Name: mesenchymal stem cell regulation of macrophage phagocytosis; quantitation and imaging
Uploaded: 2021-07-16T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis; Quantitation and Imaging at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the NSF Major Research Instrument mechanism under grant numbers 1626093 and 1919583.

NOTE: All medium preparation and cell culture techniques are carried out under aseptic conditions using a biosafety cabinet with laminar flow. All culture incubation steps described are carried out using an incubator designed to maintain an atmosphere of 37 &#176;C, 5% CO2, and 95% humidity.
1. Cell culture
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of growth medium
	<ol>
		<li>For MSC and LADMAC, add 50 mL of FBS and 5 mL of 100x antibiotic/antimycotic mix to 500 mL of high glucose DMEM.</li>
		<li>F...

<ol>
	<li>Phinney, D. G., Prockop, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concise+review:+Mesenchymal+stem/multipotent+stromal+cells:+The+state+of+transdifferentiation+and+modes+of+tissue+repair--current+views.">Concise review: Mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells: The state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair--current views.</a> Stem Cells. 25 (11), 2896-2902 (2007).</li><li>Bernardo, M. E., Fibbe, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stromal+cells:+sensors+and+switchers+of+inflammation.">Mesenchymal stromal cells: sensors and switchers of inflammation.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 13 (4), 392-402 (2013).</li><li>Tobin, L. M., Healy, M. E., English, K., Mahon, B. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+suppress+donor+CD4(+)+T+cell+proliferation+and+reduce+pathology+in+a+humanized+mouse+model+of+acute+graft-versus-host+disease.">Human mesenchymal stem cells suppress donor CD4(+) T cell proliferation and reduce pathology in a humanized mouse model of acute graft-versus-host disease.</a> Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 172 (2), 333-348 (2013).</li><li>Giuliani, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-lasting+inhibitory+effects+of+fetal+liver+mesenchymal+stem+cells+on+T-lymphocyte+proliferation.">Long-lasting inhibitory effects of fetal liver mesenchymal stem cells on T-lymphocyte proliferation.</a> PLoS One. 6 (5), 19988 (2011).</li><li>Plumas, J., Chaperot, L., Richard, M. J., Molens, J. P., Bensa, J. C., Favrot, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+induce+apoptosis+of+activated+T+cells.">Mesenchymal stem cells induce apoptosis of activated T cells.</a> Leukemia. 19 (9), 1597-1604 (2005).</li><li>Luz-Crawford, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+generate+a+CD4+CD25+Foxp3++regulatory+T+cell+population+during+the+differentiation+process+of+Th1+and+Th17+cells.">Mesenchymal stem cells generate a CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cell population during the differentiation process of Th1 and Th17 cells.</a> Stem Cell Research &amp; Therapy. 4 (3), 65 (2013).</li><li>Waterman, R. S., Tomchuck, S. L., Henkle, S. L., Betancourt, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+mesenchymal+stem+cell+(MSC)+paradigm:+Polarization+into+a+pro-inflammatory+MSC1+or+an+Immunosuppressive+MSC2+phenotype.">A new mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) paradigm: Polarization into a pro-inflammatory MSC1 or an Immunosuppressive MSC2 phenotype.</a> PLoS One. 5 (4), 10088 (2010).</li><li>Nemeth, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=marrow+stromal+cells+attenuate+sepsis+via+prostaglandin+E(2)-dependent+reprogramming+of+host+macrophages+to+increase+their+Interleukin-10+production.">marrow stromal cells attenuate sepsis via prostaglandin E(2)-dependent reprogramming of host macrophages to increase their Interleukin-10 production.</a> Nature Medicine. 15 (1), 42-49 (2009).</li><li>Maggini, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+Bone+Marrow-Derived+Mesenchymal+Stromal+Cells+Turn+Activated+Macrophages+into+a+Regulatory-Like+Profile.">Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Turn Activated Macrophages into a Regulatory-Like Profile.</a> PLoS One. 5 (2), 9252 (2010).</li><li>Takizawa, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+propagate+immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory+macrophages+in+cell-to-cell+contact-independent+and-dependent+manners+under+hypoxic+culture.">marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells propagate immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory macrophages in cell-to-cell contact-independent and-dependent manners under hypoxic culture.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 358 (2), 411-420 (2017).</li><li>Kim, J., Hematti, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cell-educated+macrophages:+a+novel+type+of+alternatively+activated+macrophages.">Mesenchymal stem cell-educated macrophages: a novel type of alternatively activated macrophages.</a> Experimental Hematology. 37 (12), 1445-1453 (2009).</li><li>Evans, J. F., Salvador, V., George, S., Trevino-Gutierrez, C., Nunez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+aorta-derived+mesenchymal+progenitor+cells+contribute+to+and+enhance+the+immune+response+of+macrophage+cells+under+inflammatory+conditions.">Mouse aorta-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells contribute to and enhance the immune response of macrophage cells under inflammatory conditions.</a> Stem Cell Research &amp; Therapy. 6 (1), 56 (2015).</li><li>Cho, D. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+reciprocally+regulate+the+M1/M2+balance+in+mouse+bone+marrow-derived+macrophages.">Mesenchymal stem cells reciprocally regulate the M1/M2 balance in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages.</a> Experimental Molecular Medicine. 46, 70 (2014).</li><li>Fernandez, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+mesenchymal+progenitor+cells+expressing+adipogenic+and+osteogenic+transcription+factors+suppress+the+macrophage+inflammatory+response.">Mouse mesenchymal progenitor cells expressing adipogenic and osteogenic transcription factors suppress the macrophage inflammatory response.</a> Stem Cells International. 2017, 5846257 (2017).</li><li>Jackson, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+transfer+via+tunneling+nanotubes+is+an+important+mechanism+by+which+mesenchymal+stem+cells+enhance+macrophage+phagocytosis+in+the+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+models+of+ARDS.">Mitochondrial transfer via tunneling nanotubes is an important mechanism by which mesenchymal stem cells enhance macrophage phagocytosis in the in vitro and in vivo models of ARDS.</a> Stem Cells. 34 (8), 2210-2223 (2016).</li><li>Chaplin, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+the+immune+response.">Overview of the immune response.</a> The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (2), 3-23 (2010).</li><li>Lim, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+the+mechanisms+of+nonopsonic+uptake+of+cryptococci+by+macrophages.">Characterizing the mechanisms of nonopsonic uptake of cryptococci by macrophages.</a> Journal of Immunology. 200 (10), 3539-3546 (2018).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon-&#947;+inhibits+nonopsonized+phagocytosis+of+macrophages+via+an+mTORC1-c/EBP+pathway.">Interferon-&#947; inhibits nonopsonized phagocytosis of macrophages via an mTORC1-c/EBP pathway.</a> Journal of Innate Immunity. 7 (2), 165-176 (2015).</li><li>Lindner, B., Burkard, T., Schuler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phagocytosis+assays+with+different+PH-sensitive+fluorescent+particles+and+various+readouts.">Phagocytosis assays with different PH-sensitive fluorescent particles and various readouts.</a> Biotechniques. 68, 245-250 (2020).</li><li>Kapellos, T. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+real+time+imaging+platform+to+quantify+macrophage+pahgocytosis.">A novel real time imaging platform to quantify macrophage pahgocytosis.</a> Biochemical Pharmacology. 116, 107-119 (2016).</li><li>Takahashi, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+quantitation+of+platelet+phagocytosis+by+monocytes+using+a+pH-sensitive+dye,+pHrodo-SE.">Flow cytometric quantitation of platelet phagocytosis by monocytes using a pH-sensitive dye, pHrodo-SE.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 447, 57-64 (2017).</li></ol>

