Name: brain death induction in mice using intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring and ventilation via tracheostomy
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Death Induction in Mice Using Intra-Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring and Ventilation via Tracheostomy at JoVE.com

Animal experiments were performed in compliance with the Principles of Laboratory Animal Care formulated by the National Society for Medical Research and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals prepared by the National Academy of Science and published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 86-23, revised 1985). All experiments were approved by the Austrian Ministry of Education, Science and Culture (BMWF-66.011/0071-II/3b/2012).
1. Arterial catheterization
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BD, a risk factor for allograft quality in multi-organ donors, entails a plethora of pathophysiological changes, which can only be sufficiently assessed using in vivo models. Hemodynamic changes, cytokine storm, hormonal changes and their ultimate impact on organ graft quality and survival cannot be analyzed in vitro4. The majority of basic transplantation as well as immunological research is dependent on sophisticated diagnostic tools, which are widely available only in mice models. Mice models h...

Transplantation is currently the only curative treatment for end-stage organ failure. Until now, brain death (BD) patients have been the main source for organ donations, although living donation and donation after circulatory death are valuable alternatives1. BD is defined by an irreversible coma (with a known cause), the absence of brain stem reflexes and apnea2. Unfortunately, BD organs demonstrate inferior results in long-term graft survival independent of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatch and cold ischemic time3. Meanwhile, intensive research on this antigen-independent risk factor has been performed resulting in three main aspects of pathophysiological changes mediated as a consequence of BD: hemodynamic, hormonal, and inflammatory4.
To date, experimental BD models in rodents have been mostly performed using rats. In order to gain greater insight into the immunological consequences on solid organs following BD, we aimed to establish a murine model of BD, as currently only mouse models allow for comprehensive investigations into genetic or immunological factors. In this context, the mouse system provides a larger variety of analytical tools.
The principle of BD induction as described here is based on an increase in intracranial pressure induced by the inflation of a balloon catheter inserted under the skull. Increased intracranial pressure mimics the physiological mechanism of BD by blocking the perfusion of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem5,6. To guarantee sufficient perfusion of peripheral organs, blood pressure measurement is obligatory during the procedure. The catheter used for this purpose at the same time serves for saline administration in order to stabilize the blood pressure by fluid substitution. As BD is accompanied by cessation of spontaneous breathing, sufficient ventilation must be ensured. An electric blanket maintains physiological core body temperature.
In summary, this model will enable in-depth studies into the influence of BD-induced injury, on leukocyte migration7, compliment activation8, ischemic reperfusion injury9, and other factors.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Arterial catheter (BD Neoflon 26G)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>391349</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blood Pressure Transducers (APT300)</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus Inc.</td>
			<td>73-3862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fogarty Arterial Embolectomy Catheter N&#176; 3</td>
			<td>Edwards Lifesciences Corporation</td>
			<td>120403F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11271-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homeothermic Blanket Systems with Flexible Probe</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus Inc.</td>
			<td>55-7020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketansol</td>
			<td>Graeub</td>
			<td>6680110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro scissor</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>15018-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>12060-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolene 5-0</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8698H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump 11 Elite Infusion Only Single</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus Inc.</td>
			<td>70-4500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissor</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14075-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotactic microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZX7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transpore Tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1527-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Underpads</td>
			<td>Molinea.A</td>
			<td>274301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ventilator for mice (MiniVent Model 845)</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus Inc.</td>
			<td>73-0043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylasol</td>
			<td>Graeub</td>
			<td>7630109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

brain death induction in mice using intra-arterial blood pressure monitoring and ventilation via tracheostomy

While both living donation and donation after circulatory death provide alternative opportunities for organ transplantation, donation after donor brain death (BD) still represents the major source for solid transplants. Unfortunately, the irreversible loss of brain function is known to induce multiple pathophysiological changes, including hemodynamic as well as hormonal modifications, finally leading to a systemic inflammatory response. Models that allow a systematic investigation of these effects in vivo are scarce. We present a murine model of BD induction, which could aid investigations into the devastating effects of BD on allograft quality. After implementing intra-arterial blood pressure measurement via the common carotid artery and reliable ventilation via a tracheostomy, BD is induced by steadily increasing intracranial pressure using a balloon catheter. Four hours after BD induction, organs may be harvested for analysis or for further transplantation procedures. Our strategy enables the comprehensive analysis of donor BD in a murine model, therefore allowing an in-depth understanding of BD-related effects in solid organ transplantation and potentially paving the way to optimized organ preconditioning.

The murine BD model was successfully performed more than 100 times with a success rate of over 90%. Additionally, post interventional organ transplantation of heart and kidney has been safely performed7.
BD induces a variety of pathophysiological changes that may be further investigated using this model. As shown in Figure 1, the blood pressure shows an initial hypertensive p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Death Induction in Mice Using Intra-Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring and Ventilation via Tracheostomy at JoVE.com

Brain Death Induction in Mice Using Intra-Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring and Ventilation via Tracheostomy

We present a murine model of brain death induction in order to evaluate the influence of its pathophysiological effects on organs as well as on consecutive grafts in the context of solid organ transplantation.

While both living donation and donation after circulatory death provide alternative opportunities for organ transplantation, donation after donor brain ...

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