This work was supported by grants from the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou City (202102010090).

The operation is routine and received ethics approval. The approvals are as follows: Approval for rapid review by the Clinical Research and Application Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University: The scientific research ethics review project &#34;Application of simple and easy Hemostatic Devices in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy&#34; (acceptance No.: 2022-hg-ks-02) was approved by the clinical research and application ethics committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. Its research contents and methods meet the medical ethics norms and requirements.
1. Preoperative preparation, operative position, and anesthesia
<ol>
	<li>Ask the patient to consume a liquid diet 1 day before the surgical operation and then abstain from eating food and drinking water at least 8 h before the surgery.</li>
	<li>Place the patient in a supine position and 30&#176; reverse Trendelenburg position, tilted softly to the left. The principal surgeon operates from the patient&#39;s right side.</li>
	<li>Perform endotracheal intubation and give general anesthesia. Judge the anesthetic effect according to the patient&#39;s post-anesthesia and intraoperative conditions, such as complete anesthesia block, no additional drugs during operation, and stable vital signs.</li>
</ol>
2. Surgical technique
<ol>
	<li>Apply direct puncture to establish pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopy. Place five trocars in the following positions: observation hole in the sub-umbilical area 12 mm trocar, right anterior axillary line 5 mm trocar, right midclavicular line under the costal margin 10 mm trocar, ventral midline 10 mm and 5 mm trocar (see Figure 2).</li>
	<li>Assemble the following hemostatic devices: harmonic scalpel, monopole electrocoagulation, and single lumen catheter, to be innovatively used in liver parenchyma tissue resection (see Figure 3).</li>
	<li>Perform a Pringle maneuver. To do so, follow the steps below.
	<ol>
		<li>Occlude the first porta hepatis intermittently by using a single lumen catheter. Clamp the lumen catheter with a hemostatic clip for 15 min, followed by releasing for 5 min.</li>
		<li>When required to release, use the harmonic scalpel to cut off the clip and take the clip out to restore blood supply to the first porta hepatis (see Figure 4).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Separate the hepatic pedicles supplying the tumor. Resect and divide them one by one with a harmonic scalpel (see Figure 5).</li>
	<li>Observe the ischemia line on the liver surface, which becomes visible after the resection of the hepatic pedicles. Use the hook to mark this (see Figure 6).</li>
	<li>Resect the liver parenchyma tissue using the harmonic scalpel with clamping and crushing of the liver little by little. Observe the internal hepatic artery, vein, and bile duct now visible. Resect and divide these pipeline structures (see Figure 7).</li>
	<li>Once bleeding appears, coagulate the bleeding spots on the liver dissection surface immediately using point-to-point monopole electrocoagulation (see Figure 8).</li>
	<li>Use the right posterior hepatic pedicle as a signpost for intrahepatic parenchyma tissue resection. Reserve the main posterior hepatic pedicle (PP) and dissect the branch of pedicles (PPa) supplying the tumor (see Figure 9).</li>
	<li>To complete the operation, wash the liver surface so one can see if there are still bleeding spots. Stop the bleeding on the liver dissection surface and remove the tumor specimen from the abdominal cavity (see Figure 10). 
	&#8203;NOTE: The Paraffin pathology results of the tumor was metastatic adenocarcinoma, which is shown in Figure 11.</li>
</ol>
3. Postoperative nursing
<ol>
	<li>Perform ECG monitoring after the operation. Calculate the total 24 h inflow and outflow and observe the urine volume. 
	NOTE: The patient&#39;s total rehydration volume (antibiotic, amino acid, vitamin, electrolyte, etc.) was 1,750 mL 10.5 h after surgery (after surgery until 7:00 am the next day). The total liquid excretion of the patient at 10.5h after surgery was 1,900ml, including 1,700ml of urine and 200ml of drainage.</li>
	<li>On the first day after the operation, give the patient a liquid diet and instruct the patient to turn over and exercise in bed, such as turning over, patting the back, moving the legs, and other exercises, which are mainly guided by the nurses.</li>
	<li>On day 2 after the operation, assist the patient to get out of bed and carry out daily activities.</li>
	<li>On day 3 after the operation, guide the patient to walk in the corridor and increase gradually the amount of activity in combination with the recovery of the patient&#39;s condition. Implement psychological intervention according to the patient&#39;s situation to improve the patient&#39;s bad mood.</li>
	<li>Finally, according to the patient&#39;s drainage flow, remove the drainage tube. In this case, the drainage tube was removed on the 7th day after the operation when the drainage flow was 50 mL.</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Hess, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Metastatic+patterns+in+adenocarcinoma%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cancer%22%5BJournal%5D)">Metastatic patterns in adenocarcinoma.</a> Cancer. 106 (7), 1624-1633 (2006).</li>