Analysis of phagocytosis using bioparticles conjugated to a pH-sensitive dye is a relatively new tool that has proven advantageous over traditional fluorescently labeled particles12,19,20. With traditional fluorescent-labeled particles, only end-point analysis is feasible. Detection is carried out with fluorescent microscopy and/or spectrofluorometry after washing or quenching particles that have not been taken up by the phagocy...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are progenitor cells that give rise to connective tissue cells. MSC are present in adult mammalian tissues and can be isolated from the bone marrow1. Due to their immunomodulatory properties, these cells are widely studied2. Early studies focused on MSC regulation of T-cells3,4,5,6 but more recently, their regulation of macrophage cells (M&#934;), a major cellular component of innate immunity, has received increased attention7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14. The importance of MSC-M&#934; interaction in the treatment of inflammatory disease is underscored by the fact that depletion of monocytes/macrophages abrogates the therapeutic effects of MSC in animal models8. Here, the focus is the cell contact interaction of the MSC with M&#934;. MSC&#160;have the capacity to&#160;regulate the phenotype of M&#934; by promoting the switch from inflammatory to anti-inflammatory responses, leading to tissue repair activities8,9,10,11, and much has been done to demonstrate these regulatory mechanisms. Under other circumstances, MSC can support or exacerbate a&#160;M&#934;-driven inflammatory response12,13 and enhance M&#934; phagocytic activity14,15. However, there is a critical lack of existing data that identifies the mechanisms whereby and the conditions under which MSC regulate M&#934; phagocytic activity.
M&#934; have families of receptors that recognize either opsonized (antibody or complement coated) or non-opsonized pathogens leading to phagocytosis16. The activation and activity of the latter is less well studied17. In a non-inflammatory in vitro environment, MSC&#160;enhance M&#934; phagocytosis of non-opsonized pathogens13. However, recognition of non-opsonized pathogens by M&#934; may be reduced after exposure to an inflammatory environment produced by lymphocytes during an adaptive immune response. IFN-&#947;, released by natural killer cells and effector lymphocytes, has an inhibitory effect on M&#934; phagocytosis of non-opsonized particles18. A co-culture model was developed to study the mechanisms of MSC direct contact regulation of M&#934; phagocytosis. The goal of the experiment presented here is to determine whether MSC&#160;regulate M&#934; phagocytosis of non-opsonized pathogens after M&#934; have been exposed to IFN-&#947; (Figure 1).

