PBMC에서 인간 CD40 - 활성 B 세포의 생성에 대한 프로토콜은 두 부분으로 나뉘어져 있습니다 : 제 플레이트 - 바운드 피더 세포로 사용됩니다 NIH/3T3 세포를 표현 CD40 리간드의 준비를 보여줍니다. 파트 B는 실제 CD40 - B 문화를 설명합니다. 피더 세포의 A. 준비 (tCD40L NIH/3T3) tCD40L NIH/3T3 완전히 합류가해서는 안 자기편 murine fibroblast 세포 라인입니다. 세포 따라서 주당 두번 splitted 수 있습니다. 6 개 이상 주 동안 Culturing하지 않는 것이 좋습니다. <ol><li> 멸균 피펫으로 기본 문화 올드 미디어를 제거하고 1X PBS의 10 ML과 세포를 씻으십시오. 세척 후 PBS를 대기음. </li><li> 37 5-10분에 75cm 2 플라스크 4 ML 트립신 / EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산)을 추가 ° C. 세포를 분리하기 위해 부드러운 도청을 사용합니다. </li><li> 야생 유형 매체 10 ML을 추가하고 부드럽게 회전. </li><li> 멸균 피펫과 50 ML 튜브에 세포 현탁액을 전송 5 분 225 XG에서 세포를 스핀 다운. </li><li> 뜨는을 제거하고 야생 유형 매체 10 ML에서 펠렛을 resuspend. 세포 현탁액의 나누어지는의 휴대폰 번호를 카운트하고 세포의 적절한 수의 세 50 ML 튜브를 준비 : <ol><li> subculturing에 대한 1.5 X 10 6 세포 </li><li> 0.2 X 10 6 세포 / 잘 CD40 - B 세포 배양에 사용되는 방사선에 대한 </li><li> 프리즈에 나머지 (필요한 경우). </li></ol></li><li> 5 분 225 XG에서 세포를 스핀 다운. </li><li> 뜨는을 제거합니다. <ol><li> subculturing 들면 : resuspend 1.5 75cm 2 세포 배양 플라스크 10 ML 야생 유형 매체 (세포 밀도가 1.5 X 10 5 셀 / ML)에서 X 10 6 세포, G - 418을 추가 [0.7 MG / ML]와에있는 세포를 품어 5% CO 2와 37 ° C. 두 당 주 세포를 분리. </li><li> CD40 - B 세포 배양의 경우 : 한 6 자 접시 1.2 X 10 6 세포가 필요합니다. 0.1 X 10 6 세포 / ML의 밀도에 야생 유형의 매체에있는 세포를 Resuspend하고 78 쥐에서 그들을 비추다. 물론 각 37에서 그들을 품어 ° C와 5 % CO 2에 세포 현탁액의 플레이트 2 ML. tCD40L NIH/3T3 세포가 자기편 때 B - 세포 자극이 준비한 접시를 사용합니다 (최소한 4 시간 : 현미경으로 준수를 확인, B - 세포 자극을 시작하는 이상 24 H를 기다리지 않는다). (B. 계속) </li></ol></li></ol> B. CD 40의 B 세포 배양 CD40 - 자극 (일 공)에 대한 PBMCs의 I. 준비 : 주의 : 당신이 피더 세포가 자기편 것을 확인할 계속하기 전에. 항상 인터루킨 - 4 및 시클 로스 포린의 성장 매체 바로 사용하기 전에 새로운 솔루션을 추가합니다. <ol><li> 신선한 또는 적절하게 해동 중 하나를 PBMCs 가져가라. Resuspend 그들을 씻고 7 분 및 기타 세포를 제거 7 분 190 XG에서 두 번째 시간에 265 XG에 처음 스핀 다운을 1X PBS의 50mL 두 번 PBMCs. 뜨는을 취소하고 PBS 20 ML에있는 세포를 resuspend. 세포 현탁액의 나누어지는의 휴대폰 번호를 확인합니다. </li><li> 5 분 225 XG에서 세포의 필요한 양을 스핀 다운. 6 잘 플레이트 4 X 10 6 세포 / 잘 따라서 판 당 24 X 10 6 셀 필요합니다. </li><li> 뜨는를 제거하고 성장 요인 및 0.63 μg / ML 시클 로스 포린과 같은 A는 T - 세포의 파생물을 방지하기 위해 갓 50 U / 인터루킨 - 4의 ML과 보충 CD40 - B 문화 매체 1 X 10 6 세포 / ML에서 PBMC를 resuspend (감안할 때 농도가 한 ML 문화 매체를 참조!). </li><li> 에서 뜨는을 제거 6 잘 플레이트 사전 incubated tCD40L NIH/3T3 세포와 함께. </li><li> 2 ML PBS마다 잘 첫번째와 CD40 - B 세척 매체 2 ML과 함께 두 번째 단계에서 자기편 tCD40L NIH/3T3 세포를 씻으십시오. </li><li> 부드럽게 6 잘 플레이트의 각 잘하는 PBMC 정지 4 ML (1 X 10 6 세포 / ML)를 추가합니다. </li><li> 37 세포를 품어 ° C와 5 % CO 2. </li><li> 일 7.2에서 세포 (3.2 계속.) reculture. </li></ol> II. CD40 - B 세포 (일 7 다음 모든 3~4일)의 Recultivati​​on : <ol><li> 50 ML 튜브에 10 ML의 피펫과 수영장 그들과 함께 resuspending하여 6 - 잘 접시에서 CD40 - B 세포의 수확 클러스터. </li><li> 7분에 대한 225 XG에 스핀 다운 및 완전히 CD40 - B 세척 매체로 뜨는 교체하십시오. 나누어지는의 세포 금액을 계산하는 동안, 5 분 225 XG에서 세포를 스핀 다운. 1 X 10 6 세포 / ML의 농도에서 CD40 - B 문화 매체 Resuspend CD40 - B 세포. </li><li> 50 U / ML의 농도와 매체 0.63 μg / ML 시클 로스 포린의 인터루킨 - 4의 새로운 솔루션을 추가합니다. </li><li> 6 잘 플레이트 tCD40L NIH/3T3 세포 사전 incubated에서 뜨는을 제거합니다. </li><li> 2 ML PBS마다 잘 첫번째와 CD40 - B 세척 매체 2 ML과 함께 두 번째 단계에서 자기편 세포를 씻으십시오. </li><li&gt;을 부드럽게 6 잘 플레이트의 각 잘하는 CD40 - B 정학 4 ML (1 X 10 6 세포 / ML)를 추가합니다. </li><li> 37 접시를 품어 ° C 5 % CO 2. </li><li> Subculture 세포가 다시 모든 3-4일 14 일 총 후에 고도로 순수한 인간 CD40 - B 세포 활성화와 최종 수 있습니다. </li></ol> C.의 문제 해결 - 뭐 CD40 - B 세포 성장하지 않으면? <ol><li> 당신은 피더 세포의 CD40 리간드 발현에 대한 검사 있습니까? </li><li> 판 - 바운드 자극에 사용되는 피더 세포는 24 시간 이상은 안하나요? </li><li> mycoplasma 수있는 오염인가? </li><li> 보완을 위해 사용되는 인터루킨 - 4 솔루션은 갓 해동하고 적절한 생물 학적 활동을했다나요? </li><li> 시클 로스 포린 A는 정확한 농도에 추가습니까? </li></ol><img src="/files/ftp_upload/1373/1373fig1tmb.jpg" border="0" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. 주시기 바랍니다 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1373/1373fig1.jpg">여기를 클릭하세요</a> 그림 1의 더 큰 버전을 위해. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1373/1373fig2tmb.jpg" border="0" alt="그림 2" /> 그림 2.하세요 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1373/1373fig2.jpg">여기를 클릭</a> 그림 2의 더 큰 버전을 위해.

