Name: genome engineering of primary human b cells using crispr/cas9
Uploaded: 2020-11-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genome Engineering of Primary Human B Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9 at JoVE.com

이 작품은 어린이 암 연구 기금 (CCRF)과 NIH R01 AI146009에서 B.S.M에 의해 지원되었습니다.

건강한 기증자로부터 류카페레시스 샘플을 현지 혈액 은행에서 수득하였다. 여기에 설명된 모든 실험은 기관 검토 위원회 (IRB)에 의해 연구를 면제하기로 결정하고 미네소타 대학의 기관 생물 안전위원회 (IBC)에 의해 승인되었습니다.
참고: 모든 실험은 멸균/무균 기술과 적절한 생물안전 수준-2 장비로 혈중 병원체에 대한 보편적인 예방 조치에 따라 수행되었습니다.
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<ol>
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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleeping+Beauty+transposon+screen+identifies+signaling+modules+that+cooperate+with+STAT5+activation+to+induce+B-cell+acute+lymphoblastic+leukemia.">Sleeping Beauty transposon screen identifies signaling modules that cooperate with STAT5 activation to induce B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.</a> Oncogene. 35 (26), 3454-3464 (2016).</li><li>Johnson, M. J., Laoharawee, K., Lahr, W. S., Webber, B. R., Moriarity, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+of+primary+human+B+cells+with+CRISPR/Cas9+targeted+nuclease.">Engineering of primary human B cells with CRISPR/Cas9 targeted nuclease.</a> Scientific Reports. 8, 12144 (2018).</li><li>Hung, K. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Base+editing:+precision+chemistry+on+the+genome+and+transcriptome+of+living+cells.">Base editing: precision chemistry on the genome and transcriptome of living cells.</a> Nature Reviews Genetics. 19 (12), 770-788 (2018).</li><li>Spiegel, A., Bachmann, M., Jurado Jim&#233;nez, G., Sarov, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9-based+knockout+pipeline+for+reverse+genetics+in+mammalian+cell+culture.">CRISPR/Cas9-based knockout pipeline for reverse genetics in mammalian cell culture.</a> Methods. 164-165, 49-58 (2019).</li><li>Suzuki, T., Kazuki, Y., Oshimura, M., Hara, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+system+for+simultaneous+or+sequential+integration+of+multiple+gene-loading+vectors+into+a+defined+site+of+a+human+artificial+chromosome.">A novel system for simultaneous or sequential integration of multiple gene-loading vectors into a defined site of a human artificial chromosome.</a> PLoS One. 9, 110404 (2014).</li><li>Bak, R. 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1차 인간 B 세포에 있는 정확한 게놈 공학은 최근9,10까지도전적이고 있습니다. 우리는 이전에 CRISPR / Cas9를 사용하여 기본 인간 B 세포9을설계하는 프로토콜을 발표했습니다. 여기서는 CD19의 효율적인 KO 또는 노크인 EGFP를 위해 B-셀 격리, 확장 및 엔지니어링을 위한 향상된 프로토콜을 간략하게 설명합니다.
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B 세포는 조혈 줄기 세포로부터 유래된 림프구 계보의 하위 그룹이다. 그(것)들은 면역 도전1에응하여 항체의 다량을 생성하여 적응성 유머 면역 계통에 있는 중요한 역할을 능력을 발휘합니다. B세포는 또한 기억 B 세포의 전구체이며 말단 분화되고 수명이 긴 혈장 세포로, 지속적인 유머 면역2를제공한다. 플라즈마 세포, 특히, 년 또는 수십 년 동안 생존하는 동안 특정 항체의 다량을 생산하는 능력에 면역 세포 중 고유3. 또한, 말초 혈액으로부터의 분리의 용이성은 B 세포 혈통을 새로운 세포 기반 치료에 대한 우수한 후보로 만든다4.
이전에는 렌티바이러스 벡터 또는 슬리핑 뷰티 트랜스포슨을 사용하는 것과 같은 임의의 통합 방법이 트랜스진 전달 및 발현5,6,7,8을위해 B 세포를 설계하는 데 사용되었습니다. 그러나, 이들 접근법의 비특이적 특성은 B 세포에서 특정 유전자의 생물학적 기능을 연구하기가 어렵게 만들고 치료 환경에서 삽입 돌연변이 발생 및 가변 적인 유전자 발현 및/또는 침묵의 본질적인 위험을 수반한다.
CRISPR/Cas9 시스템은 연구원이 수많은 종의 다양한 세포의 게놈을 정확하게 편집할 수 있는 강력한 게놈 엔지니어링 도구입니다. 최근에는 우리 자신을 포함한 두 그룹이 1차 인간 B 세포의 전 생체 확장 및 표적 게놈 공학을 위한 방법을 성공적으로 개발하였다9,10. 우리는 백혈구 샘플에서 1 차적인 인간 B 세포를 정화하는 과정을 설명할 것입니다. 그 후, 우리는 B 세포 확장 및 격리 된 B 세포의 활성화를위한 업데이트 된 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. 그런 다음 CD19 sgRNA와 함께 CRISPR/Cas9 mRNA를 활성화된 B 세포로 도입하기 위해 전기화에 의한 특정 B 세포 수용체 및 B 세포의 특징인 분화 19(CD19)의 클러스터를 노크하는 과정을 설명할 것입니다.
Cas9 mRNA는 변환되고 CRISPR/Cas9-sgRNA 리보뉴클레오단백질 복합체(RNP)를 형성하기 위해 CD19 sgRNA에 결합한다. 이어서, 복합체내의 sgRNA는 Cas9를 이끌고 유전자의 엑슨 2에 대한 표적 서열에서 이중 가닥 브레이크(DSB)를 생성한다. 세포는 뉴클레오티드를 도입하거나 삭제하여 "비 동종 종결합"에 의해 DSB를 복구하여 프레임 시프트 돌연변이로 이어지고 유전자가 기절하게 합니다. 그런 다음 유동 세포측정에 의한 CD19의 손실을 측정하고 분해(TIDE) 분석을 통해 인델 형성을 추적하여 인델 형성을 분석합니다.
그런 다음 CRISPR/Cas9를 재조합 AAV6 벡터(rAAV6, 상동성 지향 수리(HDR)를 위한 기증자 템플릿)을 사용하여 아데노 관련 바이러스 통합 사이트 1(AAVS1) 유전자에서 향상된 녹색형광단백질(EGFP)의 사이트별 삽입을 중재하는 과정을 설명합니다. AAVS1 유전자는 알려진 생물학적 기능 없이 활성 궤적이고 인간 게놈에 AAV 바이러스 통합 부위; 따라서 게놈 공학을 위한 "안전한 항구"로 간주됩니다. 여기서, B 세포의 팽창 및 활성화는 배양7일에서 최대 44배의 확장을 허용했다는 것을보고합니다(그림 1). B 세포의 전기기화는 24시간 후 형질전환에서 전체 세포건강(도 2A)의경미한 감소를 보였다. CD19마커(도 2B)의분산 플롯 분석은 편집된 셀(도2C)에서최대 83% 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.
크로마토그래프(도3A)의조류 분석은 %인델이 혈류 세포측정(도3B)에의한 %의 단백질 손실과 유사하다는 것을 밝혔다. KI 실험의 유동 세포 분석분석은 RNP와 함께 AAV벡터(도 4)를받은 세포가 최대 64% EGFP 양성 세포(도5A)까지표현되고 나중에 접합 폴리머라제 연쇄 반응(PCR)(도5B)에의해 성공적인 통합을 표시한 것으로 나타났다. 셀 카운트는 모든 샘플이 엔지니어링 후 3일 이내에 신속하게 회수된 것으로나타났습니다(그림 5C).