<li>van de Velde, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((EURECCA+colorectal%3A+multidisciplinary+management%3A+European+consensus+conference+colon+%26+rectum%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22European+Journal+of+Cancer%22%5BJournal%5D)">EURECCA colorectal: multidisciplinary management: European consensus conference colon & rectum.</a> European Journal of Cancer. 50 (1), 1-34 (2014).</li>
<li>Adams, R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Selection+for+hepatic+resection+of+colorectal+liver+metastases%3A+expert+consensus+statement%5BJ%5D%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22HPB%22%5BJournal%5D)">Selection for hepatic resection of colorectal liver metastases: expert consensus statement[J].</a> HPB. 15 (2), 91-103 (2013).</li>
<li>Reich, H., McGlynn, F., DeCaprio, J., Budin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Laparoscopic+excision+of+benign+liver+lesions%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Obstetrics+and+Gynecology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Laparoscopic excision of benign liver lesions.</a> Obstetrics and Gynecology. 78 (5), Pt 2 956-958 (1991).</li>
<li>Ciria, R., Cherqui, D., Geller, D. A., Briceno, J., Wakabayashi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Comparative+short-term+benefits+of+laparoscopic+liver+resection%3A+9000+cases+and+climbing%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annals+of+Surgery%22%5BJournal%5D)">Comparative short-term benefits of laparoscopic liver resection: 9000 cases and climbing.</a> Annals of Surgery. 263 (4), 761-777 (2016).</li>
<li>Makuuchi, M., Hasegawa, H., Yamazaki, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Ultrasonically+guided+subsegmentectomy%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Surgery%2C+Gynecology%2C+and+Obstetrics%22%5BJournal%5D)">Ultrasonically guided subsegmentectomy.</a> Surgery, Gynecology, and Obstetrics. 161 (4), 346-350 (1985).</li>
<li>Agrawal, S., Belghiti, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Oncologic+resection+for+malignant+tumors+of+the+liver%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annals+of+Surgery%22%5BJournal%5D)">Oncologic resection for malignant tumors of the liver.</a> Annals of Surgery. 253 (4), 656-665 (2011).</li>
<li>Wakabayashi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Laparoscopic+repeat+liver+resection+after+open+liver+resection%3A+A+comparative+study+from+a+single-centre%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Minimal+Access+Surgery%22%5BJournal%5D)">Laparoscopic repeat liver resection after open liver resection: A comparative study from a single-centre.</a> Journal of Minimal Access Surgery. 16 (1), 59-65 (2020).</li>
<li>Berardi, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Parenchymal+sparing+anatomical+liver+resections+with+full+laparoscopic+approach%3A+description+of+technique+and+short-term+results%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Annals+of+Surgery%22%5BJournal%5D)">Parenchymal sparing anatomical liver resections with full laparoscopic approach: description of technique and short-term results.</a> Annals of Surgery. 273 (4), 785-791 (2021).</li>
<li>Cho, J. Y., Han, H. S., Yoon, Y. S., Shin, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Feasibility+of+laparoscopic+liver+resection+for+tumors+located+in+the+posterosuperior+segments+of+the+liver%2C+with+a+special+reference+to+overcoming+current+limitations+on+tumor+location%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Surgery%22%5BJournal%5D)">Feasibility of laparoscopic liver resection for tumors located in the posterosuperior segments of the liver, with a special reference to overcoming current limitations on tumor location.</a> Surgery. 144 (1), 32-38 (2008).</li>
<li>Ome, Y., Honda, G., Doi, M., Muto, J., Seyama, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Laparoscopic+anatomic+liver+resection+of+segment+8+using+intrahepatic+Glissonean+approach%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Surgeons%22%5BJournal%5D)">Laparoscopic anatomic liver resection of segment 8 using intrahepatic Glissonean approach.</a> Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 230 (3), 13-20 (2020).</li>
<li>Ryu, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Perioperative+and+oncological+outcomes+of+laparoscopic+anatomical+hepatectomy+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma+introduced+gradually+in+a+single+center%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Surgical+Endoscopy%22%5BJournal%5D)">Perioperative and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma introduced gradually in a single center.</a> Surgical Endoscopy. 32 (2), 790-798 (2018).</li>
<li>Makabe, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Efficacy+of+occlusion+of+hepatic+artery+and+risk+of+carbon+dioxide+gas+embolism+during+laparoscopic+hepatectomy+in+a+pig+model%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Journal+of+Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic+Sciences%22%5BJournal%5D)">Efficacy of occlusion of hepatic artery and risk of carbon dioxide gas embolism during laparoscopic hepatectomy in a pig model.</a> Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences. 21 (8), 592-598 (2014).</li>
<li>Miyagi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Pure+laparoscopic+hepatectomy+combined+with+a+pure+laparoscopic+pringle+maneuver+in+patients+with+severe+cirrhosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Case+Reports+in+Gastroenterology%22%5BJournal%5D)">Pure laparoscopic hepatectomy combined with a pure laparoscopic pringle maneuver in patients with severe cirrhosis.</a> Case Reports in Gastroenterology. 9 (1), 101-105 (2015).</li>
</ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.

