This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81971773).

This protocol and surgery video demonstration obtained the patient&#39;s informed consent before surgery, and also obtained approval from The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.
1. Preoperative preparation
<ol>
	<li>Perform laboratory tests, including blood routine examination, liver and renal function tests, tumor markers of the digestive system (alpha-fetoprotein, AFP; carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA), prothrombin time, international normalized ratio (INR), ...

<ol>
	<li>Vauthey, J. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+extended+hepatectomy+for+hepatobiliary+malignancy+justified.">Is extended hepatectomy for hepatobiliary malignancy justified.</a> Annals of Surgery. 239 (5), 722-730 (2004).</li><li>Shang, H. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+clinical+efficacy+and+complications+between+laparoscopic+partial+and+open+partial+hepatectomy+for+liver+carcinoma:+a+meta-analysis.">Comparison of clinical efficacy and complications between laparoscopic partial and open partial hepatectomy for liver carcinoma: a meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Laparoendoscopic &amp; Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 29 (2), 225-232 (2019).</li><li>Belli, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+versus+open+liver+resection+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma+in+patients+with+histologically+proven+cirrhosis:+short-+and+middle-term+results.">Laparoscopic versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with histologically proven cirrhosis: short- and middle-term results.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 21 (11), 2004-2011 (2007).</li><li>Cucchetti, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive+meta-regression+analysis+on+outcome+of+anatomic+resection+versus+nonanatomic+resection+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">A comprehensive meta-regression analysis on outcome of anatomic resection versus nonanatomic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Annals of Surgical Oncology. 19 (12), 3697-3705 (2012).</li><li>Moris, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomic+versus+non-anatomic+resection+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Anatomic versus non-anatomic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> European Journal of Surgical Oncology. 44 (7), 927-938 (2018).</li><li>Ciria, R., Cherqui, D., Geller, D. A., Briceno, J., Wakabayashi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+short-term+benefits+of+laparoscopic+liver+resection:+9000+cases+and+climbing.">Comparative short-term benefits of laparoscopic liver resection: 9000 cases and climbing.</a> Annals of Surgery. 263 (4), 761-777 (2016).</li><li>Eeson, G., Karanicolas, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemostasis+and+hepatic+surgery.">Hemostasis and hepatic surgery.</a> The Surgical Clinics of North America. 96 (2), 219-228 (2016).</li><li>Dagher, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=International+experience+for+laparoscopic+major+liver+resection.">International experience for laparoscopic major liver resection.</a> Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 21 (10), 732-736 (2014).</li><li>Cauchy, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+factors+and+consequences+of+conversion+in+laparoscopic+major+liver+resection.">Risk factors and consequences of conversion in laparoscopic major liver resection.</a> The British Journal of Surgery. 102 (7), 785-795 (2015).</li><li>Jones, R. M., Moulton, C. E., Hardy, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+venous+pressure+and+its+effect+on+blood+loss+during+liver+resection.">Central venous pressure and its effect on blood loss during liver resection.</a> The British Journal of Surgery. 85 (8), 1058-1060 (1998).</li><li>Liu, T. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+controlled+low+central+venous+pressure+during+hepatectomy:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Application of controlled low central venous pressure during hepatectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Clinical Anesthesia. 75, 110467 (2021).</li><li>Honda, G., Ome, Y., Yoshida, N., Kawamoto, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+dissect+the+liver+parenchyma:+Excavation+with+cavitron+ultrasonic+surgical+aspirator.">How to dissect the liver parenchyma: Excavation with cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator.</a> Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 27 (11), 907-912 (2020).</li><li>Poon, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Current+techniques+of+liver+transection.">Current techniques of liver transection.</a> HPB. 9 (3), 166-173 (2007).</li><li>Nitta, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopy-assisted+major+liver+resections+employing+a+hanging+technique:+the+original+procedure.">Laparoscopy-assisted major liver resections employing a hanging technique: the original procedure.</a> Annals of Surgery. 251 (3), 450-453 (2010).</li><li>Imamura, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pringle's+maneuver+in+living+donors.">Pringle's maneuver in living donors.</a> Lancet. 360 (9350), 2049-2050 (2002).</li><li>Cai, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+simple+intra-corporeal+Pringle+maneuver+for+laparoscopic+hemihepatectomy:+how+we+do+it.">A novel simple intra-corporeal Pringle maneuver for laparoscopic hemihepatectomy: how we do it.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 34 (6), 2807-2813 (2020).