Name: home-based monitor for gait and activity analysis
Uploaded: 2019-08-08T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Home-Based Monitor for Gait and Activity Analysis at JoVE.com

The authors thank Anne-Ga&#235;lle Le Moing, Am&#233;lie Moreaux, and Eric Dorveaux for their contribution to the development of this wearable magneto-inertial sensor and Jackie Wyatt for the review.

Any use of the device must be carried out in accordance with the rules established by the reference protocol, validated by the ethics committee and the national regulatory agencies of the country. The use of the device and the various elements attached to it must be done within the intended use described in the patient&#39;s manual.
NOTE: To be eligible to use of the WMIS, patient must be over 5 years old, be able to understand and follow the usage rules, provide informed consent, be affiliate...

<ol>
	<li>McDonald, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ataluren+in+patients+with+nonsense+mutation+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy+(ACT+DMD):+a+multicentre,+randomised,+double-blind,+placebo-controlled,+phase+3+trial.">Ataluren in patients with nonsense mutation Duchenne muscular dystrophy (ACT DMD): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.</a> The Lancet. 390 (10101), 1489-1498 (2017).</li><li>Aartsma-Rus, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+Exon+Skipping+Therapies+for+Duchenne+Muscular+Dystrophy:+A+Critical+Review+and+a+Perspective+on+the+Outstanding+Issues.">Development of Exon Skipping Therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Critical Review and a Perspective on the Outstanding Issues.</a> Nucleic Acid Therapeutics. 27 (5), 251-259 (2017).</li><li>McDonald, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+6-minute+walk+test+as+a+new+outcome+measure+in+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy.">The 6-minute walk test as a new outcome measure in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</a> Muscle &amp; Nerve. 41 (4), 500-510 (2010).</li><li>Heberer, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hip+kinetics+during+gait+are+clinically+meaningful+outcomes+in+young+boys+with+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy.">Hip kinetics during gait are clinically meaningful outcomes in young boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 48, 159-164 (2016).</li><li>Pan, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actigraphy+monitoring+of+symptoms+in+patients+with+Parkinson&#8217;s+disease.">Actigraphy monitoring of symptoms in patients with Parkinson&#8217;s disease.</a> Physiology &amp; Behavior. 119, 156-160 (2013).</li><li>Supratak, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remote+Monitoring+in+the+Home+Validates+Clinical+Gait+Measures+for+Multiple+Sclerosis.">Remote Monitoring in the Home Validates Clinical Gait Measures for Multiple Sclerosis.</a> Frontiers in Neurology. 9, 561 (2018).</li><li>Seferian, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upper+Limb+Strength+and+Function+Changes+during+a+One-Year+Follow-Up+in+Non-Ambulant+Patients+with+Duchenne+Muscular+Dystrophy:+An+Observational+Multicenter+Trial.">Upper Limb Strength and Function Changes during a One-Year Follow-Up in Non-Ambulant Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Observational Multicenter Trial.</a> PloS One. 10 (2), e0113999 (2015).</li><li>Seferian, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upper+Limb+Evaluation+and+One-Year+Follow+Up+of+Non-Ambulant+Patients+with+Spinal+Muscular+Atrophy:+An+Observational+Multicenter+Trial.">Upper Limb Evaluation and One-Year Follow Up of Non-Ambulant Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy: An Observational Multicenter Trial.</a> PLoS One. 10 (4), e0121799 (2015).</li><li>Servais, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innovative+methods+to+assess+upper+limb+strength+and+function+in+non-ambulant+Duchenne+patients.">Innovative methods to assess upper limb strength and function in non-ambulant Duchenne patients.</a> Neuromuscular Disorders. 23 (2), 139-148 (2013).</li><li>Le Moing, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Movement+Monitor+Based+on+Magneto-Inertial+Sensors+for+Non-Ambulant+Patients+with+Duchenne+Muscular+Dystrophy:+A+Pilot+Study+in+Controlled+Environment.">A Movement Monitor Based on Magneto-Inertial Sensors for Non-Ambulant Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Pilot Study in Controlled Environment.</a> PLoS One. 11 (6), e0156696 (2016).</li><li>Chabanon, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prospective+and+longitudinal+natural+history+study+of+patients+with+Type+2+and+3+spinal+muscular+atrophy:+Baseline+data+NatHis-SMA+study.">Prospective and longitudinal natural history study of patients with Type 2 and 3 spinal muscular atrophy: Baseline data NatHis-SMA study.</a> PLoS One. 13 (7), e0201004 (2018).