Name: single liposome measurements for the study of proton-pumping membrane enzymes using electrochemistry and fluorescent microscopy
Uploaded: 2019-02-21T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single Liposome Measurements for the Study of Proton-Pumping Membrane Enzymes Using Electrochemistry and Fluorescent Microscopy at JoVE.com

The authors acknowledge the BBSRC (BB/P005454/1) for financial support. NH was funded by the VILLUM Foundation Young Investigator Program.

1. Preparation of a Lipid/UQ-10/FDLL Mix
NOTE: E. coli lipids used for the liposomes&#8217; preparation should be aliquoted and thoroughly mixed with ubiquinone-10 (enzyme substrate) and long-wavelength fluorescent dye-labeled lipids (for liposomes size determination) prior to the reconstitution.
<ol>
	<li>Using a glass syringe, transfer 200 &#181;L of chloroform stock of lipid polar extract from Escherichia coli (25 mg/mL) into glass vials to make 5 mg aliquots.</...

<ol>
	<li>Claessen, V. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Biomolecule+Kinetics:+The+Art+of+Studying+a+Single+Enzyme.">Single-Biomolecule Kinetics: The Art of Studying a Single Enzyme.</a> Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. 3 (1), 319-340 (2010).</li><li>Rojek, M. J., Walt, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observing+Single+Enzyme+Molecules+Interconvert+between+Activity+States+upon+Heating.">Observing Single Enzyme Molecules Interconvert between Activity States upon Heating.</a> PLoS ONE. 9 (1), e86224 (2014).</li><li>Velonia, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-Enzyme+Kinetics+of+CALB-Catalyzed+Hydrolysis.">Single-Enzyme Kinetics of CALB-Catalyzed Hydrolysis.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 44 (4), 560-564 (2005).</li><li>Lu, H. P., Xun, L., Xie, X. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Single-molecule enzymatic dynamics. 282 (5395), 1877-1882 (1998).</li><li>Engelkamp, H., Hatzakis, N. 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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phase+separation+in+mixed+self-assembled+monolayers+and+its+effect+on+biomimetic+membranes.">Phase separation in mixed self-assembled monolayers and its effect on biomimetic membranes.</a> Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical. 124 (2), 501-509 (2007).</li><li>Barsoukov, E., Macdonald, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Impedance Spectroscopy Theory, Experiment, and Applications. , (2005).</li><li>Jeuken, L. J. C., Connell, S. D., Henderson, P. J. F., Gennis, R. B., Evans, S. D., Bushby, R. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Timelapse (movie) of single vesicles fluorescence change upon potential application. , (2018).</li><li>Li, M., Khan, S., Rong, H., Tuma, R., Hatzakis, N. S., Jeuken, L. J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+membrane+curvature+and+pH+on+proton+pumping+activity+of+single+cytochrome+bo3enzymes.">Effects of membrane curvature and pH on proton pumping activity of single cytochrome bo3enzymes.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics. 1858 (9), 763-770 (2017).</li><li>Li, M., Tuma, R., Jeuken, L. J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> MATLAB code for the analysis of proton transport activity in single liposomes. , (2017).</li><li>Li, M., Tuma, R., Jeuken, L. J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Time-resolved fluorescence microscopic data (traces) of individual lipid vesicles with proton transport activity. , (2017).</li><li>Paula, S., Volkov, A. G., Van Hoek, A. N., Haines, T. H., Deamer, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeation+of+protons,+potassium+ions,+and+small+polar+molecules+through+phospholipid+bilayers+as+a+function+of+membrane+thickness.">Permeation of protons, potassium ions, and small polar molecules through phospholipid bilayers as a function of membrane thickness.</a> Biophysical Journal. 70 (1), 339-348 (1996).</li><li>Brookes, P. S., Hulbert, A. J., Brand, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+proton+permeability+of+liposomes+made+from+mitochondria)+inner+membrane+phospholipids:+No+effect+of+fatty+acid+composition.">The proton permeability of liposomes made from mitochondria) inner membrane phospholipids: No effect of fatty acid composition.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1330 (2), 157-164 (1997).</li><li>Eriksson, E. K., Agmo Hern&#225;ndez, V., Edwards, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+ubiquinone-10+on+the+stability+of+biomimetic+membranes+of+relevance+for+the+inner+mitochondrial+membrane.">Effect of ubiquinone-10 on the stability of biomimetic membranes of relevance for the inner mitochondrial membrane.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Biomembranes. 1860 (5), 1205-1215 (2018).</li><li>Seneviratne, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reconstitution+method+for+integral+membrane+proteins+in+hybrid+lipid-polymer+vesicles+for+enhanced+functional+durability.">A reconstitution method for integral membrane proteins in hybrid lipid-polymer vesicles for enhanced functional durability.</a> Methods. , 1-8 (2018).</li><li>Veshaguri, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+observation+of+proton+pumping+by+a+eukaryote+P-type+ATPase.">Direct observation of proton pumping by a eukaryote P-type ATPase.</a> Science. 351 (6280), 1-6 (2016).</li></ol>

The method described is suitable to study proton pumping by respiratory membrane proteins that can be reconstituted into liposomes and are able to exchange electrons with the quinone pool. Proton pumping activity can be monitored at the single-enzyme level using pH-sensitive (ratiometric) dyes encapsulated in the liposome lumen (Figure 1A).
The method relies on the ability of ubiquinone (or other quinones), incorporated into the lipid bilayer, to exchange electron...

