Name: modified laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy: two-surgeon technique combined with the simple extracorporeal pringle maneuver
Uploaded: 2023-06-16T12:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modified Laparoscopic Anatomic Hepatectomy: Two-Surgeon Technique Combined with the Simple Extracorporeal Pringle Maneuver at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81971773).

This protocol and surgery video demonstration obtained the patient&#39;s informed consent before surgery, and also obtained approval from The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.
1. Preoperative preparation
<ol>
	<li>Perform laboratory tests, including blood routine examination, liver and renal function tests, tumor markers of the digestive system (alpha-fetoprotein, AFP; carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA), prothrombin time, international normalized ratio (INR), ...

<ol>
	<li>Vauthey, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+extended+hepatectomy+for+hepatobiliary+malignancy+justified.">Is extended hepatectomy for hepatobiliary malignancy justified.</a> Annals of Surgery. 239 (5), 722-730 (2004).</li><li>Shang, H. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+clinical+efficacy+and+complications+between+laparoscopic+partial+and+open+partial+hepatectomy+for+liver+carcinoma:+a+meta-analysis.">Comparison of clinical efficacy and complications between laparoscopic partial and open partial hepatectomy for liver carcinoma: a meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Laparoendoscopic &amp; Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 29 (2), 225-232 (2019).</li><li>Belli, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+versus+open+liver+resection+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma+in+patients+with+histologically+proven+cirrhosis:+short-+and+middle-term+results.">Laparoscopic versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with histologically proven cirrhosis: short- and middle-term results.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 21 (11), 2004-2011 (2007).</li><li>Cucchetti, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive+meta-regression+analysis+on+outcome+of+anatomic+resection+versus+nonanatomic+resection+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">A comprehensive meta-regression analysis on outcome of anatomic resection versus nonanatomic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 19 (12), 3697-3705 (2012).</li><li>Moris, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomic+versus+non-anatomic+resection+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Anatomic versus non-anatomic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 44 (7), 927-938 (2018).</li><li>Ciria, R., Cherqui, D., Geller, D. A., Briceno, J., Wakabayashi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+short-term+benefits+of+laparoscopic+liver+resection:+9000+cases+and+climbing.">Comparative short-term benefits of laparoscopic liver resection: 9000 cases and climbing.</a> Annals of Surgery. 263 (4), 761-777 (2016).</li><li>Eeson, G., Karanicolas, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemostasis+and+hepatic+surgery.">Hemostasis and hepatic surgery.</a> The Surgical Clinics of North America. 96 (2), 219-228 (2016).</li><li>Dagher, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=International+experience+for+laparoscopic+major+liver+resection.">International experience for laparoscopic major liver resection.</a> Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 21 (10), 732-736 (2014).</li><li>Cauchy, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+factors+and+consequences+of+conversion+in+laparoscopic+major+liver+resection.">Risk factors and consequences of conversion in laparoscopic major liver resection.</a> The British Journal of Surgery. 102 (7), 785-795 (2015).</li><li>Jones, R. M., Moulton, C. E., Hardy, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+venous+pressure+and+its+effect+on+blood+loss+during+liver+resection.">Central venous pressure and its effect on blood loss during liver resection.</a> The British Journal of Surgery. 85 (8), 1058-1060 (1998).</li><li>Liu, T. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+controlled+low+central+venous+pressure+during+hepatectomy:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Application of controlled low central venous pressure during hepatectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 75, 110467 (2021).</li><li>Honda, G., Ome, Y., Yoshida, N., Kawamoto, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+dissect+the+liver+parenchyma:+Excavation+with+cavitron+ultrasonic+surgical+aspirator.">How to dissect the liver parenchyma: Excavation with cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator.</a> Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 27 (11), 907-912 (2020).</li><li>Poon, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+techniques+of+liver+transection.">Current techniques of liver transection.</a> HPB. 9 (3), 166-173 (2007).</li><li>Nitta, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopy-assisted+major+liver+resections+employing+a+hanging+technique:+the+original+procedure.">Laparoscopy-assisted major liver resections employing a hanging technique: the original procedure.</a> Annals of Surgery. 251 (3), 450-453 (2010).</li><li>Imamura, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pringle's+maneuver+in+living+donors.">Pringle's maneuver in living donors.</a> Lancet. 360 (9350), 2049-2050 (2002).</li><li>Cai, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+simple+intra-corporeal+Pringle+maneuver+for+laparoscopic+hemihepatectomy:+how+we+do+it.">A novel simple intra-corporeal Pringle maneuver for laparoscopic hemihepatectomy: how we do it.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 34 (6), 2807-2813 (2020).