</li><li>Valentini, R., Martinelli, B., Mezzarobba, S., De Michiel, A., Toffano, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optokinetic+analysis+of+gait+cycle+during+walking+with+1cm-+and+2cm-high+heel+lifts.">Optokinetic analysis of gait cycle during walking with 1cm- and 2cm-high heel lifts.</a> The Foot. 19 (1), 44-49 (2009).</li><li>Rothney, M. P., Brychta, R. J., Meade, N. N., Chen, K. Y., Buchowski, M. 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H. M., Verheyen, C. C. P. M., Zijlstra, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+body-fixed-sensor+based+analysis+of+compensatory+trunk+movements+during+unconstrained+walking.">A body-fixed-sensor based analysis of compensatory trunk movements during unconstrained walking.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 27 (1), 164-167 (2008).</li><li>Brandes, M., Zijlstra, W., Heikens, S., van Lummel, R., Rosenbaum, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerometry+based+assessment+of+gait+parameters+in+children.">Accelerometry based assessment of gait parameters in children.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 24 (4), 482-486 (2006).</li><li>Liu, K., Liu, T., Shibata, K., Inoue, Y., Zheng, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+approach+to+ambulatory+assessment+of+human+segmental+orientation+on+a+wearable+sensor+system.">Novel approach to ambulatory assessment of human segmental orientation on a wearable sensor system.</a> Journal of Biomechanics. 42 (16), 2747-2752 (2009).</li><li>Itoh, T., Morioka, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+Leg-Motion+Measurement+System+Using+Acceleration+Sensors.">Developing Leg-Motion Measurement System Using Acceleration Sensors.</a> Electrical Engineering in Japan. 204 (1), 59-66 (2018).</li><li>Scott, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+functional+assessment+scale+for+ambulatory+boys+with+Duchenne+muscular+dystrophy.">Development of a functional assessment scale for ambulatory boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</a> Physiotherapy Research International. 17 (2), 101-109 (2012).</li><li>Sonenblum, S. E., Sprigle, S., Caspall, J., Lopez, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+an+accelerometer-based+method+to+measure+the+use+of+manual+wheelchairs.">Validation of an accelerometer-based method to measure the use of manual wheelchairs.</a> Medical Engineering &amp; Physics. 34 (6), 781-786 (2012).</li><li>Hiremath, S. V., Ding, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regression+equations+for+RT3+activity+monitors+to+estimate+energy+expenditure+in+manual+wheelchair+users.">Regression equations for RT3 activity monitors to estimate energy expenditure in manual wheelchair users.</a> 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. , 7348-7351 (2011).</li><li>Ciuti, G., Ricotti, L., Menciassi, A., Dario, P. M. E. M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensor+Technologies+for+Human+Centred+Applications+in+Healthcare,+Physical+Activities,+Safety+and+Environmental+Sensing:+A+Review+on+Research+Activities+in+Italy.">Sensor Technologies for Human Centred Applications in Healthcare, Physical Activities, Safety and Environmental Sensing: A Review on Research Activities in Italy.</a> Sensors. 15 (3), 6441-6468 (2015).</li><li>del Rosario, M., Redmond, S., Lovell, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracking+the+Evolution+of+Smartphone+Sensing+for+Monitoring+Human+Movement.">Tracking the Evolution of Smartphone Sensing for Monitoring Human Movement.</a> Sensors. 15 (8), 18901-18933 (2015).</li><li>Shoaib, M., Bosch, S., Incel, O., Scholten, H., Havinga, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fusion+of+Smartphone+Motion+Sensors+for+Physical+Activity+Recognition.">Fusion of Smartphone Motion Sensors for Physical Activity Recognition.</a> Sensors. 14 (6), 10146-10176 (2014).</li><li>Miao, F., Cheng, Y., He, Y., He, Q., Li, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Wearable+Context-Aware+ECG+Monitoring+System+Integrated+with+Built-in+Kinematic+Sensors+of+the+Smartphone.">A Wearable Context-Aware ECG Monitoring System Integrated with Built-in Kinematic Sensors of the Smartphone.</a> Sensors. 15 (5), 11465-11484 (2015).</li><li>EMA. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Draft qualification opinion on stride velocity 95th centile as a secondary endpoint in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy measured by a valid and suitable wearable device*. , (2018).</li><li>Coulter, E. 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In the past decade, a number of different systems have been developed, such as an activity monitor (Table of Materials [IV]), which uses accelerometric sensors to monitor activities of daily life for energy expenditure quantification13. A triaxial accelerometer (Table of Materials [V]) was used by Tanaka et al.14 to monitor activity of preschool children. Lau et al.15 showed through the combination of a dual-accelero...