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Alt-R S.p. Cas9 Nuclease V3 protein, 500 ug</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td>1081059</td>
			<td>smaller size is also available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amaxa P3 primary cell 4D- Nucleofector X Kit S (32 RCT)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>V4XP-3032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium-chloride-potassium (ACK) lysing buffer</td>
			<td>Quality Biological</td>
			<td>118-156-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CleanCap chemically modified Cas9 mRNA</td>
			<td>Trilink Biotechnology</td>
			<td>L-7206-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CpG ODN 2006 (ODN 7909) 5 mg</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>TLRL-2006-5</td>
			<td>different sizes available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostor CS10, 100 mL</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technology</td>
			<td>7930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CTS Immune Cell SR</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A2596101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep human B cells isolation kit</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technology</td>
			<td>17954</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eBioscience fixable viability dye eFlour 780</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>65-0865-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excellerate B cell media, Xeno-free</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>CCM031</td>
			<td>B-cell basal medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 14 mL Polypropylene Round-bottom Tube</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>S11550</td>
			<td>For thawing B cells only</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll-Paque Plus</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1440-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GeneMate SnapStrip&#174; 8-Strip 0.2 mL PCR Tubes with Individual Attached Dome Caps</td>
			<td>BioExpress</td>
			<td>T-3035-1 / 490003-692</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyclone 0.0067M PBS (No Ca, No Mg) or 1x PBS</td>
			<td>GE lifesciences</td>
			<td>SH30256.01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lonza 4D Nucleofector core unit</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>AAF-1002B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lonza 4D Nucleofector X unit</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>AAF-1002X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mega CD40 Ligand</td>
			<td>Enzo Life Sciences</td>
			<td>ALX-522-110-C010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mr. Frosty</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1562-1EA</td>
			<td>For freezing cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen/Strep 100X</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>TMS-AB2-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PerCP anti-human CD19 clone HIB19</td>
			<td>biolegend</td>
			<td>302228</td>
			<td>smaller size is also available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rAAV6 SA-GFP pakaging ( with our SA-GFP cassette see Figure 4.)</td>
			<td>Vigene Biosciences</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>large scale packaging, 1e13 GC/mL, 500 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human IL-10 protein 250 ug</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>217-IL-250</td>
			<td>different sizes available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant human IL-15 protein 25 ug</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>247-ILB-025</td>
			<td>different sizes available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>The Big Easy EasySep Magnet</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technology</td>
			<td>18001</td>
			<td>different sizes available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP2476100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