</li><li>Yamamoto, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+simple+technique+for+hepatic+parenchymal+resection+using+a+Cavitron+Ultrasonic+Surgical+Aspirator+and+bipolar+cautery+equipped+with+a+channel+for+water+dripping.">New simple technique for hepatic parenchymal resection using a Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator and bipolar cautery equipped with a channel for water dripping.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 23 (10), 1032-1037 (1999).</li><li>Palavecino, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-surgeon+technique+of+parenchymal+transection+contributes+to+reduced+transfusion+rate+in+patients+undergoing+major+hepatectomy:+analysis+of+1,557+consecutive+liver+resections.">Two-surgeon technique of parenchymal transection contributes to reduced transfusion rate in patients undergoing major hepatectomy: analysis of 1,557 consecutive liver resections.</a> Surgery. 147 (1), 40-48 (2010).</li><li>Pringle, J. H. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notes+on+the+arrest+of+hepatic+hemorrhage+due+to+trauma.">Notes on the arrest of hepatic hemorrhage due to trauma.</a> Annals of Surgery. 48 (4), 541-549 (1908).</li><li>Rotellar, F., Pardo, F., Bueno, A., Mart&#237;-Cruchaga, P., Zozaya, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracorporeal+tourniquet+method+for+intermittent+hepatic+pedicle+clamping+during+laparoscopic+liver+surgery:+an+easy,+cheap,+and+effective+technique.">Extracorporeal tourniquet method for intermittent hepatic pedicle clamping during laparoscopic liver surgery: an easy, cheap, and effective technique.</a> Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 397 (3), 481-485 (2012).</li><li>Piardi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+Pringle+maneuver:+how+we+do+it.">Laparoscopic Pringle maneuver: how we do it.</a> Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition. 5 (4), 345-349 (2016).</li><li>Aloia, T. A., Zorzi, D., Abdalla, E. K., Vauthey, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-surgeon+technique+for+hepatic+parenchymal+transection+of+the+noncirrhotic+liver+using+saline-linked+cautery+and+ultrasonic+dissection.">Two-surgeon technique for hepatic parenchymal transection of the noncirrhotic liver using saline-linked cautery and ultrasonic dissection.</a> Annals of Surgery. 242 (2), 172-177 (2005).</li><li>Fujikawa, T., Kajiwara, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+two-surgeon+technique+for+laparoscopic+liver+resection.">Modified two-surgeon technique for laparoscopic liver resection.</a> Cureus. 14 (3), e23528 (2022).</li><li>Kasai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+versus+open+major+hepatectomy:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+individual+patient+data.">Laparoscopic versus open major hepatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.</a> Surgery. 163 (5), 985-995 (2018).</li><li>Wei Chieh, A. K., Chan, A., Rotellar, F., Kim, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+major+liver+resections:+Current+standards.">Laparoscopic major liver resections: Current standards.</a> International Journal of Surgery. 82, 169-177 (2020).</li><li>Jubert, A. V., Lee, E. T., Hersh, E. M., McBride, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+surgery,+anesthesia+and+intraoperative+blood+loss+on+immunocompetence.">Effects of surgery, anesthesia and intraoperative blood loss on immunocompetence.</a> The Journal of Surgical Research. 15 (6), 399-403 (1973).</li><li>Shiba, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+impact+of+blood+transfusion+on+recurrence+and+prognosis+of+hepatocellular+carcinoma+after+hepatic+resection.">Negative impact of blood transfusion on recurrence and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 13 (9), 1636-1642 (2009).</li><li>Otsubo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+the+inflow+and+outflow+system+during+liver+resection.">Control of the inflow and outflow system during liver resection.</a> Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 19 (1), 15-18 (2012).</li><li>Peng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+very+simple+laparoscopic+hepatic+inflow+occlusion+apparatus+for+laparoscopic+liver+surgery.">A novel very simple laparoscopic hepatic inflow occlusion apparatus for laparoscopic liver surgery.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 33 (1), 145-152 (2019).</li><li>Okuda, Y., Honda, G., Kurata, M., Kobayashi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Useful+and+convenient+procedure+for+intermittent+vascular+occlusion+in+laparoscopic+hepatectomy.">Useful and convenient procedure for intermittent vascular occlusion in laparoscopic hepatectomy.</a> Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery. 6 (2), 100-103 (2013).</li><li>van Gulik, T. 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The protocol details a modified LAH performed in our center using the CUSA-ultrasonic dissector-extracorporeal Pringle maneuver technique. In this modified combination technique, we used both the simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver and a low CVP technique to control and minimize intraoperative bleeding. The primary and secondary surgeons concurrently used a laparoscopic CUSA and ultrasonic dissector, respectively, during parenchymal transection and hemostasis to acquire precise and expeditious hepatectomy.
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The safety of hepatectomy has significantly improved in recent decades1, and with the rapid advancements in diagnostic imaging, energy devices, and surgical techniques, laparoscopic hepatectomy has become a widely performed procedure that yields favorable clinical outcomes2,3. Studies have demonstrated that anatomical hepatectomy yields superior outcomes compared to nonanatomic resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma4,5. Consequently, laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (LAH) has gained popularity worldwide6. However, intraoperative hemorrhage remains the primary concern during liver resection procedures-in laparoscopic and open surgeries involving both anatomic and nonanatomic resection7. Besides, intraoperative hemorrhage is the primary cause for conversion from laparoscopic surgery to open surgery during parenchymal transection8,9. To effectively control and minimize intraoperative bleeding, it is widely recommended to maintain the central venous pressure (CVP) below 5 cmH2O in patients undergoing hepatectomy10,11. Additionally, various instruments, such as a cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) and an ultrasonic dissector have been utilized12,13, and numerous liver resection techniques, including the liver hanging maneuver14, Pringle maneuver15,16, and the &#34;two-surgeon technique&#34;17,18, have also been documented.