<ol>
	<li>Schultze, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40-activated+human+B+cells:+an+alternative+source+of+highly+efficient+antigen+presenting+cells+to+generate+autologous+antigen-specific+T+cells+for+adoptive+immunotherapy.">CD40-activated human B cells: an alternative source of highly efficient antigen presenting cells to generate autologous antigen-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy.</a> J Clin Invest. 100, 2757-2765 (1997).</li><li>Schultze, J. L., Grabbe, S., vonBergwelt-Baildon, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DCs+and+CD40-activated+B+cells:+current+and+future+avenues+to+cellular+cancer+immunotherapy.">DCs and CD40-activated B cells: current and future avenues to cellular cancer immunotherapy.</a> Trends Immunol. 25, 659-664 (2004).</li><li>Bergwelt-Baildon, M. v. o. n. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40-activated+B+cells+express+full+lymph+node+homing+triad+and+induce+T-cell+chemotaxis:+potential+as+cellular+adjuvants.">CD40-activated B cells express full lymph node homing triad and induce T-cell chemotaxis: potential as cellular adjuvants.</a> Blood. 107, 2786-2789 (2006).</li><li>Wiesner, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditional+immortalization+of+human+B+cells+by+CD40+ligation.">Conditional immortalization of human B cells by CD40 ligation.</a> PLoS ONE. 3, 1464-14 (2008).</li><li>Urashima, M., Chauhan, D., Uchiyama, H., Freeman, G. J., Anderson, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40+ligand+triggered+interleukin-6+secretion+in+multiple+myeloma.">CD40 ligand triggered interleukin-6 secretion in multiple myeloma.</a> Blood. 85, 1903-1912 (1995).</li><li>Lapointe, R., Bellemare-Pelletier, A., Housseau, F., Thibodeau, J., Hwu, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40-stimulated+B+lymphocytes+pulsed+with+tumor+antigens+are+effective+antigen-presenting+cells+that+can+generate+specific+T+cells.">CD40-stimulated B lymphocytes pulsed with tumor antigens are effective antigen-presenting cells that can generate specific T cells.</a> Cancer Res. 63, 2836-2843 (2003).</li><li>von Bergwelt-Baildon, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+primary+and+memory+cytotoxic+T+lymphocyte+responses+are+efficiently+induced+by+means+of+CD40-activated+B+cells+as+antigen-presenting+cells:+potential+for+clinical+application.">Human primary and memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses are efficiently induced by means of CD40-activated B cells as antigen-presenting cells: potential for clinical application.</a> Blood. 99, 3319-3325 (2002).</li><li>Kondo, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD40-activated+B+cells+can+be+generated+in+high+number+and+purity+in+cancer+patients:+analysis+of+immunogenicity+and+homing+potential.">CD40-activated B cells can be generated in high number and purity in cancer patients: analysis of immunogenicity and homing potential.</a> Clin Exp Immunol. 155, 249-256 (2009).</li><li>Mason, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-loaded+CD40-activated+B+cells+stimulate+antigen-specific+T-cell+responses+in+dogs+with+spontaneous+lymphoma.">RNA-loaded CD40-activated B cells stimulate antigen-specific T-cell responses in dogs with spontaneous lymphoma.</a> Gene Ther. 15, 955-965 (2008).</li></ol>

