We thank all members of the experimental animal department of Saitama Medical University. We appreciate Yamaguchi University and Tohoku University for their research support. This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP 16K10106, 17K18648, and 19K08305.

This study protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Saitama Medical University (2476).
1.&#160;Animals
<ol>
	<li>House a pair of parents with their first-time infants of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) who have no experience raising any infants in a light-sealed incubated cage, maintaining constant temperature (25-30 &#176;C), and a 12 h light/dark cycle). Set light intensity per cage at 750-930 lx during the light period and 0 lx during the dark period. Ensure that the parents are healthy with respect to feeding and cleaning. 
	NOTE: The cage was sized according to the Standards relating to the Care and Keeping and Reducing Pain of Laboratory Animals by the Japanese Ministry of the Environment.</li>
</ol>
2.&#160;The diagnosis of underweight and parental infant-rearing abnormality
<ol>
	<li>Refer to the general diagnosis and intervention flows visualized in Figure 1 (A: Infant, B: Mother). When the infant is found to be underweight, choose intervention methods for the infant based on the presence or absence of five infant behaviors (crying, clinging to mother, head control, rooting reflex, sucking) and for the mother based on the presence or absence of five maternal behaviors (the will to feed, breast enlargement, infant&#39;s sucking acceptance, milk secretion, and pain expression). 
	&#8203;NOTE: Take care throughout to not cross-contaminate the animals&#39; scent.</li>
</ol>
3.&#160;Animal characteristics
<ol>
	<li>Gestational age at birth
	<ol>
		<li>Make a note of the common marmoset&#39;s full-term gestation period of approximately 140-150 days. This compares to the human standard full term 17.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Birth and developmental weight
	<ol>
		<li>Age and sex definition
		<ol>
			<li>As a day-old notation, define birthdays as postnatal day 0 (PD 0). Define the sex of the infant by examination of external genitalia.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Identification of congenital malformations or diseases
		<ol>
			<li>Examine the infant to identify any congenital malformations or diseases, paying particular attention to those that might cause feeding difficulties (e.g., cleft palate).</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Body weight measurement
		<ol>
			<li>Weigh the infant daily using a scale with 0.1 g increments to check their feeding volume. Prepare a clean plastic box or bowl lined with soft tissue paper to hold the infant and maintain its body temperature during weighing. Tare the prepared box or bowl on the scale, place the infant in the prepared container, and record the body weight. Weigh daily at approximately the same time to compare with the standard 15,16. 
			NOTE: Measure the weight with precautions to prevent the infant from escaping or being harmed while on the scale.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Body weight gain graph
		<ol>
			<li>Visualize a graph of body weight gain per day. The weight at birth and on the second day is expected to be more than 27 g and to then increase by approximately 1 g per day according to the colony records of neonatal infants&#39; weight required for survival (Figure 2).</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Assessment of milk intake volume
		<ol>
			<li>Assess milk intake volume by weighing the infant both before and after feeding. However, be aware that separating the infant from the parent for weighing may itself cause stress and interfere with nurturing behavior. If normal breastfeeding and growth are expected, reduce weight measurements to once daily for the first week.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Crown, rump, and length measurement (CRL)
		<ol>
			<li>Separate the infant from the parent gently and quickly measure CRL by laying the infant flat in the prone position against a ruler and determining the length from the top of the head to the base of the tail (Supplemental Figure S1). After measurement, immediately return the infant to the parent.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Breastfeeding behavior of the infant