Hepatectomy is one of the most important treatment methods for patients with primary liver cancer and secondary liver cancer. In 1991, Reich et al. applied laparoscopy to remove benign tumors of the liver and completed the world&#39;s first laparoscopic hepatectomy4. After years of rapid development and promotion, laparoscopic hepatectomy has become one of the mainstream methods to treat liver malignant tumors and has been widely carried out in recent years. With the advantages of less intraoperat...

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive system. According to the different primary sites, it can be divided into primary hepatocellular carcinoma and secondary liver cancer. Cells can metastasize from primary tumors from organs outside the liver into the liver in various ways, leading to carcinoma in the liver. It has been reported that more than 50% of metastatic cells in the liver come from colorectal cancer, while others are from breast, pancreas, lung, and stomach tumors, etc1. In recent years, many treatments for secondary liver cancer are available, including systematic chemotherapy, interventional therapy, molecular targeted therapy, surgery, etc2. However, radical resection is still the most effective treatment because it can completely remove the cancer3.
With the rapid development of laparoscopic technology, laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy is gradually recognized by surgeons but is still not widely performed, especially in primary medical institutions. One of the reasons is the requirement for high-grade hemostatic devices. These are required to reduce the risks of bleeding and bile leakage during the operation process. Here, we present a set of simple and easy hemostatic equipment, including a single lumen catheter, harmonic scalpel, and monopole electrocoagulation, for performing laparoscopic hepatectomy. To do this, first the porta hepatis is occluded intermittently by using a single lumen catheter. Liver parenchyma tissue is then resected by using the harmonic scalpel. Bleeding spots are coagulated by monopole electrocoagulation point-to-point. This simple and easy hemostatic equipment uses a single lumen catheter to perform the pringle maneuver and utilizes the hemostasis of the harmonic scalpel and monopole electrocoagulation. The equipment can be found easily in hospitals, thereby providing added ease for performing laparoscopy or training. Thus, these simple and easy hemostatic devices are suitable for conducting procedures in primary medical institutions.
In this study, the patient was a 67-year-old male diagnosed with a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon metastasized in the liver. Radical resection of the sigmoid colon cancer was performed in January 2021. The pathological results were moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with the TNM stage of pT4aN2aM1. FOLFOX chemotherapy was given four times after the operation. Following this, the patient&#39;s body condition was deemed suitable to perform laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy to completely remove the lesion of liver metastases. The Child-Pugh grade of liver function was Grade A. For the liver reserve function test, R15 in the ICG clearance test was 1.6% (&#60;10%). CT showed a 57 mm x 68 mm x 76 mm tumor across the dorsal part of S5 and ventral part of S6 of the liver; the three-dimensional reconstruction model is shown in Figure 1.

