varying body unloading and Froude number.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 30, 446-451 (2009).</li><li>Peeler, J., Christian, M., Cooper, J., Leiter, J., MacDonald, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Managing+Knee+Osteoarthritis:+The+Effects+of+Body+Weight+Supported+Physical+Activity+on+Joint+Pain,+Function,+and+Thigh+Muscle+Strength.">Managing Knee Osteoarthritis: The Effects of Body Weight Supported Physical Activity on Joint Pain, Function, and Thigh Muscle Strength.</a> Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 25, 518-523 (2015).</li><li>Patil, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-gravity+treadmills+are+effective+in+reducing+knee+forces.">Anti-gravity treadmills are effective in reducing knee forces.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 31, 672-679 (2013).</li><li>Nicolas-Alonso, L. F., Gomez-Gil, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain+computer+interfaces,+a+review.">Brain computer interfaces, a review.</a> Sensors (Basel). 12, 1211-1279 (2012).</li><li>Webber, S. C., Horvey, K. J., Yurach Pikaluk, M. T., Butcher, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+responses+in+older+adults+with+total+knee+arthroplasty+at+rest+and+with+exercise+on+a+positive+pressure+treadmill.">Cardiovascular responses in older adults with total knee arthroplasty at rest and with exercise on a positive pressure treadmill.</a> European Journal of Applied Physiology. 114, 653-662 (2014).</li><li>Dolphin, N. W., Crue, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pain:+Clinical+Manual+For+Nursing+Practice.">Pain: Clinical Manual For Nursing Practice.</a> Clinical Journal of Pain. 5, 363 (1989).</li><li>Lavernia, C., D'Apuzzo, M., Rossi, M. D., Lee, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+Knee+Range+of+Motion+Assessment+After+Total+Knee+Arthroplasty.">Accuracy of Knee Range of Motion Assessment After Total Knee Arthroplasty.</a> The Journal of Arthroplasty. 23, 85-91 (2008).</li><li>Bellamy, N., Buchanan, W. W., Goldsmith, C. H., Campbell, J., Stitt, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+study+of+WOMAC:+a+health+status+instrument+for+measuring+clinically+important+patient+relevant+outcomes+to+antirheumatic+drug+therapy+in+patients+with+osteoarthritis+of+the+hip+or+knee.">Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee.</a> Journal of Rheumatology. 15, 1833-1840 (1988).</li><li>Collins, N. J., Misra, D., Felson, D. T., Crossley, K. M., Roos, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measures+of+knee+function:+International+Knee+Documentation+Committee+(IKDC)+Subjective+Knee+Evaluation+Form,+Knee+Injury+and+Osteoarthritis+Outcome+Score+(KOOS),+Knee+Injury+and+Osteoarthritis+Outcome+Score+Physical+Function+Short+Form+(KOOS-PS)+Knee+O.">Measures of knee function: International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation Form, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Physical Function Short Form (KOOS-PS) Knee O.</a> Arthritis Care &amp; Research. 63, S208-S228 (2011).</li><li>Rabin, R., De-Charro, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EQ-5D:+a+measure+of+health+status+from+the+EuroQol+Group.">EQ-5D: a measure of health status from the EuroQol Group.</a> Annals of Medicine. 33, 337-343 (2001).</li><li>Wirz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+automated+locomotor+training+in+patients+with+chronic+incomplete+spinal+cord+injury:+a+multicenter+trial.">Effectiveness of automated locomotor training in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury: a multicenter trial.</a> Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 86, 672-680 (2005).</li><li>Shumway-Cook, A., Baldwin, M., Polissar, N. 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We proposed an LBPP treadmill intervention protocol, which includes both clinical assessment and treatment models, for the rehabilitation of lower extremity motor function in knee OA. Meanwhile, in response to the clinical symptoms and knee OA dysfunction, the treatment model includes not only a training section for walking in the LBPP protocol but also an innovative squatting training section, which aims to solve the daily dysfunction due to thigh muscle weakness and squatting difficulties in knee OA patients. To the be...