	<ol>
		<li>Confirm that the infant is performing four behavioral patterns (Figure 1A).
		<ol>
			<li>Determine whether the infant is clinging to the mother&#39;s body sufficiently.</li>
			<li>Observe whether the infant&#39;s head is bent forward to the mother&#39;s body by its own whole body muscle tension.</li>
			<li>Note whether the infant explores and reaches the mother&#39;s nipple by itself as a human sucking &#34;rooting&#34; reflex with some parental help.</li>
			<li>Vocalizing a phee call11,12 loudly when separated from its parents.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Mother&#39;s breastfeeding behavior and function
	<ol>
		<li>Confirm these behavior patterns and functions in the mother (Figure 1B).
		<ol>
			<li>Confirm the mother&#39;s cooperative acceptance of the newborn for breastfeeding.</li>
			<li>Confirm that when the mother&#39;s breast becomes taut, the mother encourages the infant to suckle, and then the breast becomes less taut and the teat protrudes.</li>
			<li>Support the mother&#39;s breastmilk secretion by pressing the breast side with the fingers (Figure 3A). Check that the breast tension is not too hard and is without engorgement. 
			NOTE: Wear soft and thick cowhide gloves to prevent the mother from biting and hold the mother using the nondominant hand.</li>
			<li>Observe the mother&#39;s expression and look for signs of pain, such as tears in her eyes and her upper and lower teeth closed and exposed, which may be the cause of her refusal of the infant&#39;s suckling.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Father&#39;s parenting behavior
	<ol>
		<li>Observe the father&#39;s parenting behavior. Observe whether the father is carrying the infant excessively, so much that it interferes with the mother&#39;s breastfeeding adequately and thus disrupts nursing. The father&#39;s assistance to carry the infants is usually limited.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Intervention targeting both the mother and infant to reestablish spontaneous breastfeeding
	<ol>
		<li>When an underweight infant ( less than 27 g ) is found, observe the family relationship and search for any abnormal parental infant-rearing behavior. Potential parental abnormal behaviors pose a high risk of harming the infant or interfering with feeding (abuse) or abandonment of feeding (neglect).</li>
		<li>When the infant is too weak to explore or cling to the mother and initiate nursing by itself, separate it from the mother and give it a minimal amount of formula (e.g., 0.5 mL of Lebens Haihai, Wakodo at two-thirds concentration) by oral syringe, as needed based on body weight (Figure 1A,B).</li>
		<li>As the first intervention step aimed at the mother, soften the hardened nipple area by pressing and massaging in three steps from the areola base toward the nipple between fingers to open the milk duct (Figure 3B). Exude milk slightly from the teat for the odor to encourage the infant to explore.</li>
		<li>Next, hold the mother&#39;s body softly and lay the infant near the mother&#39;s breast to encourage it to search for the mother&#39;s nipple (Figure 1C). Guide the mother to raise her arms to improve nipple access for the infant. After the infant finds the nipple, continue the breast massage to assist with milk secretion. Confirm that the mother&#39;s breast is relieved of pressure, likely relieving the pain and the teat is protruding.</li>
		<li>During the intervention, provide occasional handling and build rapport with the family.</li>
		<li>Repeat this intervention one or more times per day until the mother voluntarily allows feeding and the infant learns to suck spontaneously. When the infant&#39;s feeding is inhibited by the father, remove the father from the family until the infant&#39;s development improves.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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The authors declare no conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise.

