This study sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772423), K. C. Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University, and the National Key R&#38;D Program of China (2018YFF0300903).

Written informed consent was obtained from subjects and the testing procedures were approved by the university ethics committee. All participants were informed of the requirements and process of the trial.
1. Laboratory preparation
<ol>
	<li>During calibration, switch off the lights and remove other possibly reflective objects. Ensure that eight cameras are appropriately placed and have a clear view without re&#64258;ection.</li>
	<li>Open the Vicon Nexus 1.8.5 program, and then initialize t...

<ol>
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This study compared the effect of long distance running on the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremity in amateur runners. It was found that the peak angle of ankle eversion and knee abduction increased after 5 km running, which is consistent with a previous study17. Studies have shown that excessive ankle eversion and eversion velocity are important factors that increase the risk of ankle injuries18,19. It is not surprising t...

Running is the most popular sport around the world. There are a large number of individuals that run and this number increases substantially every year1. It has been suggested that participation in regular exercise including running can promote health, reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and thus improve life expectancy2,3,4. Despite the significant health benefits of running, the incidence of running injuries has increased from 25% to 83% over the years5,6. There are some risks associated with running, especially to the lower extremities, which are mainly focused on musculoskeletal injuries7. The majority of common running-related injuries are related to patellofemoral pain, ankle sprain, tibial stress fractures, and plantar fasciitis8. Running injuries can be induced by many factors, such as incorrect foot striking patterns, incorrect shoe selection, and other individual biomechanical factors9. For instance, running with a heel-strike pattern can lead to greater pronation, and is accompanied by larger plantar pressure on the medial side of foot, which may lead a higher risk for Achilles tendinopathy and patellofemoral pain10. In addition, running with a greater knee internal rotation has been previously reported to be associated with the iliotibial band syndrome for female runners11, especially when running long distances.
Parameters of kinetics, kinematics, and time-space components can provide a precise analysis of gait biomechanics, and is currently considered to be an important parameter for clinical gait analysis12. Lower vertical ground reaction forces and larger impact accelerations are recoded after long-distance running13,14. Higher hip excursion and smaller knee flexions have also been found along with fatigued muscles15, and the increased stride frequency can result in reduced stride lengths13,16.
However, changes in biomechanical features of lower limbs at the phase of initial and terminal running have not been fully analyzed, since most studies measured biomechanical variation after running. Additionally, only a few studies use standard laboratory techniques to assess the effects of long-distance running on gait biomechanical changes in amateur runners. The main factors leading to running injuries are still unclear. Therefore, in order to reveal the underlying reasons for lower extremity injuries caused by long distance running, this study aims to compare the biomechanical changes of the lower extremity between the IR and TR phases in treadmill 5 km running in amateur runners.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:659px;" width="657">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col span="2" />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">14 mm Diameter Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:221px;">n=22</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Double Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>For fixing markers to skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Heart Rate</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Garmin, HRM3-SS, China</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>Detection of fatigue state</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Motion Tracking Cameras</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>n= 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:216px;">T-Frame</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Treadmill</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Smart Run,China</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:221px;">Subject run on the treadmill for all the process.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:216px;">Valid Dongle</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>Vicon Nexus 1.4.116</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Vicon Datastation ADC</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comparative analysis of lower limb kinematics between the initial and terminal  phase  of 5km treadmill running

Running is beneficial for physical health, but it is also accompanied by many injuries. However, the main factors leading to running injury remain unexplained. This study investigated the effects of long running distance on lower-limb kinematic variables and the lower limb kinematic difference of between the initial (IR) and terminal phase (TR) of 5 km running was compared. Ten amateur runners ran on a treadmill at the speed of 10 km/h. Dynamic kinematic data was collected at the phase of IR (0.5 km) and TR (5 km), respectively. The peak angle, peak angular velocities, and range of motion were recorded in this experiment. The main results demonstrated the following: ankle eversion and knee abduction were increased at TR; ROMs of ankle and knee were increased in the frontal plane at TR than IR; a larger peak angular velocity of ankle dorsiflexion and hip interrotation were found in TR compared to IR. These changes during the long distance running may provide some specific details for exploring potential reasons of running injuries.

The results showed that no differences in the peak angle of the ankle and hip were observed in the sagittal plane. Compared with IR, the peak angles of the ankle and the knee in the frontal plane were significantly increased at TR. A larger internal hip angle was found in TR as contrasted to IR. However, TR presented a smaller peak angle in hip abduction, ankle interrotation, and knee interrotation than IR (Figure 2).
In the sagittal plane, the ROMs of the ankle a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal  Phase  of 5km Treadmill Running at JoVE.com

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal  Phase  of 5km Treadmill Running

This study investigated the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremity kinematic variables between the initial and terminal phase of 5 km treadmill running. The lower-limb kinematic data of 10 runners were collected using a three-dimensional motion capture system on a treadmill at the initial phase (0.5 km) and the terminal phase (5 km), respectively.

Running is beneficial for physical health, but it is also accompanied by many injuries. However, the main factors leading to running injury remain ...

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