genome engineering of primary human b cells using crispr/cas9

B 세포는 조혈 줄기 세포에서 파생된 림프구이며 적응성 면역 계통의 유머 팔의 핵심 성분입니다. 그(것)들은 말초 혈액에서 고립의 그들의 용이성 때문에 세포 기지를 둔 치료를 위한 매력적인 후보자, 시험관에서 확장하는 그들의 기능 및 생체 내의 그들의 장수 때문에. 또한, 그들의 정상적인 생물학적 기능-많은 양의 항체를 생산 하는-감염 을 싸우는 재조합 항체 와 같은 치료 단백질의 매우 많은 금액을 표현 하기 위해 활용 될 수 있다, 또는 효소 의 치료를 위한 효소. 여기서, 우리는 말초 혈액 단핵 세포 (PBMC)에서 1 차인간 B 세포를 격리하고 시험관 내에서 고립된 B 세포를 활성화/확장하는 상세한 방법을 제공합니다. 그런 다음 B 세포에서 내인성 유전자의 사이트 별 KO를 위해 CRISPR/Cas9 시스템을 사용하는 데 관련된 단계를 시연합니다. 이 방법은 관심있는 유전자의 생물학적 기능을 연구하는 데 사용할 수있는 다양한 유전자의 효율적인 KO를 허용합니다. 그런 다음 CrispR/Cas9 시스템을 B 세포에서 트랜스진 발현 카세트의 효율적인 현장 별 통합을 위한 재조합, 아데노 관련, 바이러스(rAAV) 벡터와 함께 사용하는 단계를 시연합니다. 이 프로토콜은 유전자의 생물학적 기능뿐만 아니라 B 세포 치료제의 개발을 연구하기 위해 1 차 인간 B 세포에서 사용할 수 있는 단계별 엔지니어링 플랫폼을 제공합니다.

업데이트된 확장 및 활성화 프로토콜은 7일 만에 최대 44배까지 B 셀의 급속한 확장을 가능하게하였다(그림 1;n=3 기증자). KO 실험에서, Trypan 블루 염색을 이용한 B 세포 수는 24시간 전기포화에서 대조군 과 CD19 KO 샘플 모두에서 세포 회수가 약간 감소하는 80% 이상의 실행 가능한 세포를보였다(도 2A;p ≥ 0.05, n=3 기증자). 이 결과는 전기기분해가 전반적인 B...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genome Engineering of Primary Human B Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9 at JoVE.com

Genome Engineering of Primary Human B Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9

여기서 우리는 B 세포에서 유전자의 생물학적 기능을 연구하고 B 세포 치료제의 개발을 연구하기 위해 유전자 녹아웃 (KO) 및 노크 인 (KI)에 대한 1 차 인간 B 세포의 CRISPR / Cas9 기반 게놈 공학을위한 상세한 단계별 프로토콜을 제공합니다.

