Name: visualizing diffusional dynamics of gold nanorods on cell membrane using single nanoparticle darkfield microscopy
Uploaded: 2021-03-05T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing Diffusional Dynamics of Gold Nanorods on Cell Membrane using Single Nanoparticle Darkfield Microscopy at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China with grant numbers of 21425519, 91853105 and 21621003.

1. Cell culture
<ol>
	<li>Prepare complete medium for U87 MG cells by adding fetal bovine serum (final concentration 10%) and penicillin-streptomycin (final concentration 1%) to the minimum essential medium (MEM). Use plastic cell culture dish for cells subculture.</li>
	<li>Passage cells 2 to 3 times a week.
	<ol>
		<li>Remove the culture medium and rinse the cell layer with Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline (D-PBS) 2~3 times when confluent (80%~90%).</li>
		<li>Add 1.0 to 2.0 mL of Trypsin-EDTA solution to the...

<ol>
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The presented protocol is used to study the dynamics of AuNRs on cell membrane. The protocol consists of four parts, including microscopic imaging, data extraction, dynamic parameters calculation and data analysis methods, and each part is flexible and universal. Therefore, there are many possible future applications, for instance, studying movement of NP-linked membrane molecules on membrane, endocytosis dynamics of NP-labeled receptors, dynamic analysis of intracellular NPs and vesicle-coated NPs transportation along m...

The dynamics of nanoparticles (NPs) on the membrane is closely associated with the cellular uptake process, which is essential for the understanding of cell functions, viral or bacterial infections and the development of artificial nanomedical delivery systems1,2. Single particle tracking (SPT) technique is a robust tool for characterizing the heterogeneous behaviors of NPs3,4. In general, cell membrane is fluidic, which means that the components such as proteins and lipids can move laterally in the plasma membrane plane5,6,7. The spatiotemporal complexity of membrane organization and structure may lead to spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the interaction between NPs and membrane. Hence, direct visualization of the movement of NPs on the membrane requires both high spatial and temporal resolution.
Single particle tracking microscopy that monitors the localization of individual particles in living cells with a spatial resolution of tens of nanometers and a time resolution of milliseconds has been well developed to study the NPs or membrane molecules dynamics8,9. Fluorescence-based microscopic imaging techniques have become valuable tools for observing NPs/molecules in living cell environment9,10,11,12. For example, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, which images thin layers (~100 nm) of the sample at the substrate/solution interface with a high spatiotemporal resolution has been widely used in studies of membrane molecules dynamics13,14. However, the inherent disadvantages of single fluorophores, such as low intensity and rapid irreversible photobleaching reduce the accuracy and duration of tracking13. Therefore, non-fluorescent plasmonic NPs, which replace the fluorescent probes, have attracted more and more attention in long-term imaging studies due to their unique optical characteristics15. Based on the scattering signals of plasmonic NP probes, several kinds of optical microscopic imaging technologies have been used to study the mechanism of biological processes, such as dark-field microscopy (DFM)16, interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy17 and differential interference contrast microscopy (DICM)18. In addition, the motion and rotation dynamic of AuNRs can be obtained using DFM and DICM18,19,20,21,22. Typically, in an SPT experiment, the motion of the object is recorded by the optical microscope, and then analyzed by SPT analysis methods3. The time-resolved trajectories and orientational angles generated by individual NPs are normally stochastic and heterogeneous, so it is necessary to present abundant dynamic information with various analysis methods.
Here, we provide an integrated protocol that monitors the dynamics of AuNRs on cell membrane using DFM, extracts the location and orientation of AuNRs with ImageJ and MATLAB and characterizes the diffusion of AuNRs with SPT analysis methods. As a demonstration, we show here how to use the SPT protocol to visualize dynamics of unmodified AuNRs (CTAB-AuNRs, synthesized by cetyltrimethylammonium ammonium bromide molecule as protective agent) on U87 MG cell membrane. It has been demonstrated that CTAB-AuNRs can adsorb proteins in biological environment, move on cell membrane and then enter cells2,20,22. U87 MG cell is the most common and most malignant tumor of the central nervous system, and its membrane receptors are abnormally expressed. The membrane receptors can interact with proteins on AuNRs, which influence the dynamics of AuNRs. Our protocol is generally applicable to other SPT experiments in the field of biology.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CTAB coated gold nanorods(CTAB-AuNRs)</td>
			<td>Nanoseedz</td>
			<td>NR-40-650</td>
			<td>85 nm * 40 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Color CMOS camera</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>DP74</td>
			<td>Japan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips</td>
			<td>Citoglas</td>
			<td>z10212222C</td>
			<td>22*22 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dark-field microscopy</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>80i</td>
			<td>upright microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10099141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiji</td>
			<td>National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td>2.0.0-rc-69/1.52 p</td>
			<td>a distribution of ImageJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grooved glass slide</td>
			<td>Sail brand</td>
			<td>7103</td>
			<td>Single concave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image J</td>
			<td>National Institutes of Health</td>
			<td>1.52 j</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>R2019b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB Code</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://github.com/fenggeqd/JOVE-2020</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum essential medium (MEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10-010-CVR</td>
			<td>with phenol red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum essential medium (MEM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>51200038</td>
			<td>no phenol red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Origin</td>
			<td>OriginLab</td>
			<td>Origin Pro 2018C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic cell culture dishes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353001</td>
			<td>35*10 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>U87 MG cell</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>ATCC HTB-14</td>
			<td>a human primary glioblastoma cell line</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualizing diffusional dynamics of gold nanorods on cell membrane using single nanoparticle darkfield microscopy

Analyzing the diffusional dynamics of nanoparticles on cell membrane plays a significant role in better understanding the cellular uptake process and provides a theoretical basis for the rational design of nano-medicine delivery. Single particle tracking (SPT) analysis could probe the position and orientation of individual nanoparticles on cell membrane, and reveal their translational and rotational states. Here, we show how to use traditional dark-field microscopy to monitor the dynamics of gold nanorods (AuNRs) on live cell membrane. We also show how to extract the location and orientation of AuNRs using ImageJ and MATLAB, and how to characterize the diffusive states of AuNRs. Statistical analysis of hundreds of particles show that single AuNRs perform Brownian motion on the surface of U87 MG cell membrane. However, individual long trajectory analysis shows that AuNRs have two distinctly different types of motion states on the membrane, namely long-range transport and limited-area confinement. Our SPT methods can be potentially used to study the surface or intracellular particle diffusion in different biological cells and can become a powerful tool for investigations of complex cellular mechanisms.

In the protocol, the unmodified 40 x 85 nm CTAB-AuNRs were used. As shown in Figure 2B, its longitudinal plasmonic maximum at is ~650 nm (red region) and transverse resonance is at 520 nm (green region). Previous literatures have revealed that the optical properties (such as LSPR intensity) of plasmonic AuNRs will change significantly with their diameter20,22. In Figure 2C, the scattering intensity from ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualizing Diffusional Dynamics of Gold Nanorods on Cell Membrane using Single Nanoparticle Darkfield Microscopy at JoVE.com

Visualizing Diffusional Dynamics of Gold Nanorods on Cell Membrane using Single Nanoparticle Darkfield Microscopy

Here, we show the use of traditional dark-field microscopy to monitor the dynamics of gold nanorods (AuNRs) on cell membrane. The location and orientation of single AuNRs are detected using ImageJ and MATLAB, and the diffusive states of AuNRs are characterized by single particle tracking analysis.

Analyzing the diffusional dynamics of nanoparticles on cell membrane plays a significant role in better understanding the cellular uptake process and ...

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