미디어 A. 준비 : <table border="1"cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"> 피더 세포 야생 유형 매체 </td><td colspan="2"> 피더 셀 선택 매체 </td></tr><tr><td> 시약 </td><td> 집중 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 집중 </td></tr><tr><td> DMEM - 햄의 / F12 </td><td></td><td> DMEM - 햄의 / F12 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> L - 글루타민 </td><td> 365 μg / ML </td><td> L - 글루타민 </td><td> 365 μg / ML </td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> 10% </td><td> FBS </td><td> 10% </td></tr><tr><td> HEPES </td><td> 10 MM </td><td> HEPES </td><td> 10 MM </td></tr><tr><td> Gentamycin </td><td> 15 μg / ML </td><td> Gentamycin </td><td> 15 μg / ML </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td> G - 418 </td><td> 0.7 MG / ML </td></tr></table><table cellspacing="0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2"> CD40 - B 세척 매체 </td><td colspan="2"> CD40 - B 문화 매체 </td></tr><tr><td> 시약 </td><td> 집중 </td><td> 시약 </td><td> 집중 </td></tr><tr></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> IMDM </td><td> </td><td> IMDM </td><td> </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> L - 글루타민 </td><td> 584 μg / ML </td><td> L - 글루타민 </td><td> 584 μg / ML </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> HEPES </td><td> 25 MM </td><td> HEPES </td><td> 25 MM </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> Gentamycin </td><td> 15 μg / ML </td><td> Gentamycin </td><td> 15 μg / ML </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> RH 트랜스페린 </td><td> 50 μg / ML </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> RH 인슐린 </td><td> 5 μg / ML </td></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> AB - Humanserum </td><td> 10% </td></tr></tbody></table> B. 기타 시약 : <table cellspacing="0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 아니오를 주문하지 </td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td> DMEM / 햄의 F12 </td><td> PAA </td><td> 고양이 번호 : E15 - 813 </td></tr><tr><td> IMDM </td><td> Invitrogen Gibco ® </td><td> REF 21980-032 </td></tr><tr><td> Dulbecco의 PBS (10X) </td><td> PAA </td><td> 고양이도없는 H15 - 011 </td></tr><tr><td> AB - 인간 혈청 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 고양이도없는 34,005,100 </td></tr><tr><td> 홀로그램 트랜스페린 인간 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> 고양이도없는 T0665 </td></tr><tr><td> 인슐린 인간 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> 고양이도없는 I2643 </td></tr><tr><td> Gencin ® </td><td> 델타 선택 </td><td> 예술 없음 7,395,800 </td></tr><tr><td> 재조합 인간 인터루킨 - 4 </td><td> Immunotools </td><td> 고양이도없는 11,130,045 </td></tr><tr><td> 시클 로스 포린 </td><td> 노바티스 </td><td> 고양이도없는 NDC 0078-0109-01 </td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> LONZA </td><td> 고양이도없는 DE14 - 802C </td></tr><tr><td> HEPES 버퍼 </td><td> PAA </td><td> 고양이도없는 S11 - 001 </td></tr><tr><td> G - 418 황산염 </td><td> PAA </td><td> 고양이도없는 P02 - 012 </td></tr><tr><td> 트립신 / EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) (10X) </td><td> Invitrogen Gibco ® </td><td> REF 15400-054 </td></tr></tbody></table> C. 기타 용품 : <table cellspacing="0" border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 아니오를 주문하지 </td></tr><tr></tr><tr><td> 멸균 피펫 팁 </td><td> Sarstedt </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 6 - 웰 플레이트 </td><td> NUNC </td><td> 고양이도 140,675 </td></tr><tr><td> 50mL 원뿔 관 </td><td> BD 팰컨 ™ </td><td> 고양이도 352,070 </td></tr><tr><td> 조직 문화 플라스크 </td><td> SARSTEDT </td><td> 고양이도없는 83.1813.002 </td></tr></tbody></table>