A number of potential therapies are in development for treatment of genetic neuromuscular diseases. These diseases include Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type 3. Subjects with these diseases present initially with proximal lower limb weakness that leads to progressive difficulties in ambulation. The final step in translational research is the demonstration of efficacy of a potential treatment or approach in a clinical trial. Specific, quantifiable, objective, and reliable measures are required. The importance of such measures was recently emphasized by the failure of the phase IIb ataluren trial1 and the phase III Biomarin trial2. One of the likely explanations for these failures was the variability and the nonlinear evolution of the primary outcome measure of these trials, the 6-minute walk test3 (6 MWT). Increasing reliability and sensitivity to the change of outcome measures and the understanding of the factors leading to their variation could contribute to decrease the number of trial failures related to the main outcome measures.
One of the limitations of the current outcomes is the subjectivity of the assessment. To further increase the objectivity of assessments, Heberer et al.4 showed that through a marker set and the use of a gait analysis software, there was a significant increase in stride length in patients treated with steroids compared with the na&#239;ve group. Hip joint kinetics are early markers of proximal weakness in patients with DMD and are responsive to change with steroid intervention, which is the only available treatment for these patients. Gait laboratories are, however, only available in large clinics. Furthermore, laboratory evaluations are point assessments, and a patient&#8217;s condition may greatly vary on a day to day basis due to factors such as fatigue, motivation, and intercurrent illness.
The use of continuous and home-based measurement should achieve both a more objective and a more globally representative assessment. In other fields of neurology, for instance Parkinson5 or multiple sclerosis6, several studies have assessed the feasibility, reliability, and consistency with other measures of different sensors including accelerometers with or without gyrometers or magnetometers, yet none of these devices is currently a gold standard for evaluation of patients during clinical trials. In the field of neuromuscular diseases, there is currently no validated method for continuous home monitoring of patients. In recent years, through a close collaboration between clinicians and engineers, the Institute of Myology in Paris has developed several devices for upper limb assessment to precisely evaluate upper limb strength and function7,8,9. A wearable magneto-inertial sensor (WMIS; i.e., ActiMyo) has been developed in collaboration with a company specialized in navigation systems. Initially a monitoring device dedicated to non-ambulant subjects with neuromuscular disorders such as DMD and SMA10,11, the same device has now been used to monitor ambulant patients in two different configurations: sensors on both ankles or one sensor at the wrist and the other one at the ankle. The configuration for a non-ambulant population is composed of a sensor at the wheelchair and the other one at the wrist.
This WMIS is able to precisely capture and quantify all movements of the limb on which it is placed. The measuring principle is based on the use of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inertial sensors and magnetometers operated through magneto-inertial equations. Dedicated algorithms allow precise qualification and quantification of patients&#8217; movements in a non-controlled environment.&#160;
The overall goal of the method is to provide identification and quantification of any movement produced by a patient over a pre-defined period of time, and to integrate these measures into disease-specific outcome measures representative of the patient&#8217;s condition over a period of time.
To effectively assess ambulant and non-ambulant patients with movement disorders at home, the device must be provided to the patient by a trained evaluator who is responsible for making sure that the instructions have been understood. An investigator and a patient manual are provided with the device. This WMIS is currently being used as an exploratory outcome measure in a number of clinical trials for neuromuscular and neurologic diseases (NCT03351270, NCT02780492, NCT01385917, NCT03039686, NCT03368742, NCT02500381). Specific procedures adapted to the pathology and/or to the clinical trial design have been developed.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ActiMyo Sensors</td>
			<td>Sysnav</td>
			<td>SF-000080</td>
			<td>Wearable magneto-inertal sensors attached to the patient for movment recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Helen Hayes marker set</td>
			<td>Vicon</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Whole body jumpsuit with predefined Vicon&#39;s spots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OrthoTrak (Motion Analysis, Santa Rosa, CA, USA)</td>
			<td>Motion Lab Systems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gait analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ActiGraph</td>
			<td>ActiGraph Corp</td>
			<td>GTM1</td>
			<td>Activity monitor, used by researchers to capture and record continuous, high resolution physical activity and sleep/wake information</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ActivTracer GMS LTD</td>
			<td>GMS Co. Ltd Japan</td>
			<td>AC-301A</td>
			<td>Triaxial accelerometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ADXL202E dual-accelerometer</td>
			<td>Analog Devices</td>
			<td>ADXL212AEZ</td>
			<td>High precision, low power, complete dual axis accelerometer with signal conditioned, duty cycle modulated outputs, all on a single monolithic IC.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ENC-03J gyroscope</td>
			<td>Murata Electronics</td>
			<td>ENC-03J</td>
			<td>Vibration Sensors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DynaPort MiniMod</td>
			<td>MCROBERTS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Small and light case containing a tri-axial accelerometer, a rechargeable battery, an USB connection, and raw data storage on a MicroSD card</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MM-2860 Sunhayato</td>
			<td>Sunhayato</td>
			<td>MM-2860</td>
			<td>3-axis accelerometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroStone MA3-10Ac</td>
			<td>MA3-04AC</td>
			<td>Microstone Co.</td>
			<td>Acceleration sensors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RT3 Activity monitor</td>
			<td>Abledata</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Triaxial accelerometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aparito</td>
			<td>aparito</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Wearables and disease specific mobile apps to deliver patient monitoring outside of the hospital; Elin Davies, Aparito: https://www.aparito.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Docking station</td>
			<td>Sysnav</td>
			<td>SF-000118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sensor</td>
			<td>Sysnav</td>
			<td>SF-000080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bracelet 
			(black/grey L) 
			(black/grey S) (black/yellow L) (black/yellow S)</td>
			<td>Sysnav</td>
			<td>ZZ-000093 ZZ-000094 ZZ-000247 ZZ-000248</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patient manual</td>
			<td>Sysnav</td>
			<td>FD-000086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethernet cable (2 m max.)</td>
			<td>Sysnav</td>
			<td>IC-000458</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power cable 
			(EU) 
			(UK) 
			(US)</td>
			<td>Sysnav</td>
			<td>ZE-000440 ZE-000441 ZE-000442</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply unit</td>
			<td>Sysnav</td>
			<td>ZE-000443</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ankle strap</td>
			<td>Sysnav</td>
			<td>ZZ-000462</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small bag</td>
			<td>Sysnav</td>
			<td>ZZ-000033</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