<table><tbody><tr><td>HARMONIC ACE Ultrasonic Surgical Devices</td><td>Ethicon Endo-Surgery,LLC</td><td>HAR36</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hem-o-lock</td><td>Teleflex Medical</td><td>544233</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Monopole Electrocoagulation</td><td>KANGJI MEDICAL</td><td>/</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>single lumen ureter</td><td>WELL LEAD MEDICAL CO.,LTD.</td><td>12F</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

application of hemostatic devices in laparoscopic hepatectomy

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is considered a conventional method for treating benign and malignant liver diseases because it is a minimally invasive method. Despite its non-invasive aspect, bleeding and bile leakage occur in liver parenchyma tissue resection during the operation or in the post-operation period, indicating the requirement for high-grade hemostatic devices, such as ultrasonic surgical aspiration, bipolar electrocoagulation, etc. The lack of availability of these high-grade hemostatic devices prevents laparoscopic hepatectomy from becoming a generalized procedure in basic medical organizations. In view of the situation mentioned above, a suite of simple and easy hemostatic devices is developed in this protocol, which includes a harmonic scalpel, monopole electrocoagulation, and a single lumen catheter, to innovatively perform liver parenchyma tissue resection. First of all, the porta hepatis or hepatic pedicle is occluded intermittently by a single lumen catheter, followed by clamping for 15 min and releasing for 5 min. Subsequently, using the harmonic scalpel, clamping and crushing of the liver are done to cut off the hepatic parenchyma tissue and to reveal the intrahepatic arteries, veins, and bile ducts. Lastly, the bleeding spots are coagulated by using monopole electrocoagulation at each spot. Intrahepatic pipeline structures are then visible by using these methods, which could stop bleeding easily, reduce the incidence rate of bile leakage, and improve the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic hepatectomy. Therefore, the simple and easy hemostatic devices shown here are suitable for conducting procedures in primary medical institutions.

The operation was completed within 2.5 h and the intraoperative bleeding volume was 100 mL without the blood transfusion. There were no short-term complications, and the patient was discharged from the hospital on the 8th day after the operation. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level post operation decreased to 110.64 &#181;g/L from the pre-operation level of 1058.69 &#181;g/L (Figure 12). Two months after the operation, the patient returned to the hospital to continue chemothe...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Application of Hemostatic Devices in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy at JoVE.com

Application of Hemostatic Devices in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy

High-grade hemostatic devices are essential for laparoscopic hepatectomy. However, these devices are not generalized in basic medical organizations. Therefore, a suite of simple and easy hemostatic devices is shown in this article, which can make the laparoscopic hepatectomy easier to perform.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is considered a conventional method for treating benign and malignant liver diseases because it is a minimally invasive method. ...

application-of-hemostatic-devices-in-laparoscopic-hepatectomy

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

2.2K Views.  the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. High-grade hemostatic devices are essential for laparoscopic hepatectomy. However, these devices are not generalized in basic medical organizations. Therefore, a suite of simple and easy hemostatic devices is shown in this article, which can make the laparoscopic hepatectomy easier to perform.