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>96 Well Black Polystyrene Microplate</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>CLS3603-48EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.4% trypan blue solution</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>T8154-20ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL and 50 mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>339653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-well Chambered Coverglass w/ non-removable wells</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>155382PK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic (100X)&#160;Gibco</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>15240096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axiobserver 7 Imaging System</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>A8806-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell lifter</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>CLS3008-100EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture flasks, tissue culture treated, surface area 75&#160;cm2, canted neck, with cap, filtered</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>C7231-120EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D1 ORL UVA [D1]</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-12424</td>
			<td>Mouse MSC Cell Line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, High Glucose</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11965092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum, qualified, heat inactivated</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>16140071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>02-671-51B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I-11.15</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-2470</td>
			<td>Mouse M&#934; Cell Line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LADMAC Cell Line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-2420</td>
			<td>LADMAC cells secrete the growth factor colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Live-Cell Imaging solution</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A14291DJ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS, pH 7.4</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>10010031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pHrodo Green Zymosan Bioparticles Conjugate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>P35365</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Murine IFN-&#947;</td>
			<td>Preprotech</td>
			<td>315-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectramax i3X</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Single Use Vacuum Filter Units, 250 mL, 0.2 &#181;m</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>568-0020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile syringe filters, 0.2 micrometer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>723-2520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue-culture treated culture dishes, 100 mm x 20 mm</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>CLS430167-100EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mesenchymal stem cell regulation of macrophage phagocytosis; quantitation and imaging

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have traditionally been studied for their regenerative properties, but more recently, their immunoregulatory characteristics have been at the forefront. They interact with and regulate immune cell activity. The focus of this study is the MSC regulation of macrophage phagocytic activity. Macrophage (M&#934;) phagocytosis is an important part of the innate immune system response to infection, and the mechanisms through which MSC modulate this response are under active investigation. Presented here is a method to study M&#934; phagocytosis of non-opsonized zymosan particles conjugated to a pH-sensitive fluorescent molecule while in co-culture with MSC. As phagocytic activity increases and the labeled zymosan particles are enclosed within the acidic environment of the phagolysosome, the fluorescence intensity of the pH-sensitive molecule increases. With the appropriate excitation and emission wavelengths, phagocytic activity is measured using a fluorescent spectrophotometer and kinetic data is presented as changes in relative fluorescent units over a 70 min period. To support this quantitative data, the change in the phagocytic activity is visualized using dynamic imaging. Results using this method demonstrate that when in co-culture, MSC enhance M&#934; phagocytosis of non-opsonized zymosan of both naive and IFN-&#947; treated M&#934;. These data add to the current knowledge of MSC regulation of the innate immune system. This method can be applied in future investigations to fully delineate the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms.

After calculating mean &#177; SEM for each group at all time points, the data is presented in line graph format with the Y-axis as the Relative Fluorescent Intensity and the X-axis as Time. Supplementary File 1 provides an example of raw data from a kinetic read of the 96-well plate in a spreadsheet format.
In this study, the optimal results presented in Figure 3A, and Table 3 demonstrate that 1) co-culture with MSC&#160;enhances ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis; Quantitation and Imaging at JoVE.com

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis; Quantitation and Imaging

Presented here is a protocol to quantify and produce dynamic images of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) mediated regulation of macrophage (M&#934;) phagocytosis of non-opsonized yeast (zymosan) particles that are conjugated to a pH-sensitive fluorescent molecule.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have traditionally been studied for their regenerative properties, but more recently, their immunoregulatory characteristics ...

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