home-based monitor for gait and activity analysis

Current outcomes in neuromuscular disorder clinical trials include motor function scales, timed tests, and strength measures performed by trained clinical evaluators. These measures are slightly subjective and are performed during a visit to a clinic or hospital and constitute therefore a point assessment. Point assessments can be influenced by daily patient condition or factors such as fatigue, motivation, and intercurrent illness. To enable home-based monitoring of gait and activity, a wearable magneto-inertial sensor (WMIS) has been developed. This device is a movement monitor composed of two very light watch-like sensors and a docking station. Each sensor contains a tri-axial accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, and a barometer that record linear acceleration, angular velocity, the magnetic field of the movement in all directions, and barometric altitude, respectively. The sensors can be worn on the wrist, ankle, or wheelchair to record the subject&#8217;s movements during the day. The docking station enables data uploading and recharging of sensor batteries during the night. Data are analyzed using proprietary algorithms to compute parameters representative of the type and intensity of the performed movement. This WMIS can record a set of digital biomarkers, including cumulative variables, such as total number of meters walked, and descriptive gait variables, such as the percentage of the most rapid or longest stride that represents the top performance of patient over a predefined period of time.

Data presented here were acquired during clinical trials approved by the ethics committee and the French Regulatory Agency. All patient representatives signed an informed consent.
This WMIS was first used in a clinical study setting in 2012 for controlled and home-based monitoring of upper-limb movements in non-ambulant DMD patients (NCT01611597), which demonstrated the autonomy and feasibility of device use10<...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Home-Based Monitor for Gait and Activity Analysis at JoVE.com

Home-Based Monitor for Gait and Activity Analysis

This innovative device uses magneto-inertial sensors to permit gait and activity analysis in uncontrolled environments. Currently in the qualification process as an outcome measure in the European Medical Agency, one of the applications will be to serve as a clinical endpoint in clinical trials in neuromuscular diseases.

Current outcomes in neuromuscular disorder clinical trials include motor function scales, timed tests, and strength measures performed by trained clinical ...

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Nanosensors to Detect Protease Activity In Vivo for Noninvasive Diagnostics

Nanosensors to Detect Protease Activity In Vivo for Noninvasive Diagnostics

Proteases are multi-functional enzymes that specialize in the hydrolysis of peptide-bonds and control broad biological processes including homeostasis and ...

Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation

Here, we report the engineering of a solid-state micro pH sensor based on polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO-PA). ...

Colorimetric Analysis of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in S. aureus Biofilm

Colorimetric Analysis of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in S. aureus Biofilm

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a common enzyme expressed in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphate monoesters from ...

Design and Analysis for Fall Detection System Simplification

This paper presents a methodology based on multimodal sensors to configure a simple, comfortable and fast fall detection and human activity recognition ...