Information about enzyme mechanisms and kinetics is usually obtained on the ensemble or macroscale level with enzyme population in the thousands to millions of molecules, where measurements represent a statistical average. It is known, however, that complex macromolecules such as enzymes may demonstrate heterogeneity in their behavior and molecular mechanisms observed at the ensemble level are not necessarily valid for every molecule. Such deviations on the individual molecule scale have been extensively confirmed by studies of single enzymes with a variety of methods emerging during the last two decades1. Notably, fluorescence detection of individual enzyme activity has been used to investigate heterogeneity of enzymes activity2,3 or discover the so-called memory effect (periods of high enzymes activity succeeded by periods of low activity and vice versa)4,5.
Many single enzyme studies require that the enzymes are immobilized on the surface or spatially fixed in another way to remain sufficiently long in the field of view for continuous observation. Enzyme encapsulation into liposomes has been shown to enable enzyme immobilization while preventing any negative impact due the surface-enzyme or protein-protein interactions6,7. In addition, liposomes offer a unique possibility to study single membrane proteins in their natural lipid bilayer environment8,9,10.
A class of membrane proteins, transporters, exercises a directional translocation of substances across the cell membrane, a behavior that can only be studied when proteins are reconstituted into the lipid bilayers (e.g., liposomes)11,12,13. For example, proton translocation, exhibited by several enzymes of prokaryotic and eukaryotic electron transport chains, plays an important role in cellular respiration by creating a proton-motive force used for ATP synthesis. In this case, the proton pumping activity is coupled to the electron transfer, although the detailed mechanism of this process often remains elusive.
Recently, we demonstrated the possibility to couple fluorescent detection with electrochemistry to study proton pumping activity of single enzymes of the terminal ubiquinol oxidase of Escherichia coli (cytochrome bo3) reconstituted in the liposomes14. This was achieved by encapsulation of a pH-sensitive membrane-impermeable fluorescent dye into the lumen of liposomes prepared from E. coli polar lipids (Figure 1A). The protein amount was optimized so that most liposomes either contained no or only one reconstituted enzyme molecule (according to Poisson distribution). The two substrates of cytochrome bo3 were provided by adding ubiquinone to the lipid mix that formed the liposomes and (ambient) oxygen in solution. The liposomes are then sparsely adsorbed on a semi-transparent ultra-smooth gold electrode, covered with a self-assembled monolayer of 6-mercaptohexanol. Finally, the electrode is mounted on the bottom of a simple spectroelectrochemical cell (Figure 1B). Electrochemical control of the quinone pool redox state allows one to flexibly trigger or to stop the enzymatic reaction at any moment, while the pH-sensitive dye is used to monitor pH changes inside the lumen of the liposomes as a result of proton translocation by the enzymes. By using the fluorescence intensity of a second, lipid-bound fluorescent dye, the size and volume of individual liposomes can be determined and thus the quantification of enzyme proton pumping activity. Using this technique, we notably found that cytochrome bo3 molecules are able to enter into a spontaneous leak state that rapidly dissipates the proton motive force. The goal of this article is to introduce the technique of single liposome measurements in detail.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>6-Mercapto-1-hexanol (6MH)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>451088</td>
			<td>97%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid (HPTS)</td>
			<td>BioChemika</td>
			<td>56360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminium holder (Electrochemical cell)</td>
			<td>Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>30x30x7 mm; inner diameter: 26 mm; hole diameter: 15 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Auxiliary electrode</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>platinum wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td>83627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E.coli polar lipids</td>
			<td>Avanti</td>
			<td>100600C</td>
			<td>25 mg/mL in chloroform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epoxy</td>
			<td>EPO-TEK</td>
			<td>301-2FL</td>
			<td>low fluorescence epoxy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiji (ImageJ 1.52d)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Required plugins: StackReg and TurboReg (http://bigwww.epfl.ch/thevenaz/stackreg/)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter cube (&#34;ATTO633&#34;)</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ex: 620/60 nm; DM: 660 nm; Em: 700/75 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter cube (&#34;HPTS1&#34;)</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ex: 470/20 nm; DM: 500 nm; Em: 535/48 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter cube (&#34;HPTS2&#34;)</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ex: 410/300 nm; DM: 500 nm; Em: 535/48 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter cube (&#34;Texas Red&#34;)</td>
			<td>Chroma Technology Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ex: 560/55 nm; DM: 595 nm; Em: 645/75 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent dye-labelled lipids (FDLL)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T1395MP</td>
			<td>TexasRed-DHPC was used in this work (&#955;exc 595 nm; &#955;em 615 nm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent dye-labelled lipids (FDLL) (alternative)</td>
			<td>ATTO-TEC</td>
			<td>AD 633-161</td>
			<td>ATTO633-DOPE can be used as alternative (&#955;exc 630 nm; &#955;em 651 nm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel filtration column</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>28-9893-33</td>
			<td>HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 75 pg, for additional protein purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass coverslips</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>631-0172</td>
			<td>No 1.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>1725 RNR</td>
			<td>250 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass vials</td>
			<td>Scientific Glass Laboratories Ltd</td>
			<td>T101/V1</td>
			<td>1.75 mL capacity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold</td>
			<td>GoodFellow</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>99.99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gramacidin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G5002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mercury sulfate reference electrode</td>
			<td>Radiometer (Hash)</td>
			<td>E21M012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Minispin NL040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse Ti</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Camera</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td>Zyla 5.5 sCMOS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Lamp</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Intensilight C-HGFI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-Elements AR 5.0.2</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Microscope acquisition software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-Octyl &#946;-D-glucopyranoside</td>
			<td>Melford Laboratories</td>
			<td>B2007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nova 1.10</td>
			<td>Metrohm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Potentiostat control software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Objective</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Plan Apo &#955; 60x/1.4 oil</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OriginPro 2017</td>
			<td>OriginLab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plotting software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O-ring (Electrochemical cell)</td>
			<td>Orinoko</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inner diameter: 16 mm; cross section: 1.5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3810X</td>
			<td>1.5 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene microbeads</td>
			<td>Bio-RAD</td>
			<td>152-3920</td>
			<td>Biobeads, 20-50 mesh</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potentiostat</td>
			<td>Metrohm Autolab</td>
			<td>PGSTAT 128N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potentiostat</td>
			<td>CH Instruments</td>
			<td>CHI604C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scripting software</td>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td>R2017a</td>
			<td>Required toolboxes: &#39;Image Processing Toolbox&#39;, &#39;Parallel Computing Toolbox&#39;, &#39;Curve Fitting Toolbox&#39;, &#39;System Identification Toolbox&#39;, &#39;Optimization Toolbox&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon wafers</td>
			<td>IDB Technologies LTD</td>
			<td>Si-C2 (N&#60;100&#62;P)</td>
			<td>&#216; 25 mm, 525 um thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Teflon cell (Electrochemical cell)</td>
			<td>Custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Outer diameter: 26 mm; inner diameter: 13.5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temple-Stripped Ultra-Flat Gold Surfaces</td>
			<td>Platypus Technologies</td>
			<td>AU.1000.SWTSG</td>
			<td>Alternative ready-to-use ultra-flat gold surfaces (Thickness below 100 nm on demand)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thin micropipette tips</td>
			<td>Sarstedt</td>
			<td>70.1190.100</td>
			<td>or similar gelloader tips 200 &#181;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ubiquinone-10</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C-9538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman-Coulter</td>
			<td>L-80XP</td>
			<td>with Ti 45 rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic bath</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB15063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