The Pringle maneuver, first reported in 190819, represents the most straightforward technique for hepatic inflow occlusion and is currently readily achievable during laparoscopic hepatectomy with high efficacy20,21.
The two-surgeon technique, proposed as an alternative to the traditional single-surgeon approach, was initially employed in open liver resections17. This method blurs the division of labor between primary and secondary surgeons, with both participating concurrently during parenchymal transection, as well as hemostasis using different energy instruments. Studies have shown that this technique can reduce operation time and intraoperative complications18,22. Takahisa et al. provided us with some recommendations for performing the two-surgeon laparoscopic technique23, but different centers may select different devices to transect the liver parenchymal tissue, and there remains a lack of evidence to demonstrate which mode of the two-surgeon technique yields superior patient outcomes.
The CUSA, a commonly used device in liver resection, employs ultrasonic energy to fragment and aspirate parenchymal tissue, thereby allowing for precision transection with minimal damage to blood vessels and bile ducts13. Another frequently used tool is the ultrasonic dissector, which utilizes the vibrations of two blades to disrupt hydrogen bonds and effectively cut liver parenchyma while coagulating small vessels &#8804;3 mm in diameter13.
In July 2020, our center implemented the two-surgeon technique for the first time. One surgeon used a CUSA while the other used an ultrasonic dissector. This was combined with a simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver and low CVP technique to treat a 54-year-old female patient who had been experiencing liver mass and an increased serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level of 104 ng/mL for 1 week. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Figure 1A,B) indicated a tumor measuring about 2 cm in size located in the S5 and S8 segments, which was considered the primary hepatocellular carcinoma. This article presents the protocol of our center&#39;s experience with the CUSA-ultrasonic dissector-extracorporeal Pringle maneuver technique.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon Inc</td>
			<td>SN2210023642</td>
			<td>Sterile, radiation sterilization, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 non-absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon Inc</td>
			<td>SF1AN</td>
			<td>Sterile, radiation sterilization, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10-mm trocar</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Optoelectronic Equipment Medical Co., LTD</td>
			<td>121-01715</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-mm trocar</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Optoelectronic Equipment Medical Co., LTD</td>
			<td>121-01715</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-mm trocar</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Optoelectronic Equipment Medical Co., LTD</td>
			<td>121-01715</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7.0 non-absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon Inc</td>
			<td>SF7AN</td>
			<td>Sterile, radiation sterilization, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Kangji Medical Instrument Co., LTD</td>
			<td>20172080644</td>
			<td>Sterile,dry heat sterilized, reusable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cordless Ultrasonic dissector</td>
			<td>Covidien llc</td>
			<td>SCD396</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CUSA</td>
			<td>INTEGRA</td>
			<td>HDA1902805IE</td>
			<td>Sterile,dry heat sterilized, reusable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric coagulation hook</td>
			<td>Zhejiang Shuyou Instrument Equipment Co., LTD</td>
			<td>IIIA-D003-SG842</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endo-GIA stapler</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Guanchuang Medical Technology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>GCJQB-160</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoscopic specimen bag</td>
			<td>Qingdao Huaren Medical Product Co., LTD</td>
			<td>20192060113</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hem-o-lok</td>
			<td>Zhejiang Wedu Medical Instrument Co., LTD</td>
			<td>JY1004-2012003</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laparoscopic ultrasound</td>
			<td>BK medical</td>
			<td>flex Focus 800</td>
			<td>Sterile,dry heat sterilized, reusable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lumir device (modified Pringle maneuver)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chester Medical Technology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>016651477</td>
			<td>Sterile,dry heat sterilized, reusable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgicel(absorbable hemostat)</td>
			<td>Ethicon Inc</td>
			<td>LAB0011179V3</td>
			<td>Sterile, radiation sterilization, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veress needle</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Kangji Medical Instrument Co., LTD</td>
			<td>20172080644</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modified laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy: two-surgeon technique combined with the simple extracorporeal pringle maneuver

Laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (LAH) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide in recent years. However, LAH remains a challenging procedure due to the anatomical characteristics of the liver, with intraoperative hemorrhage being a primary concern. Intraoperative blood loss is the leading cause of conversion to open surgery; therefore, effective management of bleeding and hemostasis is crucial for a successful LAH.
The two-surgeon technique is proposed as an alternative to the traditional single-surgeon approach, with potential benefits in reducing intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic hepatectomy. However, there remains a lack of evidence to determine which mode of the two-surgeon technique yields superior patient outcomes. Besides, to our knowledge, the LAH technique, which involves the use of a cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) by the primary surgeon while an ultrasonic dissector by the second surgeon, has been rarely reported before.
Herein, we present a modified, two-surgeon LAH technique, wherein one surgeon employs a CUSA while the other uses an ultrasonic dissector. This technique is combined with a simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver and low central venous pressure (CVP) approach. In this modified technique, the primary and secondary surgeons utilize a laparoscopic CUSA and an ultrasonic dissectorconcurrently to achieve precise and expeditious hepatectomy. A simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver, combined with the maintenance of low CVP, is employed to regulate the hepatic inflow and outflow in order to minimize intraoperative bleeding. This approach facilitates the attainment of a dry and clean operative field, which allows for the precise ligation and dissection of blood vessels and bile ducts. The modified LAH procedure is simpler and safer due to its effective control over bleeding as well as the seamless transition between the roles of primary and secondary surgeons. It holds great promise for future clinical applications.