Video: Application of Hemostatic Devices in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy

Application of the En Bloc Concept Combined with Anatomic Resection in Laparoscopic Hepatectomy

Laparoscopic hepatectomy has been reported in many studies, and it is the mainstream method of liver resection. In some particular cases, such as when there are tumors adjacent to the cystic bed, surgeons cannot palpate the surgical margins through the laparoscopic approach, which leads to uncertainty about R0 resection. Conventionally, the gallbladder is resected first, and the hepatic lobes or segments are resected second. However, tumor tissues can be disseminated in the above cases. To address this issue, based on the recognition of the porta hepatis and intrahepatic anatomy, we propose a unique approach to hepatectomy combined with gallbladder resection by en bloc anatomic resection in situ. Firstly, after dissecting the cystic duct, without cutting the gallbladder primarily, the porta hepatis is pre-occluded by the single lumen ureter; secondly, the left hepatic pedicle is made free by the gap of the Laennec membrane and Hilar plate; thirdly, the assistant is asked to drag the fundus of the gallbladder, and the liver parenchyma tissue is resected using a harmonic scalpel along the ischemia line on the liver surface and intraoperative ultrasound. The whole middle hepatic vein (MHV) and its tributaries appear completely; lastly, the left hepatic vein (LHV) is disconnected, and the specimen is taken out from the abdominal cavity. The tumor, gallbladder, and other surrounding tissues are resected en bloc, which meets the tumor-free criterion, and a wide incisal margin and R0 resection are achieved. Therefore, the laparoscopic hepatectomy with the combination of the en bloc concept and anatomic resection is a safe, effective, and radical method with low postoperative recurrence and metastasis.

Numerous studies have demonstrated the advantages of anatomic resection. Nonetheless, whether anatomic resection can increase R0 resection rates remains controversial. Consequently, the present study describes an innovative procedure involving the en bloc concept combined with anatomic resection in laparoscopic hepatectomy, which can reduce postoperative recurrence and metastasis.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy has been reported in many studies, and it is the mainstream method of liver resection. In some particular cases, such as when ...

Right Hemihepatectomy by Suprahilar Intrahepatic Transection of the Right Hemipedicle using a Vascular Stapler

Successful hepatic resection requires profound anatomical knowledge and delicate surgical technique. Hemihepatectomies are mostly performed after preparing the extrahepatic hilar structures within the hepatoduodenal ligament, even in benign tumours or liver metastasis.1-5. Regional extrahepatic lymphadenectomy is an oncological standard in hilar cholangiocarcinoma, intrahepatic cholangio-cellular carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, whereas lymph node metastases in the hepatic hilus in patients with liver metastasis are rarely occult. Major disadvantages of these procedures are the complex preparation of the hilus with the risk of injuring contralateral structures and the possibility of bleeding from portal vein side-branches or impaired perfusion of bile ducts. We developed a technique of right hemihepatectomy or resection of the left lateral segments with intrahepatic transection of the pedicle that leaves the hepatoduodenal ligament completely untouched. 6 However, if intraoperative visualization or palpation of the ligament is suspicious for tumor infiltration or lymph node metastasis, the hilus should be explored and a lymphadenectomy performed.

This video describes a right hemihepatectomy with intrahepatic transection of the right hemipedicle leaving the hepatoduodenal ligament completely untouched.

Successful hepatic resection requires profound anatomical knowledge and delicate surgical technique. Hemihepatectomies are mostly performed after ...

Biology

A Saline/Bipolar Radiofrequency Energy Device As an Adjunct for Hemostasis in Solid Organ Injury/Trauma

Solid organ (liver, spleen, and kidney) hemorrhage is often life-threatening and can be difficult to stop in critically ill patients. Traditional techniques for arresting this ongoing bleeding include coagulation by high voltage electrocautery, topical hemostatic application, and the delivery of ignited argon gas. The goal of this study/video was to demonstrate the efficacy of a new energy device for arresting persistent solid organ hemorrhage.A novel instrument utilizing bipolar radiofrequency (RF) energy which acts to ignite/boil dripping saline from a simple handpiece is employed to arrest ongoing bleeding from solid organ injuries in a porcine model. This instrument is extrapolated from experience within elective hepatic resections. An escalating series of injuries to solid organs within a porcine model will be created. This will be followed by arresting hemorrhage with this novel energy device in sequence. A standard suction device will also be employed. This simple saline/RF energy instrument has the potential to arrest ongoing solid organ surface/capsular bleeding, as well as moderate hemorrhage associated with deep lacerations.