CRISPR/Cas9를 사용하여 1차 인간 B 세포의 게놈 공학

B cells are lymphocytes derived from hematopoietic stem cells and are a key component of the humoral arm of the adaptive immune system. They make ...

This protocol allows researchers to precisely eliminate a gene in B cells to study the loss of function effects of that gene or to insert a trans gene for stable trans gene expression that can be used for research or therapeutic purposes. The main advantage of this method is that it provides a universal platform that makes it possible to easily and precisely engineer B cells with high efficiencies. This method can be used to engineer B cells to express recombinant antibodies or enzymes and then transfer those B cells to treat infections or in enzymopathies.To begin, thaw B cells in a 37 degree Celsius water bath. While waiting, transfer two milliliters of pre warmed FBS into a sterile, 15-milliliter conical tube. Once the B cells are completely thawed, immediately add one milliliter of pre-warmed FBS, drop-wise, into the sample.Incubate at room temperature for one minute. Gently pipette to resuspend the sample and transfer the whole volume, drop-wise, into a conical tube containing two milliliters of prewarmed FBS. Bring the volume to 15 milliliters with sterile PBS, then cap the tube and invert it gently two to three times.Centrifuge the sample at 400 times G for five minutes, then discard the supernatant without disturbing the cell pellet. Resuspend the pellet with one milliliter of pre-equilibrated B-cell expansion medium and count the cells. The total cell number should be approximately 10 to the seventh cells.Transfer the cells into a flask containing 20 milliliters of the pre-equilibrated B-cell expansion medium. The final concentration of the cells, should be approximately five times 10 to the fifth cells per milliliter. Incubate the flask vertically in a tissue culture incubator.Prepare the CRISPR/Cas9 transfecting substrate by mixing one microgram of chemically modified sgRNA with 1.5 micrograms of chemically modified streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 nucleus mRNA per transfection reaction. For control, add one microliter of TE buffer, instead of sgRNA, into a 0.2-milliliter tube of an eight tube strip. Turn on an electroporator and prepare the nuclear infection reagents.Count and transfer 1 million B cells per transfection reaction, into a sterile conical tube. Bring the volume to 15 milliliters with sterile PBS and centrifuge at 400 times G for five minutes. After centrifugation, discard the supernatant.Resuspend the cells with 10 milliliters of sterile PBS and centrifuge at 400 times G for five minutes, then discard the supernatant completely without disturbing the cell pellet. Add 0.5 micrograms of chemically modified GFP mRNA per 1 million B cells to the cell pellet. Resuspend the pellet with 20 microliters of primary cell transfection reagent per 1 million B cells and mix gently by pipetting five to six times.Transfer 20.5 microliters per transfection reaction into the 0.2-milliliter tubes containing CRISPR/Cas9 reagent. Pipette up and down once to mix and transfer the entire volume into a transfection cuvette. Cap and tap the cuvette on the bench gently to ensure that the liquid covers the bottom of the cuvette.Use the human primary B-cell protocol on the electroporator for transfection. Rest the electroporated cells in the cuvette at room temperature for 15 minutes. Then transfer 80 microliters of the pre-equilibrated B-cell expansion medium into the transfection reaction in the cuvette.Place the cuvette in the tissue culture incubator for 30 minutes. Gently pipe head a couple of times to mix and transfer the whole volume of the sample from the cuvette to an appropriate well of a 48-well tissue culture plate containing one milliliter of the B-cell expansion medium. The final concentration of the cells should be 1 million cells per milliliter.Performing a gene knock-in experiment, transfer recombinant adeno associated type-six viral vector at 500, 000 multiplicity of infection into the appropriate well containing electroporated cells. Place the plate in a tissue culture incubator at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide with humidity. In the knockout experiment, the B-cell count showed more than 80%viable cells with a slight reduction in cell recovery in both the control and the CD19 knockout samples at 24 hours post electroporation.B cells were collected on day five post-transfection for flow cytometry and tide analysis. Representative scatterplots of the control and knockout samples showed 14 and 95%CD19 negative cells respectively, demonstrating a significant reduction in CD19 expression in the knockout samples. Chromatograms of genomic sequencing showed double peaks in the CD19 knockout B cells, indicating insertions or deletions of nucleotides post-CRISPR/Cas9 mediated double-stranded breaks.Indel analysis of the chromatographs of the knockout samples showed a high percent of indel formation at the CD19 locus, which is consistent with percent CD19 protein loss detected by flow cytometry. B cells from the knock-in experiment were collected on day 12, post engineering. Scatterplots showed 64%of EGFP positive cells in the sample that received the recombinant adeno associated type-six viral vector, together with RNP, whereas none or minimal EGFP positivity was observed in the control and vector-only samples respectively.A junction PCR amplification, showed 1.5 kilobase pair amplicons in the knock-in sample and no PCR product was observed in either the control or vector-only sample. Cell counts showed that the engineering process affects cell recovery in the knock-in sample more than the control or the vector-only samples. However, all samples quickly rebounded within three days after engineering.This procedure can also be used to introduce base editor agents to alter single base pairs in order to induce or correct single point mutations in the B-cell genome. It could also be used to introduce premature stop codons or to alter splice sites, allowing for multiple gene knockouts without the risk of chromosomal translocations. Before this technique was developed, engineering human B cells would inquire the use of other more challenging gene engineering approaches.This technique is an easier, less expensive and quicker alternative. It could also potentially be used to synthesize cell therapy products for clinical use.