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint condition and a major cause of pain and locomotor disability in people all over the world1. Knee OA is characterized by osteophyte and cyst formation, narrow joint spacing, and subchondral bone sclerosis2. These pathological changes make it difficult to perform essential activities of daily living such as walking, squatting, and going up and down stairs3. However, physical activity is recommended as an essential component of first-line knee OA management4. Exercise intervention for knee OA rehabilitation is affected by several factors: (1) limited knee joint movement caused by pain and minor knee structural changes; (2) muscle atrophy associated with maintaining knee stability and a decrease in muscle strength5; and (3) the above reasons lead to a reduction in exercise and an increase in body mass index (BMI), which further increases the burden on the knees, thus creating a vicious cycle6.
In response to the above mentioned issues, the body weight-supported training system (BWSTT) has gradually addressed bone and joint disease-related rehabilitation7. In recent years, one of the emerging body weight-supported training technologies is called the lower body positive pressure (LBPP) treadmill7. This technology uses a waist-high inflatable balloon to achieve positive lower limb pressure and accurately adjust the air pressure to regulate body weight with the aim of achieving weight reduction. The system is also equipped with a running platform that can concurrently perform treadmill-related activities under the control of body weight8. Meanwhile, the pressure generated in the inflated enclosure provides a lifting force against the body. Because the pressure is only slightly above atmospheric pressure and is evenly distributed, the force on the lower body is almost imperceptible. Thus, the LBPP running platform provides a higher level of comfort and is more suitable for long-term training compared with the traditional BWSTT9. Peeler et al. performed an LBPP treadmill intervention on 32 knee OA patients and showed that the LBPP treadmill can effectively relieve knee pain, improve daily life functions, and produce an increase in thigh muscle strength10. The potential mechanism might be related to achievement of effective knee joint activity while reducing knee joint torque11. On the other hand, since the age of onset of knee OA patients is mostly over 45 years old12, onset may also be associated with cardio-pulmonary diseases. Studies have shown that LBPP allows people to achieve walking as exercise with relatively low heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen consumption and achieve safer and more effective aerobic exercise than full-weight flat walking; this type of walking is another advantage of LBPP when compared with traditional BWSTT13.
However, due to the relatively new application of this system to knee OA intervention, the relatively few existing studies have greatly limited the clinical application of this technology in knee OA rehabilitation. The LBPP protocol proposed in this article aimed to explore the clinical non-drug and surgical knee OA treatment using the LBPP treadmill.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AlterG Anti-Gravity Treadmill M320</td>
			<td>AlterG Inc, Fremont, CA, USA</td>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>LBBP training</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BTS Smart DX system</td>
			<td>Bioengineering Technology System, Milan, Italy</td>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>Temporospatial data collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BTS FREEEMG</td>
			<td>Bioengineering Technology System, Milan, Italy</td>
			<td>3</td>
			<td>Surface EMG data collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BTS SMART-Clinic software</td>
			<td>Bioengineering Technology System, Milan, Italy</td>
			<td>4</td>
			<td>Data processing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

the lower body positive pressure treadmill for knee osteoarthritis rehabilitation

Here, based on a clinician&rsquo;s point-of-view, we propose a two-model lower body positive pressure (LBPP) protocol (walking and squatting models) in addition to a clinical, functional assessment methodology, including details for further encouragement of the development of non-drug surgical intervention strategies in knee osteoarthritis patients. However, we only present the effect of LBPP training in improvement of pain and knee function in one patient through three-dimensional gait analysis. The exact, long-term effects of this approach should be explored in future studies.

We show results from a knee OA patient, who was a 60-year-old female (BMI = 22.9) undergoing &#8220;more than 3 years of knee osteoarthritis&#8221; and severe pain when she was walking (visual analog scale [VAS] = 8/10) and participated in a 2-week LBPP training program at our facility. During the entire intervention, the patient did not take any painkillers to relieve knee pain. The radiological image of her knee joints and the results of clinical function assessments are shown in Figure 3 ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill for Knee Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation at JoVE.com

The Lower Body Positive Pressure Treadmill for Knee Osteoarthritis Rehabilitation

Here, based on a clinician&#8217;s point-of-view, we propose a two-model lower body positive pressure (LBPP) protocol (walking and squatting models) in addition to a clinical, functional assessment methodology, including details for further encouragement of the development of non-drug surgical intervention strategies in knee osteoarthritis patients. However, we only present the effect of LBPP training in improvement of pain and knee function in one patient through three-dimensional gait analysis. The exact, long-term effects of this approach should be explored in future studies.

Here, based on a clinician&rsquo;s point-of-view, we propose a two-model lower body positive pressure (LBPP) protocol (walking and squatting models) in ...

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