The goal of this publication is to demonstrate the potential application of a novel device using simulated solid organ injuries in a porcine model.

Solid organ (liver, spleen, and kidney) hemorrhage is often life-threatening and can be difficult to stop in critically ill patients. Traditional ...

Medicine

Bloodless Laparoscopic Partial Splenectomy Assisted by Bipolar Radiofrequency Excision Hemostatic Device

Among the lymphatic system in the human body, the spleen is the most extensive one and has hematopoietic, hemofiltration, blood storage, and immune functions. As a new method of preserving the spleen, laparoscopic partial splenectomy (LPS) has been increasingly applied in clinical practice with people&#39;s deeper insights into minimally invasive treatment and the development of technical equipment. Compared with conventional open splenectomy, LPS can preserve normal spleen tissue as much as possible, decrease the occurrence of complications after total splenectomy, and reduce postoperative hospital stay. The bipolar radiofrequency excision hemostatic device used for LPS can solidify the splenic tissue and close the small blood vessels, which reduces the hemorrhage of the spleen cross-section and clears the operative field, thus achieving the ideal effect of &#34;bloodless partial splenectomy&#34;. Therefore, under the premise of strictly mastering the indications and fully understanding the vascular anatomy of the spleen, the application of the bipolar radiofrequency excision hemostatic&#160;device in LPS is worthy of clinical promotion.

The present protocol describes that bipolar radiofrequency device-assisted laparoscopic partial splenectomy (LPS) is safe and effective. A bipolar radiofrequency device in LPS can reduce intraoperative bleeding and achieve the clinical effect of a "bloodless spleen incision", which is worthy of clinical application.

Among the lymphatic system in the human body, the spleen is the most extensive one and has hematopoietic, hemofiltration, blood storage, and immune ...

Application of Laparoscopic Hepatectomy Combined with Intraoperative Microwave Ablation in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is a common treatment for colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Previously, a sufficient number of functional liver masses had to be maintained during laparoscopic hepatectomy, with a residual liver volume of &gt;40% in cirrhotic patients and &gt;30% in non-cirrhotic patients. The high incidence of complications such as bleeding, bile leakage, or liver failure due to the exposure and difficulty of the resection of specific liver segments such as S2 and S7 reduces the success rate of liver resection. At present, microwave ablation is mainly applied in the treatment of liver metastasis using a percutaneous approach, which makes it difficult to identify hidden parts or small lesions. For some liver segments, the percutaneous puncture of liver segment 7 (S7) is likely to pass through the thoracic cavity, and the percutaneous puncture of liver segment 2 (S2) adjacent to the diaphragm is likely to injure the diaphragm and heart; these issues restrict the application of percutaneous ablation in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Considering multiple lesions, laparoscopic microwave ablation combined with hepatectomy was performed in this study. The location of the lesions was determined by contrast-enhanced ultrasound under laparoscopy, and small lesions that were difficult to detect before the operation were identified. For the scattered lesions, which had diameters less than 3 cm and were difficult to resect, ablation was adopted to substitute hepatectomy. This technique helped to more explicitly locate the tumors, simplified the operation procedures, reduced the risk of complications such as bleeding and bile leakage, shortened the operation time, accelerated the postoperative recovery, significantly improved the success rate of operation, and enhanced the clinical prognosis of colorectal cancer liver metastasis by surgical resection.

This protocol describes the laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases combined with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation. This technique can safely, effectively, and accurately treat refractory liver metastases &lt;3 cm, reduce postoperative complications, and accelerate the postoperative rehabilitation of patients.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is a common treatment for colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Previously, a sufficient number of functional liver masses had to ...