</li><li>Yamamoto, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+simple+technique+for+hepatic+parenchymal+resection+using+a+Cavitron+Ultrasonic+Surgical+Aspirator+and+bipolar+cautery+equipped+with+a+channel+for+water+dripping.">New simple technique for hepatic parenchymal resection using a Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator and bipolar cautery equipped with a channel for water dripping.</a> World Journal of Surgery. 23 (10), 1032-1037 (1999).</li><li>Palavecino, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-surgeon+technique+of+parenchymal+transection+contributes+to+reduced+transfusion+rate+in+patients+undergoing+major+hepatectomy:+analysis+of+1,557+consecutive+liver+resections.">Two-surgeon technique of parenchymal transection contributes to reduced transfusion rate in patients undergoing major hepatectomy: analysis of 1,557 consecutive liver resections.</a> Surgery. 147 (1), 40-48 (2010).</li><li>Pringle, J. H. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notes+on+the+arrest+of+hepatic+hemorrhage+due+to+trauma.">Notes on the arrest of hepatic hemorrhage due to trauma.</a> Annals of Surgery. 48 (4), 541-549 (1908).</li><li>Rotellar, F., Pardo, F., Bueno, A., Mart&#237;-Cruchaga, P., Zozaya, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracorporeal+tourniquet+method+for+intermittent+hepatic+pedicle+clamping+during+laparoscopic+liver+surgery:+an+easy,+cheap,+and+effective+technique.">Extracorporeal tourniquet method for intermittent hepatic pedicle clamping during laparoscopic liver surgery: an easy, cheap, and effective technique.</a> Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery. 397 (3), 481-485 (2012).</li><li>Piardi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+Pringle+maneuver:+how+we+do+it.">Laparoscopic Pringle maneuver: how we do it.</a> Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition. 5 (4), 345-349 (2016).</li><li>Aloia, T. A., Zorzi, D., Abdalla, E. K., Vauthey, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-surgeon+technique+for+hepatic+parenchymal+transection+of+the+noncirrhotic+liver+using+saline-linked+cautery+and+ultrasonic+dissection.">Two-surgeon technique for hepatic parenchymal transection of the noncirrhotic liver using saline-linked cautery and ultrasonic dissection.</a> Annals of Surgery. 242 (2), 172-177 (2005).</li><li>Fujikawa, T., Kajiwara, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+two-surgeon+technique+for+laparoscopic+liver+resection.">Modified two-surgeon technique for laparoscopic liver resection.</a> Cureus. 14 (3), e23528 (2022).</li><li>Kasai, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+versus+open+major+hepatectomy:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+individual+patient+data.">Laparoscopic versus open major hepatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.</a> Surgery. 163 (5), 985-995 (2018).</li><li>Wei Chieh, A. K., Chan, A., Rotellar, F., Kim, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+major+liver+resections:+Current+standards.">Laparoscopic major liver resections: Current standards.</a> International Journal of Surgery. 82, 169-177 (2020).</li><li>Jubert, A. V., Lee, E. T., Hersh, E. M., McBride, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+surgery,+anesthesia+and+intraoperative+blood+loss+on+immunocompetence.">Effects of surgery, anesthesia and intraoperative blood loss on immunocompetence.</a> The Journal of Surgical Research. 15 (6), 399-403 (1973).</li><li>Shiba, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+impact+of+blood+transfusion+on+recurrence+and+prognosis+of+hepatocellular+carcinoma+after+hepatic+resection.">Negative impact of blood transfusion on recurrence and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatic resection.</a> Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 13 (9), 1636-1642 (2009).</li><li>Otsubo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+the+inflow+and+outflow+system+during+liver+resection.">Control of the inflow and outflow system during liver resection.</a> Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 19 (1), 15-18 (2012).</li><li>Peng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+very+simple+laparoscopic+hepatic+inflow+occlusion+apparatus+for+laparoscopic+liver+surgery.">A novel very simple laparoscopic hepatic inflow occlusion apparatus for laparoscopic liver surgery.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 33 (1), 145-152 (2019).</li><li>Okuda, Y., Honda, G., Kurata, M., Kobayashi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Useful+and+convenient+procedure+for+intermittent+vascular+occlusion+in+laparoscopic+hepatectomy.">Useful and convenient procedure for intermittent vascular occlusion in laparoscopic hepatectomy.</a> Asian Journal of Endoscopic Surgery. 6 (2), 100-103 (2013).</li><li>van Gulik, T. M., de Graaf, W., Dinant, S., Busch, O. R. C., Gouma, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vascular+occlusion+techniques+during+liver+resection.">Vascular occlusion techniques during liver resection.</a> Digestive Surgery. 24 (4), 274-281 (2007).</li><li>Melendez, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perioperative+outcomes+of+major+hepatic+resections+under+low+central+venous+pressure+anesthesia:+blood+loss,+blood+transfusion,+and+the+risk+of+postoperative+renal+dysfunction.">Perioperative outcomes of major hepatic resections under low central venous pressure anesthesia: blood loss, blood transfusion, and the risk of postoperative renal dysfunction.</a> Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 187 (6), 620-625 (1998).</li></ol>

