Name: characterization of amyloid structures in aging c. elegans using fluorescence lifetime imaging
Uploaded: 2020-03-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of Amyloid Structures in Aging C. Elegans Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging at JoVE.com

The muscle-Q40-mRFP strain provided by the CGC, which is funded by NIH Office of Research Infrastructure Programs (P40 OD010440). The neuronal-Q40-CFP was a kind gift of the Morimoto Lab. We acknowledge the DFG (KI-1988/5-1 to JK, NeuroCure PhD fellowship by the NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence to MLP), EMBO (Short term fellowship to MLP) and the Company of Biologists (travel grants to CG and MLP) for funding. We also acknowledge the Advanced Light Microscopy imaging facility at the Max Delbr&#252;ck Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, for providing the setup to image the YFP constructs.

1. Synchronization of C. elegans
<ol>
	<li>Synchronize C. elegans either via alkaline hypochlorite solution treatment or via simple egg laying for 4 h at 20 &#176;C8.</li>
	<li>Grow and maintain nematodes at 20 &#176;C on nematode growth medium (NGM) plates seeded with OP50 E. coli according to standard procedures9. Age the nematodes until the desired developmental stage or day. 
	NOTE: In this protocol, young adults are imaged on day 4 and...

<ol>
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S., Martinez-Campos, M., Zipperlen, P., Fraser, A. G., Ahringer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+specific+RNA-mediated+interference+through+ingested+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Effectiveness of specific RNA-mediated interference through ingested double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genome Biology. 2 (1), 1-10 (2001).</li><li>Becker, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+Lifetime+Imaging+by+Time-Correlated+Single-Photon+Counting.">Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging by Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting.</a> Microscopy Research and Technique. 63 (1), 58-66 (2004).</li><li>Warren, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+global+fitting+of+large+fluorescence+lifetime+imaging+microscopy+datasets.">Rapid global fitting of large fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy datasets.</a> PloS one. 8 (8), e70687 (2013).</li><li>Moronetti Mazzeo, L. E., Dersh, D., Boccitto, M., Kalb, R. G., Lamitina, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+and+aging+induce+distinct+polyQ+protein+aggregation+states.">Stress and aging induce distinct polyQ protein aggregation states.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (26), 10587-10592 (2012).</li><li>Ben-Zvi, A., Miller, E. A., Morimoto, R. 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The protocol presented here describes a microscopy-based technique to identify aggregated species in the C. elegans model system. FLIM can accurately characterize the presence of both aggregated and soluble species fused to a fluorophore via measurement of their fluorescence lifetime decays. When a fusion protein starts to aggregate its recorded average lifetime will shift from a higher to a lower value16. The propensity of aggregation can then be deduced by the drop in lifetime: the lowe...