Modified Laparoscopic Anatomic Hepatectomy: Two-Surgeon Technique Combined with the Simple Extracorporeal Pringle Maneuver

Laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (LAH) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide in recent years. However, LAH remains a challenging procedure due to the anatomical characteristics of the liver, with intraoperative hemorrhage being a primary concern. Intraoperative blood loss is the leading cause of conversion to open surgery; therefore, effective management of bleeding and hemostasis is crucial for a successful LAH.
The two-surgeon technique is proposed as an alternative to the traditional single-surgeon approach, with potential benefits in reducing intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic hepatectomy. However, there remains a lack of evidence to determine which mode of the two-surgeon technique yields superior patient outcomes. Besides, to our knowledge, the LAH technique, which involves the use of a cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) by the primary surgeon while an ultrasonic dissector by the second surgeon, has been rarely reported before.
Herein, we present a modified, two-surgeon LAH technique, wherein one surgeon employs a CUSA while the other uses an ultrasonic dissector. This technique is combined with a simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver and low central venous pressure (CVP) approach. In this modified technique, the primary and secondary surgeons utilize a laparoscopic CUSA and an ultrasonic dissectorconcurrently to achieve precise and expeditious hepatectomy. A simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver, combined with the maintenance of low CVP, is employed to regulate the hepatic inflow and outflow in order to minimize intraoperative bleeding. This approach facilitates the attainment of a dry and clean operative field, which allows for the precise ligation and dissection of blood vessels and bile ducts. The modified LAH procedure is simpler and safer due to its effective control over bleeding as well as the seamless transition between the roles of primary and secondary surgeons. It holds great promise for future clinical applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform a modified laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy using improved techniques and instruments.

Laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (LAH) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide in recent years. However, LAH remains a challenging procedure due to ...

Laparoscopic Sectionectomy Using Ligamentum Teres for Bloodless Hepatectomy

Laparoscopic Left Lateral Sectionectomy: Guided by the Ligamentum Teres Hepatis and the Umbilical Fissure Vein

Laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy (LLLS), a mainstream procedure in liver surgery, often utilizes controlled low central venous pressure (CLCVP) to reduce bleeding in the hepatic venous system. However, anesthesiologists may avoid the use of CLCVP in patients with concurrent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases to prioritize the maintenance of vital organ perfusion. In this report, we present an LLLS guided by the ligamentum teres hepatis (LTH) for dissection of the Glissonian pedicles for segments 2/3 outside the liver, followed by hepatic parenchymal dissection along the falciform ligament and umbilical fissure vein (UFV) while approaching the left hepatic vein root. Guided by LTH and UFV, this LLLS procedure effectively controlled intraoperative bleeding, even in the absence of CLCVP. Additionally, hepatectomy guided by extrahepatic and intrahepatic anatomical landmarks prevents loss of direction during liver dissection and ensures precise hepatic resection. These attributes suggest that the potential benefits extend beyond patients with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular conditions, making it applicable in a wide range of LLLS cases.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor Treatment with Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques

Laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy guided by the ligamentum teres hepatis and umbilical fissure vein effectively controls intraoperative bleeding even without controlled low central venous pressure and prevents loss of direction during parenchymal dissection.

Laparoscopic left lateral sectionectomy (LLLS), a mainstream procedure in liver surgery, often utilizes controlled low central venous pressure (CLCVP) to ...

Laparoscopic Splenectomy with Pericardial Devascularization for Hypersplenism and Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage Due to Portal Hypertension

Hypersplenism and esophageal variceal hemorrhage caused by portal hypertension are common and serious complications of decompensated cirrhosis. In recent years, with the widespread application of various therapeutic methods such as drugs, endoscopy, splenic artery embolization, transjugular intrahepatic portal shunt, and liver transplantation, the role of surgery in the treatment of portal hypertension has gradually diminished, and the indications for surgical treatment have become more strictly defined. However, according to the clinical practice in China, surgical treatment of portal hypertension still holds an important role that other treatments cannot fully replace. In fact, surgical treatment of portal hypertension is widely performed in hospitals at all levels in China, saving numerous lives. Splenectomy combined with pericardial devascularization (SPD) is the most common surgical method for treating hypersplenism and esophageal variceal hemorrhage caused by portal hypertension. Long-term clinical practice has proven that SPD is a safe and effective treatment for hypersplenism and esophageal variceal rupture and hemorrhage due to portal hypertension. With the rapid development of laparoscopic techniques, the minimally invasive advantages of laparoscopic splenectomy combined with pericardial devascularization (LSPD) have become increasingly evident. However, the successful performance of LSPD mainly depends on the skill and proficiency of the surgeon. In this context, this article presents detailed techniques for LSPD.

