Name: in vivo quantification of hip arthrokinematics during dynamic weight-bearing activities using dual fluoroscopy
Uploaded: 2021-07-02T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under grant numbers S10 RR026565, R21 AR063844, F32 AR067075, R01 R077636, R56 AR074416, R01 GM083925. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

Procedures outlined in this protocol were approved by the University of Utah Institutional Review Board.
1. CT arthrogram imaging
<ol>
	<li>Arthrogram18
	<ol>
		<li>Schedule a trained musculoskeletal radiologist to perform the arthrogram directly prior to the scheduled CT imaging.</li>
		<li>Position the participant on the table with the hip of interest in the field of view of a clinical fluoroscope. Place sandbags on either side of the ankle to prevent rotation of th...

Dual fluoroscopy is a powerful tool for the investigation of in vivo kinematics, especially for the hip, which is difficult to accurately measure using traditional optical motion capture. However, fluoroscopy equipment is specialized, wherein a unique system setup may be required when imaging other joints of the human body. For example, several modifications were made to the mounting of the image intensifiers, positioning of the system, and settings of the beam energy in the application of dual fluoroscopy to th...

The number of total hip arthroplasty (THA) procedures performed on adults aged 45-64 years suffering from hip osteoarthritis (OA) more than doubled between 2000 and 20101. Based on the increases in THA procedures from 2000 to 2014, a recent study predicted that the overall number of yearly procedures may triple over the next twenty years2. These large increases in THA procedures are alarming considering that current treatment costs exceed $18 billion annually in the United States alone3.
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS), which describe an under- or over-constrained hip, respectively, are believed to be the primary etiology of hip OA4. The high prevalence of these structural hip deformities in individuals undergoing THA was initially described more than three decades ago5. Still, the relationship between abnormal hip anatomy and osteoarthritis is not well understood. One challenge to improving the working understanding of the role of deformities in the development of hip OA is that abnormal hip morphology is very common amongst asymptomatic adults. Notably, studies have observed morphology associated with cam-type FAIS in approximately 35% of the general population6, 83% of senior athletes7, and more than 95% of collegiate male athletes8. In another study of female collegiate athletes, 60% of participants had radiographic evidence of cam FAIS, and 30% had evidence of DDH9.
Studies demonstrating a high prevalence of deformities amongst individuals without hip pain point to the possibility that morphology commonly associated with FAIS and DDH may be a natural variant that only becomes symptomatic under certain conditions. However, the interaction between hip anatomy and hip biomechanics is not well understood. Notably, there are known difficulties with measuring hip joint motion using traditional optical motion capture technology. First, the joint is relatively deep within the body, such that the location of the hip joint center is difficult to both identify and track dynamically using optical skin marker motion capture, with errors on the same order of magnitude as the radius of the femoral head10,11. Second, the hip joint is surrounded by large soft tissue bulk, including subcutaneous fat and muscle, that moves relative to the underlying bone, resulting in soft tissue artifact12,13,14. Finally, using optical tracking of skin markers, kinematics are evaluated relative to generalized anatomy and thus do not provide insight into how subtle morphological differences might affect the biomechanics of the joint.
To address the lack of accurate kinematics in combination with subject-specific bone morphology, both single and dual fluoroscopy systems have been developed for analyzing other natural joint systems15,16,17. However, this technology has only recently been applied to the native hip joint, likely due to the difficulty in acquiring high-quality images through the soft tissue surrounding the hip. The methodology to accurately measure in vivo hip joint motion and display this motion relative to subject-specific bone anatomy is described herein. The resulting arthrokinematics provide an unparalleled ability to investigate the subtle interplay between bone morphology and biomechanics.
Herein, the procedures for acquiring and processing dual fluoroscopy images of the hip during activities of daily living have been described. Owing to the desire to capture whole-body kinematics with optical marker tracking simultaneously with dual fluoroscopy images, the data collection protocol requires coordination between several sources of data. Calibration of the dual fluoroscopy system utilizes plexiglass structures implanted with metallic beads that can be directly identified and tracked as markers. In contrast, dynamic bone motion is tracked using markerless tracking, which utilizes only the CT-based radiographic density of the bones to define orientation. Dynamic motion is then tracked simultaneously using dual fluoroscopy and motion capture data that are spatially and temporally synced.
The systems are synced spatially during calibration through concurrent imaging of a cube with both reflective markers and implanted metal beads and the generation of a common coordinate system. The systems are synced temporally for each activity or capture through the use of a split electronic trigger, which sends a signal to end the recording of the dual fluoroscopy cameras and interrupts a constant 5 V input to the motion capture system. This coordinated protocol enables the quantification of the position of body segments that fall outside the combined field of view of the dual fluoroscopy system, expression of kinematic results relative to gait-normalized events, and characterization of the soft tissue deformation around the femur and pelvis.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Amira Software</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Version 6.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calibration Cube</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>36 steel beads (3 mm diameter, spacing 6.35 cm, uncertainty 0.0036 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calibration Wand</td>
			<td>Vicon</td>
			<td>Active Wand</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CT Scanner</td>
			<td>Siemens AG</td>
			<td colspan="2">SOMATOM Definition 128 CT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distortion Correction Grid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>Acrylic plate with a grid of steel beads spaced 10 mm and 31 beads across the diameter (2 mm diameter)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynamic Calibration Plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>Acrylic plate with 3 steel beads spaced 30 mm (2 mm diameter, uncertainty 0.0013 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emitter (2)</td>
			<td>Varian Interay; remanufactured by Radiological Imaging Services</td>
			<td>Housing B-100/Tube A-142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epinephrine</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td>Injection, USP 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FEBioStudio Software</td>
			<td>FEBio.org</td>
			<td>Version 1.3</td>
			<td>Mesh processing and kinematic visualization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphical Processing Unit</td>
			<td>Nvidia</td>
			<td>Tesla</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hare Traction Splint</td>
			<td>DynaMed</td>
			<td>Trac-III, Model No. 95201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-speed Camera (2)</td>
			<td>Vision Research, Inc.</td>
			<td>Phantom Micro 3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Intensifier (2)</td>
			<td>Dunlee, Inc.; remanufactured by Radiological Imaging Services</td>
			<td>T12964P/S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iohexol injection</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>Omnipaque 240 mgI/mL</td>
			<td>517.7 mg iohexol, 1.21 mg tromethamine, 0.1 mg edetate calcium disodium per mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>National Institutes of Health and Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lidocaine HCl</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td>Injection, USP 10 mg/mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser and Mirror Alignment System</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>Three lasers adhered to acrylic plate that attaches to emitter, mirror attaches to face of image intensifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Markless Tracking Workbench</td>
			<td>Henry Ford Hospital, Custom Software</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB Software</td>
			<td>Mathworks, Inc.</td>
			<td>Version R2017b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Motion Capture Camera (10)</td>
			<td>Vicon</td>
			<td>Vantage</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nexus Software</td>
			<td>Vicon</td>
			<td>Version 2.8</td>
			<td>Motion capture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phantom Camera Control (PCC) Software</td>
			<td>Vision Research, Inc.</td>
			<td>Version 1.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pre-tape Spray Glue</td>
			<td>Mueller Sport Care</td>
			<td>Tuffner</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retroreflective Spherical Skin Markers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>14 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Split Belt Fully Instrumented Treadmill</td>
			<td>Bertec Corporation</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Visual3D Software</td>
			<td>C-Motion Inc.</td>
			<td>Version 6.01</td>
			<td>Kinematic processing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo quantification of hip arthrokinematics during dynamic weight-bearing activities using dual fluoroscopy