This 54-year-old female patient underwent a successful total laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (S5 + S8v) using the CUSA-ultrasonic dissector-extracorporeal Pringle maneuver technique, resulting in favorable perioperative outcomes. During the operation, a total of four extracorporeal Pringle maneuvers were performed to control and minimize intraoperative bleeding. The operation lasted approximately 145 min, with an estimated blood loss of 150 mL. The patient made a rapid recovery, being d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modified Laparoscopic Anatomic Hepatectomy: Two-Surgeon Technique Combined with the Simple Extracorporeal Pringle Maneuver at JoVE.com

Modified Laparoscopic Anatomic Hepatectomy: Two-Surgeon Technique Combined with the Simple Extracorporeal Pringle Maneuver

Here, we present a protocol to perform a modified laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy using improved techniques and instruments.

Laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (LAH) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide in recent years. However, LAH remains a challenging procedure due to ...

This is a video showing a modified laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy, which involves the combination of CUSA and ultrasonic dissector in a two-surgeon technique, as well as a modified extracorporeal Pringle maneuver along with low central venous pressure technique. This is a 54-year-old female with the one-week history of liver mass, an increased serum AFP level of 104 nanogram per milliliter. And no other positive lab findings.Besides the ECG cardiac ultrasound, pulmonary function test showed normal cardiopulmonary function. The magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, indicated a tumor about two centimeter in size located in the S5 and S8 segments of the liver, which was considered primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Statement, this protocol and surgery video demonstration obtained the patient's informed consent before surgery.And meanwhile, obtained approval from the Fifth Affiliate Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Protocol, preoperative preparation. Perform laboratory tests, including blood routine examination, coagulation function test, liver and renal function test, AFP, CEA, and ICG-R15 to evaluate the general condition of the patients.Perform imaging examinations, including thoracic and upper abdominal CT scans and liver MRI to evaluate tumor location, size, and presence of distant metastasis. Perform ancillary tests, including ECG, cardiac ultrasound, and pulmonary function tests to evaluate the patient's heart and lung condition. Calculate the hepatic volume by CT volumetry calculation.If patients are considered to perform major hepatic resections, more than two hepatic segments, ensure that the future liver remnant, FLR divide total liver volume, TLV ratio is no less than 40%Ensure that patients fully understand their medical condition and are calm enough to achieve good physical and mental preparation for the operation. Patients inclusion criteria. Both primary and secondary liver malignancies, as well as benign liver disease, requires segmentectomy.Perform surgery on both male and female aged between 15 to 85 years. Ensure that the patient is in good general condition and can tolerate both anesthesia and laparoscopic hepatectomy. Ensure that the preoperative liver function classification according to Child-Pugh is either A or B.ICG-R15 is less than 10%and FLR divide TLV ratio is no less than 40%Patients exclusion criteria.Do not include patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with portal and hepatic vein invasion. Do not perform surgery on patients with uncontrolled systemic infection. Do not perform this surgery if severe portal hypertension is diagnosed by preoperative CT or endoscopy.Ensure that there has been no recent history of gastric or esophageal variceal bleeding as well as refractory ascites. Ensure there is no diffuse intrahepatic metastasis. Or distant metastasis.Do not perform this surgery in cases where laparoscopic surgery is not feasible due to a history of severe abdominal Adhesions resulting from multiple prior abdominal operations. Surgery, as the preoperative MRI revealed that most of the tumor was located in S5 with a small portion located in the ventral segment of S8 and without any adjacent large blood vessels or bile ducts, we planned to remove S5 plus partial S8 to ensure a wide resection margin for complete tumor removal. Therefore, we intended to ligate both pedicles of S5 and the ventral branches of the S8 pedicles, as well as their branch veins draining into the middle hipate vein.The depth of resection can be achieved by dissecting the ventral branch of S8 segments and along the hepaticpedicel of S5.Preparation phase. Under general anesthesia, place the patient in a supine position with legs apart and head elevated while feet are lowered, forming a body angle of 30 degree. Reduce the liquid infusion to one milliliter per kilogram per hour, by the anesthetist, to keep the CVP below five centimeter water column during the operation.Disinfect the abdominal skin with iodine and drape the patient to prepare a sterile field. Ensure that the primary surgeon stands on the right. The secondary surgeon stands on the left.And the assistant stands between the patient's legs. Insert the trocars according to the location of the tumor. For this patient, establish an observation port by inserting a 10mm trocar one centimeter below the umbilicus.Position two 12mm trocars bilaterally at the lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle. Two centimeters superior to the umbilicus. Position two 5mm trocars bilaterally below the subcostal margin along the midclavicular line.Combine with the preoperative MRI findings, locate and reevaluate the tumor with laparoscopic ultrasound. Perform the surgery as planned. Demarcate the resection area.Locate the first port hepatis and open the omental bursa. Put the cotton rope into the abdominal cavity. Use laparoscopic forceps with an elongated head to horizontally pass the cotton rope through Winslow's foramen.And encircle the hepatoduodenal ligament. Insert the Lumir device into the cavity to tighten the cotton rope and occlude hepatic inflow. Then secure it with a vascular clamp.Limit the clamping time to 15 minutes, followed by a five-minute declamping period during the operation. The secondary surgeon opens the liver capsule along the marked border using an ultrasonic dissector while the primary surgeon smashes the hepatic parenchyma using a laparoscopic CUSA in an archeological way. Each of the encountered small blood vessels and bile ducts are cauterized directly with an ultrasonic dissector.While large ones are divided after being clamped by Hem-o-lok. Dissect the dorsal and ventral branches of the S8 segment within the middle hepatic vein. Clamp and ligate the ventral branch using an Endo-GIA stapler.While preserving the dorsal branch and dorsal segment of the S8.Dissect the hepatic vein of the S5 segment and divide it after being clamped by Hem-o-lok. Dissect the hepatic pedicle of the S5 segment and cut it with the Endo-GIA stapler. At this point, the planned resection of the liver segments have been successfully completed.Loosen the cotton rope, cauterize the surgical wound to stop bleeding exactly. Rinse the operation area and drain thoroughly. Cut the cotton rope to remove the Lumir device.Cover the operation area with a layer of absorbable hemostat. Postoperative follow-up. Adopt the following management to the patients after returning to the general ward.Monitoring of vital signs, intravenous nutrition, rapid recovery of internal organ functions, prevention of infection and deep venous thrombosis. Provide a full-fluid diet and gradually transition to a regular diet over the next few days. If the patients have no significant discomfort, keep the rest of the treatments unchanged for the first three days.Perform lab examination of whole blood cells. Liver and kidney function tests, electrolyte levels, blood coagulation function. Additionally, perform early thoracic and abdominal ultrasounds to check for hydrothorax and ascites.Perform a plain upper abdominal CT scan to confirm the absence of residual tumor bleeding and bile leakage. And then remove the drain. Once drainage fluid is minimum and clear.Which is typically five to six days post-operation. Patients are typically discharged from the hospital one week after surgery, and return to the outpatient clinic one month later. If necessary, surgeons may take appropriate measures and extend the course of treatment according to the patient's condition.Representative results. Post-surgical CT imaging showed no residual liver tumor and the pathological result indicated primary hepatocellular carcinoma with a negative resection margin. Since 2020, the CUSA-ultrasonic dissector-extracorporeal Pringle maneuver technique has been routinely carried out in our center.And a total of 108 patients were treated by this means. Here we retrospectively analyzed 10 patients who received this procedure between July and August in 2021. The median age of these patients was 53.8 years.They underwent either segmentectomy or subsegmentectomy, and received an average of 3.5 times of extracorporeal Pringle maneuver during the operation. The operation time and estimated blood loss were fairly good. No patients suffered major intraoperative and postoperative complications.And there were no perioperative deaths. The final histopathological results of all patients were hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion, this technique is both safe and feasible.It is easier to achieve a dry and clean operative field so the bile ducts and blood vessels can be ligated and dissected accurately. Postoperative complications, such as hemorrhage and biliary leakage are effectively reduced. Wide resection margin can also be guaranteed in this technique.This method is expected to be a promising surgical technique for patients who receive LAH.