With the rapid advancement of laparoscopic techniques, the minimally invasive benefits of laparoscopic splenectomy combined with pericardial devascularization have become increasingly evident. In this context, we present a protocol for performing laparoscopic splenectomy alongside pericardial devascularization to treat hypersplenism and esophageal variceal hemorrhage resulting from portal hypertension.

Hypersplenism and esophageal variceal hemorrhage caused by portal hypertension are common and serious complications of decompensated cirrhosis. In recent ...

Optimized Hemorrhage Control Method for Laparoscopic Partial Splenectomy

Application of Laparoscopic Partial Splenectomy with Total Blood Flow Occlusion in Benign Splenic Lesions

Laparoscopic partial splenectomy (LPS) is gradually becoming the preferred method for treating benign splenic lesions. However, due to the abundant blood supply and its soft, fragile tissue texture, especially when the lesion is located near the splenic hilum or is particularly large, performing partial splenectomy (PS) in clinical practice is extremely challenging. Therefore, we have been continuously exploring and optimizing hemorrhage control methods during PS, and we here propose a method to perform LPS with complete spleen blood flow occlusion.
This study describes an optimized approach to control intraoperative hemorrhage during LPS. First, it involves the thorough dissection of the splenic ligaments and careful separation of the pancreatic tail from the spleen. With complete exposure to the splenic hilum, we temporarily occlude the entire blood supply of the spleen using a laparoscopic bulldog clip. Subsequently, we employ intraoperative ultrasound to identify the boundary of the lesion and resect the corresponding portion of the spleen under complete blood flow control. This approach embodies the essence of 'spleen preservation' through effective hemorrhage control and precise resection. It is particularly suitable for laparoscopic surgery and deserves further clinical promotion.

In this study, we describe an intraoperative hemorrhage control technique for laparoscopic partial splenectomy, improving spleen resection's safety and precision.

Laparoscopic partial splenectomy (LPS) is gradually becoming the preferred method for treating benign splenic lesions. However, due to the abundant blood ...

Laparoscopic Left Hemihepatectomy Combined with Caudate Lobe Resection

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the common malignant tumor of the liver. Radical surgical resection is the mainstay of potentially curative treatment for ICC. Anatomical liver resection for ICC in the caudate lobe is one of the most difficult liver resections. Because the tumor is located deep and easily invades surrounding blood vessels, such as the left hepatic pedicle, right hepatic pedicle, and middle hepatic vein. Laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy of the caudate lobe not only ensures a negative incision margin but also offers a more minimally invasive approach for patients. This technique is poised to become the preferred choice for radical surgery of the caudate lobe in the future. In this surgical protocol, a 65-year-old male patient with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (sized about 3.2&#160;&#215; 1.9 cm2) located in the left caudal lobe underwent laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy combined with caudate lobe resection successfully without any postoperative complications. Postoperative pathological examination showed a cholangiocarcinoma with a tumor thrombus visible in the vasculature. The patient was discharged on the 14th postoperative day. Laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy combined with caudate lobectomy for the treatment of caudate lobe ICC can be performed safely and does not add significantly to the morbidity or mortality of the procedure.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma of the caudate lobe is a challenge for many surgeons due to its unique location. Here, we present a protocol to show the step-by-step details of laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy combined with caudate lobe resection for cholangiocarcinoma.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the common malignant tumor of the liver. Radical surgical resection is the mainstay of potentially curative ...