Name: extraction and visualization of protein aggregates after treatment of escherichia coli with a proteotoxic stressor
Uploaded: 2021-06-29T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction and Visualization of Protein Aggregates after Treatment of Escherichia coli with a Proteotoxic Stressor at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Illinois State University School of Biological Sciences startup funds, Illinois State University New Faculty Initiative Grant, and the NIAID grant R15AI164585 (to J.-U. D.). G.M.A. was supported by the Illinois State University Undergraduate Research Support Program (to G.M.A.). K. P. H. was supported by a RISE fellowship provided by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). The authors thank Dr. Uwe Landau and Dr. Carsten Meyer from Largentech Vertriebs GmbH for providing the AGXX powder. Figures 1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, and Figure 5 were generated with Biorender.

1. Stress treatment of E. coli strains MG1655 and CFT073
<ol>
	<li>Inoculate 5 mL of lysogeny broth (LB) medium with a single colony of commensal E. coli strain MG1655 and uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) strain CFT073, respectively, and incubate for 14-16 h (overnight) at 37 &#176;C and 300 rpm. 
	NOTE: Escherichia coli CFT073 is a human pathogen. Handling of CFT073 must be performed with appropriate biosafety measures in a Biosafety Level-2 certified lab.</li>
	<li>Dilute each str...

<ol>
	<li>Dahl, J. -. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HdeB+functions+as+an+acid-protective+chaperone+in+bacteria.">HdeB functions as an acid-protective chaperone in bacteria.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (1), 65-75 (2015).</li><li>Foit, L., George, J. S., Zhang, B. W., Brooks, C. L., Bardwell, J. C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chaperone+activation+by+unfolding.">Chaperone activation by unfolding.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (14), 1254-1262 (2013).</li><li>Sultana, S., Foti, A., Dahl, J. -. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+defense+systems+against+the+neutrophilic+oxidant+hypochlorous+acid.">Bacterial defense systems against the neutrophilic oxidant hypochlorous acid.</a> Infection and Immunity. 88 (7), 00964 (2020).</li><li>Dahl, J. -. U., Gray, M. J., Jakob, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+quality+control+under+oxidative+stress+conditions.">Protein quality control under oxidative stress conditions.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 427 (7), 1549-1563 (2015).</li><li>Groitl, B., Dahl, J. -. U., Schroeder, J. W., Jakob, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+defense+systems+against+microbicidal+oxidants.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa defense systems against microbicidal oxidants.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 106 (3), 335-350 (2017).</li><li>Casadevall, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+restriction+as+an+antimicrobial+function+of+fever.">Thermal restriction as an antimicrobial function of fever.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 12 (5), 1005577 (2016).</li><li>Richter, K., Haslbeck, M., Buchner, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heat+shock+response:+life+on+the+verge+of+death.">The heat shock response: life on the verge of death.</a> Molecular Cell. 40 (2), 253-266 (2010).</li><li>Van Loi, V., Busche, T., Preu&#223;, T., Kalinowski, J., Bernhardt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+AGXX+&#174;+antimicrobial+coating+causes+a+thiol-specific+oxidative+stress+response+and+protein+S-bacillithiolation+in+Staphylococcus+aureus.">The AGXX &#174; antimicrobial coating causes a thiol-specific oxidative stress response and protein S-bacillithiolation in Staphylococcus aureus.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 9, 3037 (2018).</li><li>Anfinsen, C. B., Scheraga, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+and+theoretical+aspects+of+protein+folding.">Experimental and theoretical aspects of protein folding.</a> Advances in Protein Chemistry. 29, 205-300 (1975).</li><li>Schramm, F. D., Schroeder, K., Jonas, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+aggregation+in+bacteria.">Protein aggregation in bacteria.</a> FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 44 (1), 54-72 (2020).</li><li>Tomoyasu, T., Mogk, A., Langen, H., Goloubinoff, P., Bukau, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+dissection+of+the+roles+of+chaperones+and+proteases+in+protein+folding+and+degradation+in+the+Escherichia+coli+cytosol.">Genetic dissection of the roles of chaperones and proteases in protein folding and degradation in the Escherichia coli cytosol.</a> Molecular Microbiology. 40 (2), 397-413 (2001).</li><li>Gray, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyphosphate+is+a+primordial+chaperone.">Polyphosphate is a primordial chaperone.</a> Molecular Cell. 53 (5), 689-699 (2014).</li><li>Weids, A. J., Ibstedt, S., Tam&#225;s, M. J., Grant, C. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+essential+nonredundant+role+for+mycobacterial+DnaK+in+native+protein+folding.">An essential nonredundant role for mycobacterial DnaK in native protein folding.</a> PLoS Genetics. 10 (7), 1004516 (2014).</li><li>Schramm, F. D., Heinrich, K., Th&#252;ring, M., Bernhardt, J., Jonas, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+essential+regulatory+function+of+the+DnaK+chaperone+dictates+the+decision+between+proliferation+and+maintenance+in+Caulobacter+crescentus.">An essential regulatory function of the DnaK chaperone dictates the decision between proliferation and maintenance in Caulobacter crescentus.</a> PLoS Genetics. 13 (12), 1007148 (2017).</li><li>Maisonneuve, E., Fraysse, L., Moinier, D., Dukan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Existence+of+abnormal+protein+aggregates+in+healthy+Escherichia+coli+cells.">Existence of abnormal protein aggregates in healthy Escherichia coli cells.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 190 (3), 887-893 (2008).</li><li>Heiss, A., Freisinger, B., Held-F&#246;hn, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+antibacterial+activity+of+silver-ruthenium+coated+hollow+microparticles.">Enhanced antibacterial activity of silver-ruthenium coated hollow microparticles.</a> Biointerphases. 12 (5), (2017).</li><li>Papnayotou, I., Sun, B., Roth, A. F., Davis, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+aggregation+induced+during+glass+bead+lysis+of+yeast.">Protein aggregation induced during glass bead lysis of yeast.</a> Yeast. 27 (10), 801-816 (2010).</li><li>Chuang, S. E., Blattner, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+twenty-six+new+heat+shock+genes+of+Escherichia+coli.">Characterization of twenty-six new heat shock genes of Escherichia coli.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 175 (16), 5242-5252 (1993).</li><li>Imlay, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+mechanisms+and+physiological+consequences+of+oxidative+stress:+Lessons+from+a+model+bacterium.">The molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences of oxidative stress: Lessons from a model bacterium.</a> Nature Reviews Microbiology. 11 (7), 443-454 (2013).</li><li>M&#252;hlhofer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heat+shock+response+in+yeast+maintains+protein+homeostasis+by+chaperoning+and+replenishing+proteins.">The heat shock response in yeast maintains protein homeostasis by chaperoning and replenishing proteins.</a> Cell Reports. 29 (13), 4593-4607 (2019).</li><li>Chandrangsu, P., Rensing, C., Helmann, J. 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This protocol describes an optimized methodology for the analysis of protein aggregate formation after treatment of different E. coli strains with a proteotoxic antimicrobial. The protocol allows the simultaneous extraction of insoluble and soluble protein fractions from treated and untreated E. coli cells. Compared to existing protocols for protein aggregate isolation from cells14,15,16,<sup class="...