modified-laparoscopic-anatomic-hepatectomy-two-surgeon-technique

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergstr&#246;m Technique

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly effective. This video describes the percutaneous biopsy technique using a modified Bergstr&#246;m needle to obtain skeletal muscle tissue samples from the vastus lateralis of human subjects. The Bergstr&#246;m needle consists of an outer cannula with a small opening (&#8216;window&#8217;) at the side of the tip and an inner trocar with a cutting blade at the distal end. Under local anesthesia and aseptic conditions, the needle is advanced into the skeletal muscle through an incision in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia. Next, suction is applied to the inner trocar, the outer trocar is pulled back, skeletal muscle tissue is drawn into the window of the outer cannula by the suction, and the inner trocar is rapidly closed, thus cutting or clipping the skeletal muscle tissue sample. The needle is rotated 90&#176;&#160;and another cut is made. This process may be repeated three more times. This multiple cutting technique typically produces a sample of 100-200 mg or more in healthy subjects and can be done immediately before, during, and after a bout of exercise or other intervention. Following post-biopsy dressing of the incision site, subjects typically resume their activities of daily living right away and can fully participate in vigorous physical activity within 48-72 hr. Subjects should avoid heavy resistance exercise for 48 hr to reduce the risk of herniation of the muscle through the incision in the fascia.

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergstr&amp;#246;m Technique

The purpose of this video is to present the modified Bergstr&#246;m skeletal muscle biopsy technique on human subjects.

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly ...

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Split liver transplantation and living liver donor liver transplantation were developed in the clinic to utilize liver organs in a more efficient manner. To better understand the mechanism behind these surgical procedures, a rat partial liver transplantation (PLTx) model was established for relevant surgical studies. Because of the complexity of the rat PLTx model, a protocol with detailed descriptions is required. An article published previously reported a protocol in which ex vivo hepatectomy was used to achieve 50% rat PLTx. In contrast to this protocol, we introduced a re-arterialized PLTx with an in vivo 70% hepatectomy. An updated vessel-oriented hepatectomy was incorporated into the rat PLTx to refine the microsurgical procedure. The portal veins and hepatic arteries of the left lateral lobe and the median lobe were individually dissected and ligated before removal of the liver parenchyma, thereby decreasing the probability of bleeding in the remnant liver stump. Furthermore, an end-to-side vessel anastomosis between the common hepatic artery and the enlarged proper hepatic artery was introduced to re-arterialize the hepatic artery. By using this end-to-side vessel anastomosis technique, the diameter of the anastomosis was enlarged, thereby decreasing the difficulty of hand suture and maintaining a high rate of anastomotic patency. Moreover, the cuff anastomosis of the infrahepatic vena cava was slightly modified. A section of circumferential liver parenchyma around the vena cava of a recipient was preserved during cuff anastomosis to maintain the three-dimensional shape of the vascular lumen. This section of liver parenchyma was removed after completing the anastomosis. With this modification, the step involving placement of stay sutures was omitted, thereby further shortening the cuff anastomosis time. By using this protocol of rat PLTx, a low liver enzyme level, an intact liver lobular architecture and a high survival rate were achieved after microsurgery.

Re-Arterialized Rat Partial Liver Transplantation with an in vivo Vessel-Oriented 70% Hepatectomy

Here, a protocol involving re-arterialized rat partial liver transplantation is presented. Specifically, 70% liver was resected in vivo by using an updated technique of vessel-oriented hepatectomy. The hepatic artery was reconstructed in an end-to-side manner. The cuff technique was modified to shorten the anastomosis time of the infrahepatic vena cava.

Split liver transplantation and living liver donor liver transplantation were developed in the clinic to utilize liver organs in a more efficient manner. ...

Creating Radio-cephalic Arteriovenous Fistula in the Forearm with a Modified No-Touch Technique

Autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the primary and best option to obtain vascular access for hemodialysis treatment; other options are arteriovenous graft (AVG) and central venous catheterization (CVC). The implementation of radio-cephalic autologous arteriovenous fistula (RC-AVF) in the forearm was preferred among patients with superior vascular conditions. However, there is a high rate of early fistula failure. The chosen surgical method is understood to have an effect on the maturation of the fistula. New surgical procedures such as radial artery deviation and reimplantation (RADAR) have been significantly improved for juxta-anastomotic stenosis. Nevertheless, new problems such as stenosis of arteries and narrowing of surgical indication were also found. In this report, we presented a modified no-touch technique (MNTT) to create an RC-AVF, in which the venous and arterial wall avoid devascularization and the radial artery does not sever.

We present a modified no-touch technique (MNTT) to create a radio-cephalic arteriovenous fistula (RC-AVF) in which the venous and arterial wall avoid devascularization and the radial artery does not sever.

Autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the primary and best option to obtain vascular access for hemodialysis treatment; other options are ...