Several hip pathologies have been attributed to abnormal morphology with an underlying assumption of aberrant biomechanics. However, structure-function relationships at the joint level remain challenging to quantify due to difficulties in accurately measuring dynamic joint motion. The soft tissue artifact errors inherent in optical skin marker motion capture are exacerbated by the depth of the hip joint within the body and the large mass of soft tissue surrounding the joint. Thus, the complex relationship between bone shape and hip joint kinematics is more difficult to study accurately than in other joints. Herein, a protocol incorporating computed tomography (CT) arthrography, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of volumetric images, dual fluoroscopy, and optical motion capture to accurately measure the dynamic motion of the hip joint is presented. The technical and clinical studies that have applied dual fluoroscopy to study form-function relationships of the hip using this protocol are summarized, and the specific steps and future considerations for data acquisition, processing, and analysis are described.

Using dual fluoroscopy as a reference standard, the accuracy of skin-marker-based estimates of the hip joint center and the effect of soft-tissue artifact on kinematic and kinetic measurements were quantified22,23,24. The superior accuracy of dual fluoroscopy was then used to identify subtle differences in pelvic and hip joint kinematics between patients with FAIS and asymptomatic control participants25. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy at JoVE.com

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Dual fluoroscopy accurately captures in vivo dynamic motion of human joints, which can be visualized relative to reconstructed anatomy (e.g., arthrokinematics). Herein, a detailed protocol to quantify hip arthrokinematics during weight-bearing activities of daily living is presented, including the integration of dual fluoroscopy with traditional skin marker motion capture.

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Several hip pathologies have been attributed to abnormal morphology with an underlying assumption of aberrant biomechanics. However, structure-function ...

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