genome-engineering-of-primary-human-b-cells-using-crisprcas9

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Gross and Fine Dissection of Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia in Adult Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Neurosensory epithelia in the inner ear are the crucial structures for hearing and balance functions. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular and molecular features of the epithelia, which are mainly composed of two types of cells: hair cells (HCs) and supporting cells (SCs). Here we choose to study the inner ear sensory epithelia in adult zebrafish not only because the epithelial structures are highly conserved in all vertebrates studied, but also because the adult zebrafish is able to regenerate HCs, an ability that mammals lose shortly after birth. We use the inner ear of adult zebrafish as a model system to study the mechanisms of inner ear HC regeneration in adult vertebrates that could be helpful for clinical therapy of hearing/balance deficits in human as a result of HC loss.
Here we demonstrate how to do gross and fine dissections of inner ear sensory epithelia in adult zebrafish. The gross dissection removes the tissues surrounding the inner ear and is helpful for preparing tissue sections, which allows us to examine the detailed structure of the sensory epithelia. The fine dissection cleans up the non-sensory-epithelial tissues of each individual epithelium and enables us to examine the heterogeneity of the whole epithelium easily in whole-mount epithelial samples.

Gross and Fine Dissection of Inner Ear Sensory Epithelia in Adult Zebrafish Danio rerio

The inner ear sensory epithelium of adult zebrafish is a good model system for understanding the mechanisms of hair cell regeneration in adult vertebrates. This protocol demonstrates the fine dissection of the epithelia, through which we can get tissue samples for studying the regenerative events at cellular and subcellular levels.

성인 Zebrafish에서 내이 (内耳) 감각 상피 조직의 총과 파인 해부 ( Danio rerio)

Neurosensory epithelia in the inner ear are the crucial structures for hearing and balance functions. Therefore, it is important to understand the ...

연구

생물학

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer immunotherapy 1-3. Compared to Dendritic cells (DCs), the best characterized APC, CD40-B cells have several distinct biological and technical properties. Similar to DCs, B cells show an increased expression of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules (Fig.1b), exhibit a strong migratory capacity and present antigen presentation efficiently to T cells, after stimulation with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand (CD40L). However, in contrast to immature or mature DCs, CD40-B cells express the full lymph node homing triad consisting of CD62L, CCR7/CXCR4, and leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA1, CD11a/CD18), necessary for homing to secondary lymphoid organs (Fig.1a) 3. CD40-B cells can be generated without difficulties from very small amounts of peripheral blood which can be further expanded in vitro to very large amounts of highly-pure CD40-B cells (&gt;109 cells per patient) from healthy donors as well as cancer patients (Fig.1c,d) 1,4. 
In this protocol we demonstrate how to obtain fully activated CD40-B cells from human PBMC. Key molecules for the cell culture are CD40 ligand, interleukin-4 (IL-4) and cyclosporin A (CsA), which are replenished in a 3-4 day culture cycle. For laboratory purposes CD40-stimulation is provided by NIH/3T3 cells expressing recombinant human CD40 ligand (tCD40L NIH/3T3) 5. To avoid contamination with non-transfected cells, expression of the human CD40 ligand on the transfectants has to be checked regularly (Fig.2). 
After 14 days CD40-B cell cultures consist of more than 95% pure B cells and an expansion of CD40-B cells over 65 days is frequently possible without any loss of function 1, 4. CD40-B cells efficiently take up, process and present antigens to T cells 6. They do not only prime na&#970;ve, but also expand memory T cells 7,8. CD40-activated B cells can be used to study B-cell activation, differentiation and function. Moreover, they represent a promising tool for therapeutic or preventive vaccination against tumors 9.