Bacteria are inevitably exposed to a myriad of environmental stresses, including low pH (e.g., in the mammalian stomach)1,2, reactive oxygen and chlorine species (ROS/RCS) (e.g., during oxidative burst in phagocytes)3,4,5, elevated temperatures (e.g., in hot springs or during heat-shock)6,7, and several potent antimicrobials (e.g., AGXX used in this protocol)8. Proteins are particularly vulnerable to any of these stressors, and exposure can provoke protein un-/misfolding that then seeds aggregation. All organisms employ protective systems that allow them to cope with protein misfolding9. However, severe stress can overwhelm the protein quality control machinery and disrupt the secondary and/or tertiary structure of proteins, which ultimately inactivates proteins. As a consequence, protein aggregates can severely impair critical cellular functions required for bacterial growth and survival, stress resistance, and virulence10. Therefore, research focusing on protein aggregation and its consequences in bacteria is a relevant topic due to its potential impact on infectious disease control.
Heat-induced protein unfolding and aggregation are often reversible7. In contrast, other proteotoxic stresses, such as oxidative stress, can cause irreversible protein modifications through the oxidation of specific amino acid side chains resulting in protein un-/misfolding and, eventually, protein aggregation4. Stress-induced formation of insoluble protein aggregates has been extensively studied in the context of molecular chaperones and their protective functions in yeast and bacteria11,12,13. Several protocols have been published that utilize a variety of biochemical techniques for the isolation and analysis of insoluble protein aggregates14,15,16,17. The existing protocols have mainly been used to study bacterial protein aggregation upon heat-shock and/or identification of molecular chaperones. While these protocols have certainly been an advancement to the field, there are some major inconveniences in the experimental procedures because they require (i) a large bacterial culture volume of up to 10 L14,17, (ii) complicated physical disruption processes, including the use of cell disruptors, French press, and/or sonication14,15,17, or (iii) time-consuming repeated washing and incubation steps15,16,17.
This paper describes a modified protocol that aims to address the limitations of the previous approaches and allows the analysis of the amount of protein aggregates formed in two different Escherichia coli strains after treatment with a proteotoxic antimicrobial surface coating. The coating is composed of metal-silver (Ag) and ruthenium (Ru)-conditioned with ascorbic acid, and its antimicrobial activity is achieved by the generation of reactive oxygen species8,18. Herein is a detailed description of the preparation of the bacterial culture after treatment with the antimicrobial compound and a comparison of protein aggregation status upon exposure of two E. coli strains with distinct susceptibility profiles to increasing concentration of the antimicrobial. The described method is inexpensive, fast, and reproducible and can be used to study protein aggregation in the presence of other proteotoxic compounds. In addition, the protocol can be modified to analyze the impact that specific gene deletions have on protein aggregation in a variety of different bacteria.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemicals/Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>67-64-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30% Acrylamide/Bisacrylamide solution 29:1</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium persulfate</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>A3678-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzonase nuclease</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E1014-5KU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bluestain 2 Protein ladder, 5-245 kDa</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>P008-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>M6250-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>B-092-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals LLC</td>
			<td>821616</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>G8270-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Sucrose</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>57-50-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SLBT9686</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>ARK2183-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol, 99%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>G-630-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid, ACS reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>320331-2.5L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol (2-Propanol)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>402893-2.5L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB broth (Miller)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>L3522-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB broth with agar (Miller)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>L2897-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysozyme</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>L-040-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x MOPS Buffer</td>
			<td>Teknova</td>
			<td>M2101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonidet P-40</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>9036-19-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate, dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3786-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate, monobasic</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>7778-77-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3771-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>T9281-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T4625-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% Trichloroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>T6399-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>T-400-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Material/Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes (15 mL)</td>
			<td>Alkali Scientific</td>
			<td>JABG-1019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Erlenmeyer flask (125 mL)</td>
			<td>Carolina</td>
			<td>726686</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Erlenmeyer flask (500 mL)</td>
			<td>Carolina</td>
			<td>726694</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer: -80 &#176;C</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass beads (0.5 mm)</td>
			<td>BioSpec Products</td>
			<td>1107-9105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Hermle</td>
			<td>Z216MK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentriguge tubes (1.7 mL)</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>87003-294</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentriguge tubes (2.0 mL)</td>
			<td>Axygen Maxiclear Microtubes</td>
			<td>MCT-200-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic cuvettes</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>14-377-012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>EC105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocker</td>
			<td>Alkali Scientific</td>
			<td>RS7235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaking incubator (37 &#176;C)</td>
			<td>Benchmark Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small glass plate</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1653311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spacer plates (1 mm)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1653308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermoscientific</td>
			<td>3339053</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tabletop centrifuge for 15 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Beckman-Coulter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vertical gel electrophoresis chamber</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1658004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortexer</td>
			<td>Fisher Vortex Genie 2</td>
			<td>12-812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermomixer</td>
			<td>Benchmark Scientific</td>
			<td>H5000-HC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 well comb</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1653359</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extraction and visualization of protein aggregates after treatment of escherichia coli with a proteotoxic stressor