The authors report no conflict of interest.

The protocol details a modified LAH performed in our center using the CUSA-ultrasonic dissector-extracorporeal Pringle maneuver technique. In this modified combination technique, we used both the simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver and a low CVP technique to control and minimize intraoperative bleeding. The primary and secondary surgeons concurrently used a laparoscopic CUSA and ultrasonic dissector, respectively, during parenchymal transection and hemostasis to acquire precise and expeditious hepatectomy.
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The safety of hepatectomy has significantly improved in recent decades1, and with the rapid advancements in diagnostic imaging, energy devices, and surgical techniques, laparoscopic hepatectomy has become a widely performed procedure that yields favorable clinical outcomes2,3. Studies have demonstrated that anatomical hepatectomy yields superior outcomes compared to nonanatomic resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma4,5. Consequently, laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (LAH) has gained popularity worldwide6. However, intraoperative hemorrhage remains the primary concern during liver resection procedures-in laparoscopic and open surgeries involving both anatomic and nonanatomic resection7. Besides, intraoperative hemorrhage is the primary cause for conversion from laparoscopic surgery to open surgery during parenchymal transection8,9. To effectively control and minimize intraoperative bleeding, it is widely recommended to maintain the central venous pressure (CVP) below 5 cmH2O in patients undergoing hepatectomy10,11. Additionally, various instruments, such as a cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) and an ultrasonic dissector have been utilized12,13, and numerous liver resection techniques, including the liver hanging maneuver14, Pringle maneuver15,16, and the &#34;two-surgeon technique&#34;17,18, have also been documented.
The Pringle maneuver, first reported in 190819, represents the most straightforward technique for hepatic inflow occlusion and is currently readily achievable during laparoscopic hepatectomy with high efficacy20,21.
The two-surgeon technique, proposed as an alternative to the traditional single-surgeon approach, was initially employed in open liver resections17. This method blurs the division of labor between primary and secondary surgeons, with both participating concurrently during parenchymal transection, as well as hemostasis using different energy instruments. Studies have shown that this technique can reduce operation time and intraoperative complications18,22. Takahisa et al. provided us with some recommendations for performing the two-surgeon laparoscopic technique23, but different centers may select different devices to transect the liver parenchymal tissue, and there remains a lack of evidence to demonstrate which mode of the two-surgeon technique yields superior patient outcomes.
The CUSA, a commonly used device in liver resection, employs ultrasonic energy to fragment and aspirate parenchymal tissue, thereby allowing for precision transection with minimal damage to blood vessels and bile ducts13. Another frequently used tool is the ultrasonic dissector, which utilizes the vibrations of two blades to disrupt hydrogen bonds and effectively cut liver parenchyma while coagulating small vessels &#8804;3 mm in diameter13.
In July 2020, our center implemented the two-surgeon technique for the first time. One surgeon used a CUSA while the other used an ultrasonic dissector. This was combined with a simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver and low CVP technique to treat a 54-year-old female patient who had been experiencing liver mass and an increased serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level of 104 ng/mL for 1 week. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Figure 1A,B) indicated a tumor measuring about 2 cm in size located in the S5 and S8 segments, which was considered the primary hepatocellular carcinoma. This article presents the protocol of our center&#39;s experience with the CUSA-ultrasonic dissector-extracorporeal Pringle maneuver technique.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon Inc</td>
			<td>SN2210023642</td>
			<td>Sterile, radiation sterilization, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.0 non-absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon Inc</td>
			<td>SF1AN</td>
			<td>Sterile, radiation sterilization, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10-mm trocar</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Optoelectronic Equipment Medical Co., LTD</td>
			<td>121-01715</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-mm trocar</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Optoelectronic Equipment Medical Co., LTD</td>
			<td>121-01715</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-mm trocar</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Optoelectronic Equipment Medical Co., LTD</td>
			<td>121-01715</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7.0 non-absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon Inc</td>
			<td>SF7AN</td>
			<td>Sterile, radiation sterilization, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Kangji Medical Instrument Co., LTD</td>
			<td>20172080644</td>
			<td>Sterile,dry heat sterilized, reusable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cordless Ultrasonic dissector</td>
			<td>Covidien llc</td>
			<td>SCD396</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CUSA</td>
			<td>INTEGRA</td>
			<td>HDA1902805IE</td>
			<td>Sterile,dry heat sterilized, reusable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric coagulation hook</td>
			<td>Zhejiang Shuyou Instrument Equipment Co., LTD</td>
			<td>IIIA-D003-SG842</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endo-GIA stapler</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Guanchuang Medical Technology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>GCJQB-160</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoscopic specimen bag</td>
			<td>Qingdao Huaren Medical Product Co., LTD</td>
			<td>20192060113</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hem-o-lok</td>
			<td>Zhejiang Wedu Medical Instrument Co., LTD</td>
			<td>JY1004-2012003</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laparoscopic ultrasound</td>
			<td>BK medical</td>
			<td>flex Focus 800</td>
			<td>Sterile,dry heat sterilized, reusable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lumir device (modified Pringle maneuver)</td>
			<td>Shanghai Chester Medical Technology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>016651477</td>
			<td>Sterile,dry heat sterilized, reusable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgicel(absorbable hemostat)</td>
			<td>Ethicon Inc</td>
			<td>LAB0011179V3</td>
			<td>Sterile, radiation sterilization, disposable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Veress needle</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Kangji Medical Instrument Co., LTD</td>
			<td>20172080644</td>
			<td>Sterile, ethylene oxide sterilized, disposable</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modified laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy: two-surgeon technique combined with the simple extracorporeal pringle maneuver

Laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (LAH) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide in recent years. However, LAH remains a challenging procedure due to the anatomical characteristics of the liver, with intraoperative hemorrhage being a primary concern. Intraoperative blood loss is the leading cause of conversion to open surgery; therefore, effective management of bleeding and hemostasis is crucial for a successful LAH.
The two-surgeon technique is proposed as an alternative to the traditional single-surgeon approach, with potential benefits in reducing intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic hepatectomy. However, there remains a lack of evidence to determine which mode of the two-surgeon technique yields superior patient outcomes. Besides, to our knowledge, the LAH technique, which involves the use of a cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) by the primary surgeon while an ultrasonic dissector by the second surgeon, has been rarely reported before.
Herein, we present a modified, two-surgeon LAH technique, wherein one surgeon employs a CUSA while the other uses an ultrasonic dissector. This technique is combined with a simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver and low central venous pressure (CVP) approach. In this modified technique, the primary and secondary surgeons utilize a laparoscopic CUSA and an ultrasonic dissectorconcurrently to achieve precise and expeditious hepatectomy. A simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver, combined with the maintenance of low CVP, is employed to regulate the hepatic inflow and outflow in order to minimize intraoperative bleeding. This approach facilitates the attainment of a dry and clean operative field, which allows for the precise ligation and dissection of blood vessels and bile ducts. The modified LAH procedure is simpler and safer due to its effective control over bleeding as well as the seamless transition between the roles of primary and secondary surgeons. It holds great promise for future clinical applications.