Parental care of infants in diverse species requires mutual physiological and psychological considerations7,9,10,12,13,14,18,19,20,21,22,<sup...

The perinatal and neonatal periods are often stressful for parents. This is a particular problem in countries like Japan, where direct exposure to child rearing is limited given the countries&#39; low birthrate, aging population, and tendency to live in nuclear families. This situation is exacerbated by a lack of institutionally supported education regarding child rearing1. Against the background of this limited experience and the social problems associated with poverty, for instance, in younger couples, there is a high risk of postnatal growth failure related to breastfeeding issues in the presence of stress-related abuse and neglect by parents2.
The establishment of breastfeeding by mothers separated from their infants after delivery is crucial for attachment formation and &#34;the comparison between breastfeeding and formula feeding shows that the former has an effect on the development of rich emotions in newborns,&#34; suggesting a strong causal relationship between breastfeeding and attachment formation3. However, to improve early breastfeeding success and postnatal growth and development if there are medical problems in the infant or mother, it is often necessary to separate the infant from the mother to allow appropriate nutritional management of the newborn. Following the stabilization of the newborn, mothers must be provided guidance and support to successfully establish breastfeeding. Fathers, intimate partners, and other support individuals should be included in this instruction to learn how to nurture their child and provide appropriate support for breastfeeding4. Most of the available literature (e.g., &#34;Environment and Nursing Intervention from Immediately After Delivery to Establishment of Breastfeeding&#34;) focuses mainly on interventions and support for mothers5. It is expected to be better taught to midwifery and nursing students&#39; awareness and specific intervention skills to support breastfeeding that involves both the parents and child and that encourages interaction between the two.
Previously, we developed the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a small nonhuman primate model to explore the psychobiological basis of perinatal and neonatal interventions6. We designed a system that uses social scene-dependent changes7,8,9 and biomolecular activities10,11,12 to quantitatively identify developmental changes in the control of sensory (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory) perception in different environments. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we were able to extract multiple explanatory behavioral factors, which allowed us to reproduce the complex neural network responsible for social psychological function in these animals. The results of this Behavior Output analysis for Quantitative Emotional state Translation (BOUQUET) method suggested that social interaction between adult males and females could be visualized quantitatively based on familiarity-dependent features in the same evaluation system11. We hypothesized that differences in common marmoset behavior reflect each individual&#39;s psychocognitive learning in the past.
In this study, we compared animals in three conditions: siblings in a social environment where children interacted with each other, a single child that only experienced social interactions with their parent, and a situation similar to human foster care in which young were separated from any genetic family members. The BOUQUET analysis revealed quantitative differences in the time course of social response behavior development between groups, indicating that familial interactions (i.e., parents and siblings) during development influence the formation of social psychological functions13. In addition, we analyzed psychosocial development from postnatal day 15 to day 45 in marmosets using continuous infrared imaging in a situation replicating foster care in which formula was provided by the research staff. Data, including body surface temperatures, activity, and location preference, suggested the existence of unique age-dependent patterns. Further analysis indicated that experience during initial feeding periods may have significantly influenced behavioral rhythms after 1 month of development14. Circadian rhythms and their disruption are known to be closely related to mental functions that are required for human adaptability to an increasingly complex society, and their formation is influenced by early childhood experiences.
This report follows previous findings11,13,14&#160;to explore the feasibility of intervening in a case of breastfeeding failure in a common marmoset family displaying abuse-like behavior by the father and neglect-like behavior by the mother. While marmosets generally produce multizygotic multiples and are known for their communal raising of the offspring by not only the mother but also with the cooperation of the father and older siblings, this primate model involved a nuclear family, parents, and their only offspring, which aimed to mimic the current state of the human social condition. The first-time common marmoset parents exhibited disinhibited behavior followed by cessation of breastfeeding and infant abandonment, leading to the infant failing to thrive. The intervention and recovery process in this case of attachment dysfunction in a social feeding primate model was assessed through video records. The symptoms and treatment effects are indicated by an increase or decrease in body weight relative to the survival limit, referring to previously published criteria15,16. The larger goal of this study is to determine the efficacy of human clinical interventions for the education of mothers and fathers who implement breastfeeding and the midwives who support them. Although the abandonment of vulnerable offspring with some problems by natural selection might be categorized as normal behavior for common marmosets, this clinical model aims to explore human evolutionary strategies of supporting health and well-being for the dignity of all life.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Specification</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Self Breeding</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Mother 
			5 year-old 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Father 
			5 year-old 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>infant 
			0-13 day-old 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formula Milk</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Lebens Haihai, Wakodo 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>distilled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic glove</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>powder-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>1 mL 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video Cemera</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Sony Handycam 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>iPhone camera 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weight Scale</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>0.1 g increment 
			Number: 1</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a common marmoset model of mother-infant intervention for breastfeeding disorders in the presence of paternal inhibition and maternal neglect