A Modified Simple Method for Induction of Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI remodeling and evaluation of novel therapeutics. Different methods (e.g., isoproterenol treatment, cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation, etc.) have been used to induce MI. Compared with isoproterenol treatment and cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation may better reflect the ischemic response and chronic remodeling after MI. However, traditional methods for coronary ligation in mice are technically challenging. The current study describes a simple and efficient process for induction of MI in mice with readily available materials. The mouse chest skin was cut open under stable anesthesia. The heart was immediately externalized through the intercostal space after blunt separation of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. The left anterior descending branch (LAD) was ligated with a 6-0 suture 3 mm from its origin. Following LAD ligation, staining with 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) indicated successful induction of MI and temporal changes of post-MI scar size. Meanwhile, survival analysis results showed overt mortality within 7 days after MI, mainly due to cardiac rupture. Moreover, post-MI echocardiographic assessment demonstrated successful induction of contractile dysfunction and ventricular remodeling. Once mastered, an MI model can be established in mice within 2-3 min with readily available materials.

Under adequate anesthesia, the mouse heart was externalized through the intercostal space, and myocardial infarction was successfully induced by ligating the left anterior descending artery (LAD) using materials readily available in most laboratories.

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI ...

Laparoscopic Pancreatoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Cancer Using In-Situ No-Touch Isolation Technique

Laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD) is a standard radical operation for pancreatic head malignant tumors by now. Due to the complex laparoscopic resection and reconstruction techniques, it is difficult to perform LPD for patients with locally advanced pancreatic head cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. Our team initiates LPD using the in-situ No-Touch isolation technique. The innovation and optimization of this modified No-Touch isolation technique emphasize exploring the distal section of superior mesenteric vein&#160;(SMV) and the left side of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) prior to evaluating the resectability by subcolonic mesenteric approach, which is an ideal exploring approach. After that, we use the median-anterior, and left-posterior of SMA approaches to cut off the blood flow of the pancreatic head to make the tumor isolated intact, then move and dissect the tumor. It is a process fitting the surgical principle of tumor-free. This article aims to demonstrate the feasibility and safety of performing LPD using the in-situ No-Touch isolation technique, which might elevate the R0 resection rate. It is an oncological ideal operation process.

Laparoscopic Pancreatoduodenectomy for Pancreatic Cancer Using In-Situ No-Touch Isolation Technique

No-Touch isolation procedures might prevent the dissemination of cancer cells from the primary tumor. However, these techniques are not widely accepted in laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD) by now. We herein present in-situ No-Touch isolation LPD with partial resection and reconstruction of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) for pancreatic cancer after neoadjuvant therapy.

Laparoscopic pancreatoduodenectomy (LPD) is a standard radical operation for pancreatic head malignant tumors by now. Due to the complex laparoscopic ...

Robotic Taj Mahal Hepatectomy for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the biliary tract. Radical surgical resection is the only effective treatment option. In this study, a 32-year-old male patient with Bismuth Type IVa hilar cholangiocarcinoma underwent radical robotic resection of hepatic S4b, S5, and S1 (Taj Mahal hepatectomy) combined with regional lymphadenectomy, hilar bile duct reconstruction, and hepaticojejunostomy by the robotic surgical system. Postoperative pathological examination showed moderately-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the hilar bile duct. The surgical margins of the liver and bile ducts were negative. Recovery was smooth and the patient was discharged on the 17th postoperative day. The robotic surgical system and associated multiple instruments along with flexible and precise movements is suitable for the local hepatectomy around the porta hepatis, and delicate reconstruction of the hilar bile duct with a smaller diameter. This first clinical application study found that robotic Taj Mahal hepatectomy for hilar cholangiocarcinoma is safe and feasible and needs more experience for the evaluation of its long-term outcomes.

Robotic resection of hepatic S4b, S5, and S1 using the Taj Mahal procedure is feasible and safe for selected patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. The step-by-step details for this surgery are presented here.

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the biliary tract. Radical surgical resection is the only effective treatment option. In ...

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

Old compression vertebrae fracture or congenital kyphoscoliosis with abnormal vertebral body development and other diseases that invade the spine may cause severe thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity, often accompanied by intractable low back pain or compression of the spinal cord, leading to severe neurological symptoms or even paralysis. If conservative treatment cannot relieve the symptoms or correct the deformities, surgical treatment is usually needed. For severe kyphotic deformity, reconstruction of the physiological curvature and rigid fixation determine the prognosis of the patients. Osteotomy and orthopedics are the standard procedure for deformities with severe compression of the front and middle column, but the trauma to the patients is high, with a long operation time and massive blood loss. To avoid these disadvantages, we have developed a modified technique to remove the diseased vertebra unilaterally. In this technique, we use a modified trephine to resect the vertebral columns like in the pedicle screw technique by adding a locking instrument that can restrict the trephine to lower the risk of osteotomy and shorten the surgery time and blood loss.

We describe a modified technique for resecting the posterior vertebral column unilaterally based on a modified trephine for patients with thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity.

Old compression vertebrae fracture or congenital kyphoscoliosis with abnormal vertebral body development and other diseases that invade the spine may ...