This 54-year-old female patient underwent a successful total laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (S5 + S8v) using the CUSA-ultrasonic dissector-extracorporeal Pringle maneuver technique, resulting in favorable perioperative outcomes. During the operation, a total of four extracorporeal Pringle maneuvers were performed to control and minimize intraoperative bleeding. The operation lasted approximately 145 min, with an estimated blood loss of 150 mL. The patient made a rapid recovery, being d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modified Laparoscopic Anatomic Hepatectomy: Two-Surgeon Technique Combined with the Simple Extracorporeal Pringle Maneuver at JoVE.com

Modified Laparoscopic Anatomic Hepatectomy: Two-Surgeon Technique Combined with the Simple Extracorporeal Pringle Maneuver

Here, we present a protocol to perform a modified laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy using improved techniques and instruments.

Laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (LAH) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide in recent years. However, LAH remains a challenging procedure due to ...

This is a video showing a modified laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy, which involves the combination of CUSA and ultrasonic dissector in a two-surgeon technique, as well as a modified extracorporeal Pringle maneuver along with low central venous pressure technique. This is a 54-year-old female with the one-week history of liver mass, an increased serum AFP level of 104 nanogram per milliliter. And no other positive lab findings.Besides the ECG cardiac ultrasound, pulmonary function test showed normal cardiopulmonary function. The magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, indicated a tumor about two centimeter in size located in the S5 and S8 segments of the liver, which was considered primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Statement, this protocol and surgery video demonstration obtained the patient's informed consent before surgery.And meanwhile, obtained approval from the Fifth Affiliate Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Protocol, preoperative preparation. Perform laboratory tests, including blood routine examination, coagulation function test, liver and renal function test, AFP, CEA, and ICG-R15 to evaluate the general condition of the patients.Perform imaging examinations, including thoracic and upper abdominal CT scans and liver MRI to evaluate tumor location, size, and presence of distant metastasis. Perform ancillary tests, including ECG, cardiac ultrasound, and pulmonary function tests to evaluate the patient's heart and lung condition. Calculate the hepatic volume by CT volumetry calculation.If patients are considered to perform major hepatic resections, more than two hepatic segments, ensure that the future liver remnant, FLR divide total liver volume, TLV ratio is no less than 40%Ensure that patients fully understand their medical condition and are calm enough to achieve good physical and mental preparation for the operation. Patients inclusion criteria. Both primary and secondary liver malignancies, as well as benign liver disease, requires segmentectomy.Perform surgery on both male and female aged between 15 to 85 years. Ensure that the patient is in good general condition and can tolerate both anesthesia and laparoscopic hepatectomy. Ensure that the preoperative liver function classification according to Child-Pugh is either A or B.ICG-R15 is less than 10%and FLR divide TLV ratio is no less than 40%Patients exclusion criteria.Do not include patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with portal and hepatic vein invasion. Do not perform surgery on patients with uncontrolled systemic infection. Do not perform this surgery if severe portal hypertension is diagnosed by preoperative CT or endoscopy.Ensure that there has been no recent history of gastric or esophageal variceal bleeding as well as refractory ascites. Ensure there is no diffuse intrahepatic metastasis. Or distant metastasis.Do not perform this surgery in cases where laparoscopic surgery is not feasible due to a history of severe abdominal Adhesions resulting from multiple prior abdominal operations. Surgery, as the preoperative MRI revealed that most of the tumor was located in S5 with a small portion located in the ventral segment of S8 and without any adjacent large blood vessels or bile ducts, we planned to remove S5 plus partial S8 to ensure a wide resection margin for complete tumor removal. Therefore, we intended to ligate both pedicles of S5 and the ventral branches of the S8 pedicles, as well as their branch veins draining into the middle hipate vein.The depth of resection can be achieved by dissecting the ventral branch of S8 segments and along the hepaticpedicel of S5.Preparation phase. Under general anesthesia, place the patient in a supine position with legs apart and head elevated while feet are lowered, forming a body angle of 30 degree. Reduce the liquid infusion to one milliliter per kilogram per hour, by the anesthetist, to keep the CVP below five centimeter water column during the operation.Disinfect the abdominal skin with iodine and drape the patient to prepare