In this video we present the ex vivo generation and expansion of human CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B) from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by stimulation with CD40 ligand and interleukin-4.

인간 CD40 - 활성화된 B 세포의 생성

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer ...

Na&iuml;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell populations have been identified in human skin 1-4. The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors was first reported by Miller F. D laboratory 5, 6. These early studies described a multipotent precursor cell population from adult mammalian dermis 5. These cells--termed SKPs, for skin-derived precursors-- were isolated and expanded from rodent and human skin and differentiated into both neural and mesodermal progeny, including cell types never found in skin, such as neurons 5. Immunocytochemical studies on cultured SKPs revealed that cells expressed vimentin and nestin, an intermediate filament protein expressed in neural and skeletal muscle precursors, in addition to fibronectin and multipotent stem cell markers 6. Until now, the adult stem cells population SKPs have been isolated from freshly collected mammalian skin biopsies.
Recently, we have established and reported that a population of skin derived precursor cells could remain present in primary fibroblast cultures established from skin biopsies 7. The assumption that a few somatic stem cells might reside in primary fibroblast cultures at early population doublings was based upon the following observations: (1) SKPs and primary fibroblast cultures are derived from the dermis, and therefore a small number of SKP cells could remain present in primary dermal fibroblast cultures and (2) primary fibroblast cultures grown from frozen aliquots that have been subjected to unfavorable temperature during storage or transfer contained a small number of cells that remained viable 7. These rare cells were able to expand and could be passaged several times. This observation suggested that a small number of cells with high proliferation potency and resistance to stress were present in human fibroblast cultures 7.
We took advantage of these findings to establish a protocol for rapid isolation of adult stem cells from primary fibroblast cultures that are readily available from tissue banks around the world (Figure 1). This method has important significance as it allows the isolation of precursor cells when skin samples are not accessible while fibroblast cultures may be available from tissue banks, thus, opening new opportunities to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying rare genetic diseases as well as modeling diseases in a dish.

Na&amp;#239;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

We report a method to isolate na&#239;ve multipotent skin-derived precursor (SKP) cells from primary human fibroblast cultures. We show that these SKPs derived from fibroblast cultures share similar stem cell properties to the ones derived directly from human skin biopsies. These cells express the neural crest marker, nestin, in addition to the multipotent markers such as OCT4 and Nanog.

인간의 기본 섬유 아세포 배양에서 순진 성인 줄기 세포 분리

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell  populations have been identified in human skin 1-4.  The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors ...

Mouse Genome Engineering Using Designer Nucleases

Transgenic mice carrying site-specific genome modifications (knockout, knock-in) are of vital importance for dissecting complex biological systems as well as for modeling human diseases and testing therapeutic strategies. Recent advances in the use of designer nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system for site-specific genome engineering open the possibility to perform rapid targeted genome modification in virtually any laboratory species without the need to rely on embryonic stem (ES) cell technology. A genome editing experiment typically starts with identification of designer nuclease target sites within a gene of interest followed by construction of custom DNA-binding domains to direct nuclease activity to the investigator-defined genomic locus. Designer nuclease plasmids are in vitro transcribed to generate mRNA for microinjection of fertilized mouse oocytes. Here, we provide a protocol for achieving targeted genome modification by direct injection of TALEN mRNA into fertilized mouse oocytes.

Designer nucleases such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) can be used to modify the genome of mouse preimplantation embryos by triggering both the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) pathways. These advances enable the rapid generation of mice with precise genetic modifications.

디자이너 클레아 제를 사용하여 마우스 게놈 엔지니어링

Transgenic mice carrying site-specific genome modifications (knockout, knock-in) are of vital importance for dissecting complex biological systems as well ...