The exposure of living organisms to environmental and cellular stresses often causes disruptions in protein homeostasis and can result in protein aggregation. The accumulation of protein aggregates in bacterial cells can lead to significant alterations in the cellular phenotypic behavior, including a reduction in growth rates, stress resistance, and virulence. Several experimental procedures exist for the examination of these stressor-mediated phenotypes. This paper describes an optimized assay for the extraction and visualization of aggregated and soluble proteins from different Escherichia coli strains after treatment with a silver-ruthenium-containing antimicrobial. This compound is known to generate reactive oxygen species and causes widespread protein aggregation. 
The method combines a centrifugation-based separation of protein aggregates and soluble proteins from treated and untreated cells with subsequent separation and visualization by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Coomassie staining. This approach is simple, fast, and allows a qualitative comparison of protein aggregate formation in different E. coli strains. The methodology has a wide range of applications, including the possibility to investigate the impact of other proteotoxic antimicrobials on in vivo protein aggregation in a wide range of bacteria. Moreover, the protocol can be used to identify genes that contribute to increased resistance to proteotoxic substances. Gel bands can be used for the subsequent identification of proteins that are particularly prone to aggregation.

<img alt="Figure 6" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/62628/62628fig06.jpg" /> 
Figure 6: Representative results of antimicrobial-induced protein aggregation in commensal Escherichia coli strain MG1655 and UPEC strain CFT073. E. coli strains MG1655 and CFT073 were grown at 37 &#176;C and 300 rpm to OD600= 0.5-0.55 in MOPS-g media before they were treated with the indicated concentrations (-, 0 mg/mL; +, ...

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Extraction and Visualization of Protein Aggregates after Treatment of Escherichia coli with a Proteotoxic Stressor

This protocol describes the extraction and visualization of aggregated and soluble proteins from Escherichia coli after treatment with a proteotoxic antimicrobial. Following this procedure allows a qualitative comparison of protein aggregate formation in vivo in different bacterial strains and/or between treatments.

Extraction and Visualization of Protein Aggregates after Treatment of Escherichia coli with a Proteotoxic Stressor

The exposure of living organisms to environmental and cellular stresses often causes disruptions in protein homeostasis and can result in protein ...

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Biochemistry

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