A Modified Technique for Arteriovenous Fistula Construction in Rabbits

Juxta-anastomotic stenosis is a challenging problem that often causes non-maturation and decreases the patency of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Injury to the veins and arteries during the operation and hemodynamic changes can lead to intimal hyperplasia, leading to juxta-anastomotic stenosis. To reduce injury to the veins and arteries during the operation, this study proposes a new modified no-touch technique (MNTT) for AVF construction that can decrease the rate of juxta-anastomotic stenosis and improve the AVF patency. To unravel the hemodynamic changes and mechanisms of the MNTT, this study presented an AVF procedure using this technique. Although this procedure is technically challenging, 94.4% procedural success was achieved after adequate training. Ultimately, 13 out of 34 rabbits had a functional AVF 4 weeks after the surgery, leading to a 38.2% AVF patency rate. However, at 4 weeks, the survival rate was 86.1%. Ultrasonography showed active blood flow through AVF anastomosis. Furthermore, the spiral laminar flow was observed in the vein and artery near the anastomosis, suggesting that this technique may improve the hemodynamics of the AVF. On histological observation, significant venous intimal hyperplasia was observed at the AVF anastomosis, whereas no significant intimal hyperplasia was observed at the proximal external jugular vein (EJV) of the anastomosis. This technique will improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the use of MNTT for AVF construction and provide technical support for the further optimization of the surgical approach in AVF construction.

The present protocol proposes the creation of an arteriovenous fistula in rabbits using a modified no-touch technique. The technique involves the side-to-side anastomosis of the common carotid artery and external jugular vein without the dissection of the perivenous tissues or cutting off the artery.

Juxta-anastomotic stenosis is a challenging problem that often causes non-maturation and decreases the patency of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Injury ...

Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration in Patients with a Previous History of Biliary Tract Surgery

For recurrent choledocholithiasis, abdominal adhesions in previous surgeries lead to changes in anatomical structures, and a secondary injury occurs easily when performing another operation for laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE), which was once considered a relative contraindication. In view of the limitations of the current surgical technique, this study summarized the surgical approaches and crucial anatomical landmarks for reoperation for LCBDE. Four general surgical approaches were proposed to expose the common bile duct, including the ligamentum teres hepatis approach, the anterior hepatic duodenal ligament approach, the right hepatic duodenal ligament approach, and the hybrid approach. Additionally, this study highlighted seven crucial anatomical landmarks: the parietal peritoneum, the gastrointestinal serosa, the ligamentum teres hepatis, the inferior margin of the liver, the gastric antrum, the duodenum, and the hepatic flexure of the colon, which were helpful to safely separate abdominal adhesions and expose the common bile duct. Moreover, to shorten the time of choledocholithotomy, a sequential method was innovatively applied for the removal of the stones in common bile duct. Mastering the above surgical approaches, including identifying crucial anatomical landmarks and adopting the sequential method will improve the safety of reoperation for LCBDE, shorten the operation time, promote the fast recovery of patients, reduce postoperative complications, and contribute to the popularization and application of this technique.

Programmed surgery based on surgical methods and anatomical markers helps shorten the operation time, reduce complications, and improve the safety of the surgery. This study investigated and summarized the surgical methods and anatomic markers of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in patients with a history of biliary tract surgery.

For recurrent choledocholithiasis, abdominal adhesions in previous surgeries lead to changes in anatomical structures, and a secondary injury occurs ...

Fluorescent Laparoscopic Central Hepatectomy for Liver Cancer Using Indocyanine Green Negative Staining

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is an important treatment method for liver cancer. In the past, the resection boundary was usually determined by intraoperative ultrasound, important vascular structures, and surgeon experience. With the development of anatomical hepatectomy, visual surgery technology has gradually been applied to this type of surgery, particularly indocyanine green (ICG)-guided anatomical hepatectomy. As ICG can be specifically ingested by hepatocytes and used for fluorescence tracing, negative staining techniques have been applied according to different tumor positions. Under ICG fluorescent guidance, the surface boundary and deep resection plane can be more accurately displayed during liver resection. Thus, the tumor-bearing liver segment can be anatomically removed, which helps to avoid damage to important vessels and reduce ischemia or congestion of the remaining liver tissue. Finally, the incidence of postoperative biliary fistula and liver dysfunction is reduced; therefore, a better prognosis is obtained after the resection of liver cancer. Centrally located liver cancer is usually defined as a tumor located at segments 4, 5, or 8 that requires resection of the middle section of the liver. These are among the most difficult hepatectomies to perform because of the large surgical wounds and multiple vessel transections. Based on the specific tumor location, we formulated the required resection ranges by designing personalized fluorescent staining strategies. By completing anatomical resection based on the portal territory, this work aims to achieve the best therapeutic effect.

The present protocol describes fluorescent negative staining in laparoscopic central hepatectomy. This technique can make hepatectomy more accurate and precise.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is an important treatment method for liver cancer. In the past, the resection boundary was usually determined by intraoperative ...