Parents&#39; psychological stress during the perinatal and neonatal periods continues to increase in an environment of declining birthrates, aging populations, and shrinking family sizes. The increase in child abuse and neglect cases, most likely by inexperienced and insufficiently knowledgeable parents, necessitates education on childcare and intervention techniques in nursing and midwifery training. In particular, attachment formation early in life between mother and infant is crucial. To accurately teach sensitive and comprehensive information on intervention techniques for mother-child attachment formation, realistic videos, and educational materials are necessary. Although pseudoeducational materials are available, they might be limited in explaining complex realism, particularly to support breastfeeding that involves both parents and child and that encourages interaction between the two.
In a previous study in a common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) model, we experimentally controlled infant feeding and nurturing through 24 h of constant sensing and collected 1 month of quantitative data on psychological indices that possibly translated to psychological development. Age-dependent dynamic visualization of these data by multivariate analyses inferred causal relationships between early parental feeding and psychobiological rhythm formation. In the same primate model, we identified a spontaneous case of breastfeeding failure in which the father inhibited his neonatal infant&#39;s feeding and the mother appeared to abandon nurturing, leading to clinically significant weight loss in the infant.
Thus, we explored intervention techniques to promote mother-infant interaction. The mother was trained to allow the infant to spontaneously explore her breast. Initially, the mother refused to display the feeding pose potentially due to pain associated with breast engorgement. Massage was used to soften the breast and feeding was reintroduced. We hypothesize that activation of instinctive attachment formation mechanisms by encouraging spontaneity in each parent and child is the key to successful feeding intervention.

Diagnosis of underweight and parental infant-rearing abnormality 
A pair of five-year-old common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) obtained from a colony at Saitama Medical University gave birth to their first set of offspring (twins) overnight in May 2019. This was a spontaneous vaginal birth. Only one of the offspring (a male) was found alive and embracing the mother&#39;s body. Another sibling was found dead, the birth weight (less than 25 g) and sex unclear, multiple hours after death. The...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect at JoVE.com

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect

Here, we present a nonhuman primate model of mother-infant intervention for breastfeeding disorders in the presence of paternal inhibition and maternal neglect. The mate model video complements education to support primate and human caregivers with respect to infants with breastfeeding problems such as pain.

Parents&#39; psychological stress during the perinatal and neonatal periods continues to increase in an environment of declining birthrates, aging ...

a-common-marmoset-model-mother-infant-intervention-for-breastfeeding

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

317 Views.  Yamaguchi University. Here, we present a nonhuman primate model of mother-infant intervention for breastfeeding disorders in the presence of paternal inhibition and maternal neglect. The mate model video complements education to support primate and human caregivers with respect to infants with breastfeeding problems such as pain. 

Video: A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Mindfulness in Motion (MIM): An Onsite Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) for Chronically High Stress Work Environments to Increase Resiliency and Work Engagement

A pragmatic mindfulness intervention to benefit personnel working in chronically high-stress environments, delivered onsite during the workday, is timely and valuable to employee and employer alike. Mindfulness in Motion (MIM) is a Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) offered as a modified, less time intensive method (compared to Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction), delivered onsite, during work, and intends to enable busy working adults to experience the benefits of mindfulness. It teaches mindful awareness principles, rehearses mindfulness as a group, emphasizes the use of gentle yoga stretches, and utilizes relaxing music in the background of both the group sessions and individual mindfulness practice. MIM is delivered in a group format, for 1 hr/week/8 weeks. CDs and a DVD are provided to facilitate individual practice. The yoga movement is emphasized in the protocol to facilitate a quieting of the mind. The music is included for participants to associate the relaxed state experienced in the group session with their individual practice. To determine the intervention feasibility/efficacy we conducted a randomized wait-list control group in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). ICUs represent a high-stress work environment where personnel experience chronic exposure to catastrophic situations as they care for seriously injured/ill patients. Despite high levels of work-related stress, few interventions have been developed and delivered onsite for such environments. The intervention is delivered on site in the ICU, during work hours, with participants receiving time release to attend sessions. The intervention is well received with 97% retention rate. Work engagement and resiliency increase significantly in the intervention group, compared to the wait-list control group, while participant respiration rates decrease significantly pre-post in 6/8 of the weekly sessions. Participants value institutional support, relaxing music, and the instructor as pivotal to program success. This provides evidence that MIM is feasible, well accepted, and can be effectively implemented in a chronically high-stress work environment.

Mindfulness in Motion MIM: An Onsite Mindfulness Based Intervention MBI for Chronically High Stress Work Environments to Increase Resiliency and Work Engagement

The Mindfulness in Motion (MIM) protocol offers a pragmatic Mindfulness Based Intervention (MBI) on-site, for persons working in chronically high-stress work environments that significantly increases resiliency and work engagement. The protocol has proven feasible, beneficial, and is easily adaptable to other high-stress workplaces.