Protein aggregation occurs both in aging and disease. The pathways that lead to the formation and deposition of large amyloids or amorphous inclusions are difficult to follow and their kinetics are similarly challenging to unravel. Proteins can misfold due to intrinsic mutations within their coding sequences, as in the case of genetic diseases. Proteins also misfold because the proteostasis network (PN) that keeps them soluble and properly folded is impaired, as happens during aging. The PN includes molecular chaperones and degradation machineries and is responsible for the biogenesis, folding, trafficking, and degradation of proteins1.
C. elegans has emerged as a model to study aging and disease due to its short lifespan, isogenic nature, and ease of genetic manipulation. Several C. elegans transgenic strains that express human disease-causing proteins in vulnerable tissues have been created. Importantly, many of the strains containing aggregation-prone proteins recapitulate the hallmark of amyloid disorders, the formation of large inclusions. Thanks to C. elegans&#39; transparent body, these aggregates can be visualized in vivo, noninvasively and nondestructively2. Generating any protein of interest (POI) in fusion with a fluorophore allows to investigate its locations, trafficking, interaction network, and general fate.
We present a protocol to monitor the aggregation of disease-causing proteins in living and aging C. elegans via fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). FLIM is a powerful technique based on the lifetime of a fluorophore, rather than its emission spectra. The lifetime (tau, &#964;) is defined as the average time required by a photon to decay from its excited state back to its ground state. The lifetime of a given molecule is calculated with the time-domain technique of time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC). In TCSPC-FLIM, the fluorescent decay function is obtained by exciting the fluorophore with short, high-frequency laser pulses and measuring the emitted photon&#39;s arrival times to a detector in respect to the pulses. When scanning a sample, a three-dimensional data array is created for each pixel: the array includes information on the distribution of the photons in their x,y spatial coordinates and their temporal decay curve. A given sample therefore becomes a map of lifetimes revealing information on the protein&#39;s structure, binding, and environment3,4. Each fluorescent protein possesses an intrinsic and precisely defined lifetime, usually of a few nanoseconds (ns), dependent on its physiochemical properties. Importantly, the lifetime of a fluorophore is independent of its concentration, fluorescent intensity, and of the imaging methodology. However, within a biological system, it can be affected by environmental factors such as pH, temperature, ion concentrations, oxygen saturation, and its interaction partners. Lifetimes are also sensitive to internal structural changes and orientation. Fusing a fluorophore to a POI results in a change in its lifetime and consequently information on the behavior of the fused protein. When a fluorophore is surrounded or encapsulated in a tightly bound environment, such as the antiparallel beta sheets of an amyloid structure, it loses energy non-radiatively, a process known as quenching5. Quenching of the fluorophore results in a shortening of its apparent lifetime. When soluble, a protein&#39;s lifetime will stay closer to its original, higher value. In contrast, when a protein starts to aggregate, its lifetime will inevitably shift to a lower value6,7. Therefore, it becomes possible to monitor the aggregation propensity of any amyloid-forming protein at different ages in living C. elegans.
Here we describe a protocol to analyze the aggregation of a fusion protein comprising different polyglutamine (CAG, Q) stretches (Q40, Q44, and Q85). We illustrate how the technique can be applied equally to different fluorophores, such as cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP); and in all tissues of C. elegans, including the neurons, muscles, and the intestine. Moreover, in the context of proteostasis, FLIM is a very useful tool to observe changes upon depletion of molecular chaperones. Knocking down one of the key molecular chaperones, heat shock protein 1 (hsp-1), via RNA interference produces premature misfolding of proteins. The increase in aggregation load as a result of aging, disease, or deficient chaperones, is then measured as a decrease in fluorescence lifetime.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar-Agar Kobe I</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG</td>
			<td>5210.2</td>
			<td>NGM component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ahringer Library hsp-1 siRNA</td>
			<td>Source BioScience UK Limited</td>
			<td>F26D10.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG</td>
			<td>K029.3</td>
			<td>Antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B&#38;H DCS-120 SPC-150</td>
			<td>Becker &#38; Hickl GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FLIM Aquisition software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B&#38;H SPC830-SPC Image</td>
			<td>Becker &#38; Hickl GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FLIM Aquisition software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Bacto Peptone</td>
			<td>BD-Bionsciences</td>
			<td>211677</td>
			<td>NGM component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C. elegans iQ44-YFP</td>
			<td>CAENORHABDITIS GENETICS CENTER (CGC)</td>
			<td>OG412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C. elegans iQ85-YFP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kind gift from Morimoto Lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C. elegans mQ40-RFP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kind gift from Morimoto Lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C. elegans nQ40-CFP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kind gift from Morimoto Lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deckgl&#228;ser-18x18mm</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG</td>
			<td>0657.2</td>
			<td>Cover slips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl-&#946;-D-thiogalactopyranosid (IPTG)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG</td>
			<td>2316.4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica M165 FC</td>
			<td>Leica Camera AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Mounting Stereomicroscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leica TCS SP5</td>
			<td>Leica Camera AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Levamisole Hydrochloride</td>
			<td>AppliChem GmbH</td>
			<td>A4341</td>
			<td>Anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OP50 Escherichia coli</td>
			<td>CAENORHABDITIS GENETICS CENTER (CGC)</td>
			<td>OP50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PicoQuant PicoHarp300</td>
			<td>PicoQuant GmbH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FLIM Aquisition software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Azide</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG</td>
			<td>K305.1</td>
			<td>Anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG</td>
			<td>3957.2</td>
			<td>NGM component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard-Objekttr&#228;ger</td>
			<td>Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG</td>
			<td>0656.1</td>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal Agarose</td>
			<td>Bio &#38; Sell GmbH</td>
			<td>BS20.46.500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss AxioObserver.Z1</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss LSM510-Meta NLO</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characterization of amyloid structures in aging c. elegans using fluorescence lifetime imaging

Amyloid fibrils are associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington&#39;s, Parkinson&#39;s, or Alzheimer&#39;s disease. These amyloid fibrils can sequester endogenous metastable proteins as well as components of the proteostasis network (PN) and thereby exacerbate protein misfolding in the cell. There are a limited number of tools available to assess the aggregation process of amyloid proteins within an animal. We present a protocol for fluorescence lifetime microscopy (FLIM) that allows monitoring as well as quantification of the amyloid fibrilization in specific cells, such as neurons, in a noninvasive manner and with the progression of aging and upon perturbation of the PN. FLIM is independent of the expression levels of the fluorophore and enables an analysis of the aggregation process without any further staining or bleaching. Fluorophores are quenched when they are in close vicinity of amyloid structures, which results in a decrease of the fluorescence lifetime. The quenching directly correlates with the aggregation of the amyloid protein. FLIM is a versatile technique that can be applied to compare the fibrilization process of different amyloid proteins, environmental stimuli, or genetic backgrounds in vivo in a non-invasive manner.

The protocol shows how to accurately monitor the formation of aggregated species in living C. elegans, both during its natural aging and when subjected to stress. We selected four different strains of transgenic nematodes expressing polyglutamine proteins of either 40Q, 44Q, or 85Q repeats. These proteins are synthesized in different tissues and were fused to different fluorophores. The C. elegans strains either expressed Q40-mRFP in the body wall muscles (mQ40-RFP), Q40...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of Amyloid Structures in Aging C. Elegans Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging at JoVE.com

Characterization of Amyloid Structures in Aging C. Elegans Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

Fluorescence lifetime imaging monitors, quantifies and distinguishes the aggregation tendencies of proteins in living, aging, and stressed C. elegans disease models.

Characterization of Amyloid Structures in Aging C. Elegans Using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging

Amyloid fibrils are associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington&#39;s, Parkinson&#39;s, or Alzheimer&#39;s disease. These ...

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