Generation of Genomic Deletions in Mammalian Cell Lines via CRISPR/Cas9

The prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system may be re-purposed for site-specific eukaryotic genome engineering. CRISPR/Cas9 is an inexpensive, facile, and efficient genome editing tool that allows genetic perturbation of genes and genetic elements. Here we present a simple methodology for CRISPR design, cloning, and delivery for the production of genomic deletions. In addition, we describe techniques for deletion, identification, and characterization. This strategy relies on cellular delivery of a pair of chimeric single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to create two double strand breaks (DSBs) at a locus in order to delete the intervening DNA segment by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair. Deletions have potential advantages as compared to single-site small indels given the efficiency of biallelic modification, ease of rapid identification by PCR, predictability of loss-of-function, and utility for the study of non-coding elements. This approach can be used for efficient loss-of-function studies of genes and genetic elements in mammalian cell lines.

CRISPR/Cas9 is a robust system to produce disruption of genes and genetic elements. Here we describe a protocol for the efficient creation of genomic deletions in mammalian cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9.

CRISPR / Cas9를 통해 포유 동물 세포주의 게놈에 삭제 세대

The prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) 9 system may be re-purposed for site-specific ...

Whole Cell Electrophysiology of Primary Cultured Murine Enterochromaffin Cells

Enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium constitute the largest subpopulation of enteroendocrine cells. As specialized sensory cells, EC cells sense luminal stimuli and convert them into serotonin (5-hyroxytryptamine, 5-HT) release events. However, the electrophysiology of these cells is poorly understood because they are difficult to culture and to identify. The method presented in this paper outlines primary EC cell cultures optimized for single cell electrophysiology. This protocol utilizes a transgenic cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) reporter to identify mouse EC cells in mixed primary cultures, advancing the approach to obtaining high-quality recordings of whole cell electrophysiology in voltage- and current-clamp modes.

Enterochromaffin (EC) cells comprise a small subset of gastrointestinal epithelial cells. EC cells are electrically excitable and release serotonin, yet difficulties in culturing and identifying EC cells have limited physiological studies. The method presented here establishes a primary culture model amenable to examination of single EC cells by electrophysiology.

기본 교양된 Murine Enterochromaffin 셀의 전체 셀 전기 생리학

Enterochromaffin (EC) cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium constitute the largest subpopulation of enteroendocrine cells. As specialized sensory ...

Silencing the Spark: CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Weakly Electric Fish

Electroreception and electrogenesis have changed in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. There is a striking degree of convergence in these independently derived phenotypes, which share a common genetic architecture. This is perhaps best exemplified by the numerous convergent features of gymnotiforms and mormyrids, two species-rich teleost clades that produce and detect weak electric fields and are called weakly electric fish. In the 50 years since the discovery that weakly electric fish use electricity to sense their surroundings and communicate, a growing community of scientists has gained tremendous insights into evolution of development, systems and circuits neuroscience, cellular physiology, ecology, evolutionary biology, and behavior. More recently, there has been a proliferation of genomic resources for electric fish. Use of these resources has already facilitated important insights with regards to the connection between genotype and phenotype in these species. A major obstacle to integrating genomics data with phenotypic data of weakly electric fish is a present lack of functional genomics tools. We report here a full protocol for performing CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis that utilizes endogenous DNA repair mechanisms in weakly electric fish. We demonstrate that this protocol is equally effective in both the mormyrid species Brienomyrus brachyistius and the gymnotiform Brachyhypopomus gauderio by using CRISPR/Cas9 to target indels and point mutations in the first exon of the sodium channel gene scn4aa. Using this protocol, embryos from both species were obtained and genotyped to confirm that the predicted mutations in the first exon of the sodium channel scn4aa were present. The knock-out success phenotype was confirmed with recordings showing reduced electric organ discharge amplitudes when compared to uninjected size-matched controls.

Here, a protocol is presented to produce and rear CRISPR/Cas9 genome knockout electric fish. Outlined in detail are the required molecular biology, breeding, and husbandry requirements for both a gymnotiform and a mormyrid, and injection techniques to produce Cas9-induced indel F0 larvae.

불꽃을 침묵 : 약한 전기 물고기에서 CRISPR / Cas9 게놈 편집

Electroreception and electrogenesis have changed in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. There is a striking degree of convergence in these ...