generation of human cd40-activated b cells

CD40 - 활성화된 B 세포는 (CD40 - B 세포) 단백질 stimulatory 항원 제시 암 immunotherapy에 대한 세포 (APC하는) 1-3의 대체 소스로 확인되었습니다. CD40 - B 세포가 여러 가지 서로 다른 생물 학적 및 기술적 특성을 가지고 돌기 세포 (DCS), 최고의 특징 APC, 비교. DC가 마찬가지로, B 세포는 MHC와 공동 stimulatory 분자 (Fig.1b)의 증가 표현을 표시, 인터루킨 - 4 및 CD40 리간드 (CD40L)와 자극 후 강력한 철새 용량과 효율적인 T 세포에 존재 항원 프레 젠 테이션을 나타냅니다. 그러나, 미숙 또는 성숙 DC가와는 대조적으로, CD40 - B 세포는 CD62L, CCR7/CXCR4 이루어진 전체 림프절 유도 깡패을 표현하고, 보조 림프 기관으로 유도하기 위해 필요한 백혈구 기능 항원 - 1 (LFA1, CD11a/CD18) (Fig.1a) 3. CD40 - B 세포는 더욱 높은 순수 CD40 - B 세포를 건강한 기증자로부터 (&gt; 10 9 환자 당 세포)뿐만 아니라 암 매우 다량으로 체외로 확장시킬 수 말초혈 매우 소량의 어려움없이 생성할 수 있습니다 환자 (Fig.1c, D) 1,4. 이 프로토콜에서 우리는 인간의 PBMC에서 완벽하게 작동 CD40 - B 세포를 얻는 방법을 보여줍니다. 세포 배양을위한 주요 분자는 CD40 리간드, 인터루킨 -4 (IL - 4) 및 시클 로스 포린 A (CSA), 3~4일 문화주기에 보충함하는. 아르 실험 목적 CD40 - 자극은 재조합 인간 CD40 리간드 (tCD40L NIH/3T3) 5을 표현 NIH/3T3 세포에 의해 제공됩니다. 비 transfected 세포와 오염을 방지하려면 transfectants에있는 인간 CD40 리간드 표현 (Fig.2) 정기적으로 확인되어야한다. 십사일 후 CD40 - B 세포 배양 이상 순도 95 프로지 B 세포 65 일 동안 CD40 - B 세포의 확장 기능을 1, 4의 손실없이 자주이 가능합니다 구성되어 있습니다. CD40 - B 세포가 효율적으로 프로세스를 차지하고 T 세포에 항원 제시 6. 그들은 소수 naϊve 모르지만, 또한 메모리 T 세포에게 7,8를 확장합니다. CD40 - 활성화된 B 세포는 B - 세포 활성화, 차별과 기능을 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 또한, 그들은 종양에 대한 치료 또는 구 예방 접종을위한 유망한 도구를 나타냅니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells at JoVE.com

Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

이 비디오에서는 소개<em&gt; 예 생체내</emCD40 리간드와 인터루킨 - 4 자극에 의​​해 말초 혈액 mononuclear 세포 (PBMC)에서 인간 CD40 - 활성 B 세포의&gt; 생성 및 확장 (CD40 - B).

인간 CD40 - 활성화된 B 세포의 생성

CD40-activated B cells (CD40-B cells) have been identified as an alternative source of immuno-stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APC) for cancer ...

generation-of-human-cd40-activated-b-cells

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Biology

15.1K 조회수.  University Hospital of Cologne, Department I of Internal Medicine. 이 비디오에서는 소개 예 생체내 생성 및 확장 (CD40 - B).

비디오: Generation of Human CD40-activated B cells

Chromosomal Spread Preparation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells for Karyotyping

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture conditions they become prone to acquire chromosomal anomalies such as addition of whole or parts of chromosomes. Indeed, during long-term culture, karyotypic alterations are observed when enzymatic or chemical dissociation are used 2,3,4, while manual dissection of colonies for passaging retains a stable karyotype 5. Besides, changes in the environment such as the removal of feeder cells also seem to compromise the genetic integrity of hESC 3,6. Once chromosomal alterations could affect cellular physiology, the characterization of the genetic integrity of hESC in vitro is crucial considering hESC as an essential tool in embryogenesis studies and drug testing. Furthermore, for future therapeutic purposes chromosomal changes are a real concern as it is frequently associated to carcinogenesis.
Here we show a simple and useful method to obtain high quality chromosome spreads for subsequent analysis of chromosome set by G-banding, FISH, SKY or CGH techniques 7,8. We recommend checking the chromosomal status routinely with intervals of 5 passages in order to monitor the appearance of translocations and aneuploidies
Priscila Britto and Rafaela Sartore contributed equally to the paper.

Karyotyping is a simple and useful technique widely used for detecting genetic alterations. Here we describe a step by step protocol for chromosome spread preparation of human embryonic stem cells for monitoring the chromosomal status of these cells maintained in culture.

Karyotyping를위한 인간 배아 줄기 세포의 염색체 확산 준비

Although human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have been shown to present a stable diploid karyotype 1, many studies have reported that depending on culture ...

연구

생물학

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by Reprogramming Human Fibroblasts with the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing the pluripotent state in mouse fibroblasts.1 The same group also reported the successful reprogramming of human somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells using human versions of the same transcription factors delivered by retroviral vectors.2 Additionally, James Thomson et al. reported that the lentivirus-mediated co-expression of another set of factors (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog and Lin28) was capable of reprogramming human somatic cells into iPS cells.3
iPS cells are similar to ES cells in morphology, proliferation and the ability to differentiate into all tissue types of the body. Human iPS cells have a distinct advantage over ES cells as they exhibit key properties of ES cells without the ethical dilemma of embryo destruction. The generation of patient-specific iPS cells circumvents an important roadblock to personalized regenerative medicine therapies by eliminating the potential for immune rejection of non-autologous transplanted cells.
Here we demonstrate the protocol for reprogramming human fibroblast cells using the Stemgent Human TF Lentivirus Set. We also show that cells reprogrammed with this set begin to show iPS morphology four days post-transduction. Using the Stemolecule Y27632, we selected for iPS cells and observed correct morphology after three sequential rounds of colony picking and passaging. We also demonstrate that after reprogramming cells displayed the pluripotency marker AP, surface markers TRA-1-81, TRA-1-60, SSEA-4, and SSEA-3, and nuclear markers Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog.