single liposome measurements for the study of proton-pumping membrane enzymes using electrochemistry and fluorescent microscopy

Proton-pumping enzymes of electron transfer chains couple redox reactions to proton translocation across the membrane, creating a proton-motive force used for ATP production. The amphiphilic nature of membrane proteins requires particular attention to their handling, and reconstitution into the natural lipid environment is indispensable when studying membrane transport processes like proton translocation. Here, we detail a method that has been used for the investigation of the proton-pumping mechanism of membrane redox enzymes, taking cytochrome bo3 from Escherichia coli as an example. A combination of electrochemistry and fluorescence microscopy is used to control the redox state of the quinone pool and monitor pH changes in the lumen. Due to the spatial resolution of fluorescent microscopy, hundreds of liposomes can be measured simultaneously while the enzyme content can be scaled down to a single enzyme or transporter per liposome. The respective single enzyme analysis can reveal patterns in the enzyme functional dynamics that might be otherwise hidden by the behavior of the whole population. We include a description of a script for automated image analysis.

The quality of the gold-modified cover slip (the electrode) with a SAM of 6MH is checked before each experiment with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Figure 2A shows representative Cole-Cole plots measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy before and after liposomes are adsorbed. If the quality of SAM is sufficient, impedance spectroscopy should demonstrate an almost pure capacitive behavior resulting in a semi-circle Cole-Cole plot. The dia...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Single Liposome Measurements for the Study of Proton-Pumping Membrane Enzymes Using Electrochemistry and Fluorescent Microscopy at JoVE.com

Single Liposome Measurements for the Study of Proton-Pumping Membrane Enzymes Using Electrochemistry and Fluorescent Microscopy

Here, we present a protocol to study the molecular mechanism of proton translocation across lipid membranes of single liposomes, using cytochrome bo3 as an example. Combining electrochemistry and fluorescence microscopy, pH changes in the lumen of single vesicles, containing single or multiple enzyme, can be detected and analyzed individually.

Proton-pumping enzymes of electron transfer chains couple redox reactions to proton translocation across the membrane, creating a proton-motive force used ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

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