Preparing and Injecting Embryos of Culex Mosquitoes to Generate Null Mutations using CRISPR/Cas9

Culex mosquitoes are the major vectors of several diseases that negatively impact human and animal health including West Nile virus and diseases caused by filarial nematodes such as canine heartworm and elephantasis. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been used to induce site-directed mutations by injecting a Cas9 protein that has been complexed with a guide RNA (gRNA) into freshly laid embryos of several insect species, including mosquitoes that belong to the genera Anopheles and Aedes. Manipulating and injecting Culex mosquitoes is slightly more difficult as these mosquitoes lay their eggs upright in rafts rather than individually like other species of mosquitoes. Here we describe how to design gRNAs, complex them with Cas9 protein, induce female mosquitoes of Culex pipiens to lay eggs, and how to prepare and inject newly laid embryos for microinjection with Cas9/gRNA. We also describe how to rear and screen injected mosquitoes for the desired mutation. The representative results demonstrate that this technique can be used to induce site-directed mutations in the genome of Culex mosquitoes and, with slight modifications, can be used to generate null-mutants in other mosquito species as well.&#160;

Preparing and Injecting Embryos of Culex Mosquitoes to Generate Null Mutations using CRISPR/Cas9

CRISPR/Cas9 is increasingly used to characterize gene function in non-model organisms. This protocol describes how to generate knock-out lines of Culex pipiens, from preparing injection mixes, to obtaining and injecting mosquito embryos, as well as how to rear, cross, and screen injected mosquitoes and their progeny for desired mutations.

CRISPR/Cas9를 사용하여 Null 돌연변이를 생성하기 위해 컬렉스 모기의 배아를 준비하고 주입합니다.

Culex mosquitoes are the major vectors of several diseases that negatively impact human and animal health including West Nile virus and diseases caused by ...

Construction of Homozygous Mutants of Migratory Locust Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology

The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is not only one of the worldwide plague locusts that caused huge economic losses to human beings but also an important research model for insect metamorphosis. The CRISPR/Cas9 system can accurately locate at a specific DNA locus and cleave within the target site, efficiently introducing double-strand breaks to induce target gene knockout or integrate new gene fragments into the specific locus. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing is a powerful tool for addressing questions encountered in locust research as well as a promising technology for locust control. This study provides a systematic protocol for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout with the complex of Cas9 protein and single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) in migratory locusts. The selection of target sites and design of sgRNA are described in detail, followed by in vitro synthesis and verification of the sgRNAs. Subsequent procedures include egg raft collection and tanned-egg separation to achieve successful microinjection with low mortality rate, egg culture,&#160;preliminary estimation of the mutation rate, locust breeding as well as detection, preservation, and passage of the mutants to ensure population stability of the edited locusts. This method can be used as a reference for CRISPR/Cas9 based gene editing applications in migratory locusts as well as in other insects.

This study provides a systematically optimized procedure of CRISPR/Cas9 ribonuclease-based construction of homozygous locust mutants as well as a detailed method for cryopreservation and resuscitation of the locust eggs.

CRISPR/Cas9 기술을 이용한 철새 메뚜기의 동형접합 돌연변이 구축

The migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, is not only one of the worldwide plague locusts that caused huge economic losses to human beings but also an ...

CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells for Gene Therapy Applications

CRISPR/Cas9 is a highly versatile and efficient gene-editing tool adopted widely to correct various genetic mutations. The feasibility of gene manipulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in vitro makes HSPCs an ideal target cell for gene therapy. However, HSPCs moderately lose their engraftment and multilineage repopulation potential in ex vivo culture. In the present study, ideal culture conditions are described that improves HSPC engraftment and generate an increased number of gene-modified cells in vivo. The current report displays optimized in vitro culture conditions, including the type of culture media, unique small molecule cocktail supplementation, cytokine concentration, cell culture plates, and culture density. In addition to that, an optimized HSPC gene-editing procedure, along with the validation of the gene-editing events, are provided. For in vivo validation, the gene-edited HSPCs infusion and post-engraftment analysis in mouse recipients are displayed. The results demonstrated that the culture system increased the frequency of functional HSCs in vitro, resulting in robust engraftment of gene-edited cells in vivo.

The present protocol describes an optimized hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) culture procedure for the robust engraftment of gene-edited cells in vivo.