a sterile field. Ensure that the primary surgeon stands on the right. The secondary surgeon stands on the left.And the assistant stands between the patient's legs. Insert the trocars according to the location of the tumor. For this patient, establish an observation port by inserting a 10mm trocar one centimeter below the umbilicus.Position two 12mm trocars bilaterally at the lateral border of rectus abdominis muscle. Two centimeters superior to the umbilicus. Position two 5mm trocars bilaterally below the subcostal margin along the midclavicular line.Combine with the preoperative MRI findings, locate and reevaluate the tumor with laparoscopic ultrasound. Perform the surgery as planned. Demarcate the resection area.Locate the first port hepatis and open the omental bursa. Put the cotton rope into the abdominal cavity. Use laparoscopic forceps with an elongated head to horizontally pass the cotton rope through Winslow's foramen.And encircle the hepatoduodenal ligament. Insert the Lumir device into the cavity to tighten the cotton rope and occlude hepatic inflow. Then secure it with a vascular clamp.Limit the clamping time to 15 minutes, followed by a five-minute declamping period during the operation. The secondary surgeon opens the liver capsule along the marked border using an ultrasonic dissector while the primary surgeon smashes the hepatic parenchyma using a laparoscopic CUSA in an archeological way. Each of the encountered small blood vessels and bile ducts are cauterized directly with an ultrasonic dissector.While large ones are divided after being clamped by Hem-o-lok. Dissect the dorsal and ventral branches of the S8 segment within the middle hepatic vein. Clamp and ligate the ventral branch using an Endo-GIA stapler.While preserving the dorsal branch and dorsal segment of the S8.Dissect the hepatic vein of the S5 segment and divide it after being clamped by Hem-o-lok. Dissect the hepatic pedicle of the S5 segment and cut it with the Endo-GIA stapler. At this point, the planned resection of the liver segments have been successfully completed.Loosen the cotton rope, cauterize the surgical wound to stop bleeding exactly. Rinse the operation area and drain thoroughly. Cut the cotton rope to remove the Lumir device.Cover the operation area with a layer of absorbable hemostat. Postoperative follow-up. Adopt the following management to the patients after returning to the general ward.Monitoring of vital signs, intravenous nutrition, rapid recovery of internal organ functions, prevention of infection and deep venous thrombosis. Provide a full-fluid diet and gradually transition to a regular diet over the next few days. If the patients have no significant discomfort, keep the rest of the treatments unchanged for the first three days.Perform lab examination of whole blood cells. Liver and kidney function tests, electrolyte levels, blood coagulation function. Additionally, perform early thoracic and abdominal ultrasounds to check for hydrothorax and ascites.Perform a plain upper abdominal CT scan to confirm the absence of residual tumor bleeding and bile leakage. And then remove the drain. Once drainage fluid is minimum and clear.Which is typically five to six days post-operation. Patients are typically discharged from the hospital one week after surgery, and return to the outpatient clinic one month later. If necessary, surgeons may take appropriate measures and extend the course of treatment according to the patient's condition.Representative results. Post-surgical CT imaging showed no residual liver tumor and the pathological result indicated primary hepatocellular carcinoma with a negative resection margin. Since 2020, the CUSA-ultrasonic dissector-extracorporeal Pringle maneuver technique has been routinely carried out in our center.And a total of 108 patients were treated by this means. Here we retrospectively analyzed 10 patients who received this procedure between July and August in 2021. The median age of these patients was 53.8 years.They underwent either segmentectomy or subsegmentectomy, and received an average of 3.5 times of extracorporeal Pringle maneuver during the operation. The operation time and estimated blood loss were fairly good. No patients suffered major intraoperative and postoperative complications.And there were no perioperative deaths. The final histopathological results of all patients were hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion, this technique is both safe and feasible.It is easier to achieve a dry and clean operative field so the bile ducts and blood vessels can be ligated and dissected accurately. Postoperative complications, such as hemorrhage and biliary leakage are effectively reduced. Wide resection margin can also be guaranteed in this technique.This method is expected to be a promising surgical technique for patients who receive LAH.

modified-laparoscopic-anatomic-hepatectomy-two-surgeon-technique

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

2.5K 조회수.  The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. 이것은 두 명의 외과 의사 기술에서 CUSA와 초음파 해부의 조합을 포함하는 수정된 복강경 해부학적 간 절제술과 낮은 중심 정맥압 기술과 함께 수정된 체외 프링글 기동을 보여주는 비디오입니다. 이것은 간 질량의 1 주일 병력을 가진 54 세 여성이며, 혈청 AFP 수치는 밀리리터 당 104 나노 그램으로 증가했습니다. 그리고 다른 긍정적 인 실험실 결과는 없습니다.심전도 심...