We demonstrate the protocol for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human somatic cells using lentivirus-mediated delivery of the human factors Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and Lin28. Pluripotency was confirmed by morphology and the presence of embryonic stem (ES) cell-specific markers.

Stemgent 인간 TF의 Lentivirus와 인간의 섬유아 세포를 프로그래밍하여 유도 Pluripotent 줄기 세포의 생성 세트

In 2006, Yamanaka and colleagues first demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated delivery and expression of Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc and Klf4 is capable of inducing ...

Robust Generation of Hepatocyte-like Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cell Populations

Despite progress in modelling human drug toxicity, many compounds fail during clinical trials due to unpredicted side effects. The cost of clinical studies are substantial, therefore it is essential that more predictive toxicology screens are developed and deployed early on in drug development (Greenhough et al 2010). Human hepatocytes represent the current gold standard model for evaluating drug toxicity, but are a limited resource that exhibit variable function. Therefore, the use of immortalised cell lines and animal tissue models are routinely employed due to their abundance. While both sources are informative, they are limited by poor function, species variability and/or instability in culture (Dalgetty et al 2009). Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are an attractive alternative source of human hepatocyte like cells (HLCs) (Medine et al 2010). PSCs are capable of self renewal and differentiation to all somatic cell types found in the adult and thereby represent a potentially inexhaustible source of differentiated cells. We have developed a procedure that is simple, highly efficient, amenable to automation and yields functional human HLCs (Hay et al 2008 ; Fletcher et al 2008 ; Hannoun et al 2010 ; Payne et al 2011 and Hay et al 2011). We believe our technology will lead to the scalable production of HLCs for drug discovery, disease modeling, the construction of extra-corporeal devices and possibly cell based transplantation therapies.

This article will focus on the generation of human hepatic endoderm from human embryonic stem cell populations.

인간 배아 줄기 세포 인구에서 Hepatocyte 같은 전지의 강력한 생성

Despite progress in modelling human drug toxicity, many compounds fail during clinical trials due to unpredicted side effects. The cost of clinical ...

Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Blood

Longstanding views of new blood vessel formation via angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis have been recently reviewed1. The presence of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were first identified in adult human peripheral blood by Asahara et al. in 1997 2 bringing an infusion of new hypotheses and strategies for vascular regeneration and repair. EPCs are rare but normal components of circulating blood that home to sites of blood vessel formation or vascular remodeling, and facilitate either postnatal vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, or arteriogenesis largely via paracrine stimulation of existing vessel wall derived cells3. No specific marker to identify an EPC has been identified, and at present the state of the field is to understand that numerous cell types including proangiogenic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, circulating angiogenic cells, Tie2+ monocytes, myeloid progenitor cells, tumor associated macrophages, and M2 activated macrophages participate in stimulating the angiogenic process in a variety of preclinical animal model systems and in human subjects in numerous disease states4, 5. Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) are rare circulating viable endothelial cells characterized by robust clonal proliferative potential, secondary and tertiary colony forming ability upon replating, and ability to form intrinsic in vivo vessels upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice6-8. While ECFCs have been successfully isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy adult subjects, umbilical cord blood (CB) of healthy newborn infants, and vessel wall of numerous human arterial and venous vessels 6-9, CB possesses the highest frequency of ECFCs7 that display the most robust clonal proliferative potential and form durable and functional blood vessels in vivo8, 10-13. While the derivation of ECFC from adult peripheral blood has been presented14, 15, here we describe the methodologies for the derivation, cloning, expansion, and in vitro as well as in vivo characterization of ECFCs from the human umbilical CB.

Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) are circulating endothelial cells with robust clonal proliferative potential that display intrinsic in vivo vessel forming ability. Phenotypic and functional characterization of outgrowth endothelial cells derived from CB are important to identify and isolate bona fide ECFCs for potential clinical application in repairing damaged tissues.

내피 콜로니 형성 세포의 Phenotypic 및 기능성 특성은 인간 탯줄의 혈액에서 유래

Longstanding views of new blood vessel formation via angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis have been recently reviewed1. The presence of ...

Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Using the STEMCCA Lentiviral Vector

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, generating so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)1-4. Patient-specific iPSCs lack the ethical concerns that surround embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and would bypass possible immune rejection. Thus, iPSCs have attracted considerable attention for disease modeling studies, the screening of pharmacological compounds, and regenerative therapies5.
We have shown the generation of transgene-free human iPSCs from patients with different lung diseases using a single excisable polycistronic lentiviral Stem Cell Cassette (STEMCCA) encoding the Yamanaka factors6. These iPSC lines were generated from skin fibroblasts, the most common cell type used for reprogramming. Normally, obtaining fibroblasts requires a skin punch biopsy followed by expansion of the cells in culture for a few passages. Importantly, a number of groups have reported the reprogramming of human peripheral blood cells into iPSCs7-9. In one study, a Tet inducible version of the STEMCCA vector was employed9, which required the blood cells to be simultaneously infected with a constitutively active lentivirus encoding the reverse tetracycline transactivator. In contrast to fibroblasts, peripheral blood cells can be collected via minimally invasive procedures, greatly reducing the discomfort and distress of the patient. A simple and effective protocol for reprogramming blood cells using a constitutive single excisable vector may accelerate the application of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community. Furthermore, reprogramming of peripheral blood cells allows for the generation of iPSCs from individuals in which skin biopsies should be avoided (i.e. aberrant scarring) or due to pre-existing disease conditions preventing access to punch biopsies.
Here we demonstrate a protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using a single floxed-excisable lentiviral vector constitutively expressing the 4 factors. Freshly collected or thawed PBMCs are expanded for 9 days as described10,11 in medium containing ascorbic acid, SCF, IGF-1, IL-3 and EPO before being transduced with the STEMCCA lentivirus. Cells are then plated onto MEFs and ESC-like colonies can be visualized two weeks after infection. Finally, selected clones are expanded and tested for the expression of the pluripotency markers SSEA-4, Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81. This protocol is simple, robust and highly consistent, providing a reliable methodology for the generation of human iPSCs from readily accessible 4 ml of blood.

Here we show a simple and effective protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from 3-4 ml of peripheral blood using a single lentiviral reprogramming vector. Reprogramming of readily available blood cells promises to accelerate the utilization of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community.

STEMCCA Lentiviral 벡터를 사용하여 말초 혈에서 인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포의 생성

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, ...

Generation of Dispersed Presomitic Mesoderm Cell Cultures for Imaging of the Zebrafish Segmentation Clock in Single Cells

Segmentation is a periodic and sequential morphogenetic process in vertebrates. This rhythmic formation of blocks of tissue called somites along the body axis is evidence of a genetic oscillator patterning the developing embryo. In zebrafish, the intracellular clock driving segmentation is comprised of members of the Her/Hes transcription factor family organized into negative feedback loops. We have recently generated transgenic fluorescent reporter lines for the cyclic gene her1 that recapitulate the spatio-temporal pattern of oscillations in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM). Using these lines, we developed an in vitro culture system that allows real-time analysis of segmentation clock oscillations within single, isolated PSM cells. By removing PSM tissue from transgenic embryos and then dispersing cells from oscillating regions onto glass-bottom dishes, we generated cultures suitable for time-lapse imaging of fluorescence signal from individual clock cells. This approach provides an experimental and conceptual framework for direct manipulation of the segmentation clock with unprecedented single-cell resolution, allowing its cell-autonomous and tissue-level properties to be distinguished and dissected.

Somitogenesis is a rhythmic developmental process that spatially patterns the body axis of vertebrate embryos. Previously, we developed transgenic zebrafish lines that use fluorescent reporters to observe the cyclic genes that drive this process. Here, we culture dispersed cells from these lines and image their oscillations over time in vitro.

단일 세포의 Zebrafish의 분할 시계의 이미징을위한 분산 Presomitic 중배엽 세포 배양의 생성

Segmentation is a  periodic and sequential morphogenetic process in vertebrates. This rhythmic  formation of blocks of tissue called somites along the ...

Generation of Human Cardiomyocytes: A Differentiation Protocol from Feeder-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is essential first to generate functional human cardiomyocytes (CMs). The use of these cells in drug discovery and toxicology studies would also be highly beneficial, allowing new pharmacological molecules for the treatment of cardiac disorders to be validated pre-clinically on cells of human origin. Of the possible sources of CMs, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are among the most promising, as they can be derived directly from readily accessible patient tissue and possess an intrinsic capacity to give rise to all cell types of the body 1. Several methods have been proposed for differentiating iPS cells into CMs, ranging from the classical embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregation approach to chemically defined protocols 2,3. In this article we propose an EBs-based protocol and show how this method can be employed to efficiently generate functional CM-like cells from feeder-free iPS cells.

Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, constitute a valuable source of human differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes. Here, we will focus on cardiac induction of iPS cells, showing how to use them to obtain functional human cardiomyocytes through an embryoid bodies-based protocol.

인간의 Cardiomyocytes의 생성 : 피더없는 인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포에서 분화 프로토콜

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is ...

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs include modeling pathogenesis of human genetic diseases, autologous cell therapy after gene correction, and personalized drug screening by providing a source of patient-specific and symptom relevant cells. However, there are several hurdles to overcome, such as eliminating the remaining reprogramming factor transgene expression after human iPSCs production. More importantly, residual transgene expression in undifferentiated human iPSCs could hamper proper differentiations and misguide the interpretation of disease-relevant in vitro phenotypes. With this reason, integration-free and/or transgene-free human iPSCs have been developed using several methods, such as adenovirus, the piggyBac system, minicircle vector, episomal vectors, direct protein delivery and synthesized mRNA. However, efficiency of reprogramming using integration-free methods is quite low in most cases.
Here, we present a method to isolate human iPSCs by using Sendai-virus (RNA virus) based reprogramming system. This reprogramming method shows consistent results and high efficiency in cost-effective manner.

Here, we present our established method to reprogram human somatic cells into transgene-free human iPSCs with Sendai virus, which shows consistent outcome and enhanced efficiency.

센다이 바이러스와 인간의 체세포의 효율적인 생성 인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

Generation and Culture of Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells from Human Peripheral Blood

Historically, the limited availability of primary endothelial cells from patients with vascular disorders has hindered the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in these individuals. However, the recent identification of blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs), generated from circulating endothelial progenitors in adult peripheral blood, may circumvent this limitation by offering an endothelial-like, primary cell surrogate for patient-derived endothelial cells. Beyond their value to understanding endothelial biology and disease modeling, BOECs have potential uses in endothelial cell transplantation therapies. They are also a suitable cellular substrate for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via nuclear reprogramming, offering a number of advantages over other cell types. We describe a method for the reliable generation, culture and characterization of BOECs from adult peripheral blood for use in these and other applications. This approach (i) allows for the generation of patient-specific endothelial cells from a relatively small volume of adult peripheral blood and (ii) produces cells that are highly similar to primary endothelial cells in morphology, cell signaling and gene expression.

This protocol allows for the reliable generation and characterization of blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) from a small volume of adult peripheral blood. BOECs can be used as a surrogate for endothelial cells from patients with vascular disorders and as a substrate for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells.

사람 말초 혈액에서 생성 및 문화 혈액의 파생물 내피 세포

Historically, the limited availability of primary endothelial cells from patients with vascular disorders has hindered the study of the molecular ...

High-throughput CRISPR Vector Construction and Characterization of DNA Modifications by Generation of Tomato Hairy Roots

Targeted DNA mutations generated by vectors with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology have proven useful for functional genomics studies. While most cloning strategies are simple to perform, they generally use multiple steps and can require several days to generate the ultimate constructs. The method presented here is based on DNA assembly and can produce fully functional CRISPR vectors in a single cloning reaction. Vector construction can also be pooled, further increasing the efficiency and utility of the process. A modification of the method is used to create CRISPR vectors with multiple gene targets. CRISPR vectors are then transformed into tomato hairy roots to generate transgenic materials with targeted DNA modifications. Hairy roots are a useful system for testing vector functionality as they are technically simple to generate and amenable to large-scale production. The methods presented here will have wide application as they can be used to generate a variety of CRISPR vectors and be used in a wide range of plant species.

Using DNA assembly, multiple CRISPR vectors can be constructed in parallel in a single cloning reaction, making the construction of large numbers of CRISPR vectors a simple task. Tomato hairy roots are an excellent model system to validate CRISPR vectors and generate mutant materials.

토마토 털이 뿌리의 생성에 의한 높은 처리량 CRISPR 벡터 건설 및 DNA 수정의 특성

Targeted DNA mutations generated by vectors with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology have proven useful for ...