A pragmatic mindfulness intervention to benefit personnel working in chronically high-stress environments, delivered onsite during the workday, is timely ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

Wheel Running and Environmental Complexity as a Therapeutic Intervention in an Animal Model of FASD

Aerobic exercise (e.g., wheel running (WR) extensively used in animal research) positively impacts many measures of neuroplastic potential in the brain, such as rates of adult neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and expression of neurotrophic factors in rodents. This intervention has also been shown to mitigate behavioral and neuroanatomical aspects of the negative impacts of teratogens (i.e., developmental exposure to alcohol) and age-related neurodegeneration in rodents. Environmental complexity (EC) has been shown to produce numerous neuroplastic benefits in cortical and subcortical structures and can be coupled with wheel running to increase the proliferation and survival of new cells in the adult hippocampus. The combination of these two interventions provides a robust &#34;superintervention&#34; (WR-EC) that can be implemented in a range of rodent models of neurological disorders. We will discuss the implementation of WR/EC and its constituent interventions for use as a more powerful therapeutic intervention in rats using the animal model of prenatal exposure to alcohol in humans. We will also discuss which elements of the procedures are absolutely necessary for the interventions and which ones may be altered depending on the experimenter&#39;s question or facilities.

Cardiovascular exercise and stimulating experiences in a complex environment have positive benefits on multiple measures of neuroplasticity within the rodent brain. This article will discuss the implementation of these interventions as a &#34;superintervention&#34; which combines wheel running and environmental complexity and will address the limitations of these interventions.

Aerobic exercise (e.g., wheel running (WR) extensively used in animal research) positively impacts many measures of neuroplastic potential in the brain, ...

Ultrasound Images of the Tongue: A Tutorial for Assessment and Remediation of Speech Sound Errors

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging structures internal to the body. There has been a recent increase in the use of ultrasound technology to visualize the shape and movements of the tongue during speech, both in typical speakers and in clinical populations. Ultrasound imaging of speech has greatly expanded our understanding of how sounds articulated with the tongue (lingual sounds) are produced. Such information can be particularly valuable for speech-language pathologists. Among other advantages, ultrasound images can be used during speech therapy to provide (1) illustrative models of typical (i.e.&#160;&#34;correct&#34;) tongue configurations for speech sounds, and (2) a source of insight into the articulatory nature of deviant productions. The images can also be used as an additional source of feedback for clinical populations learning to distinguish their better productions from their incorrect productions, en route to establishing more effective articulatory habits.
Ultrasound feedback is increasingly used by scientists and clinicians as both the expertise of the users increases and as the expense of the equipment declines. In this tutorial, procedures are presented for collecting ultrasound images of the tongue in a clinical context. We illustrate these procedures in an extended example featuring one common error sound, American English /r/. Images of correct and distorted /r/ are used to demonstrate (1) how to interpret ultrasound images, (2) how to assess tongue shape during production of speech sounds, (3), how to categorize tongue shape errors, and (4), how to provide visual feedback to elicit a more appropriate and functional tongue shape. We present a sample protocol for using real-time ultrasound images of the tongue for visual feedback to remediate speech sound errors. Additionally, example data are shown to illustrate outcomes with the procedure.

Ultrasound imaging can be used to display the shape and movements of the tongue in real time during speech. The images can be used to determine the nature of speech sound errors. Visual feedback of the tongue can be used to facilitate improvements in speech sound production in clinical populations.

Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has been a common tool in medical practice for several decades. It provides a safe and effective method for imaging ...

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, some evidence indicates that semantic processing of non-linguistic stimuli is intact, suggesting that semantic deficits may be language-specific. To appropriately characterize semantic processing deficits in individuals with ASD, comparison of within-modality linguistic (e.g., written words) and non-linguistic (e.g., pictures) stimuli is required. This paper describes such a methodology that makes use of a semantic priming paradigm during concurrent recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) data. EEG provides a dynamic measure of brain activity that is well-suited to characterize subtle differences in semantic processing that may not be observable at the behavioral level. The semantic priming paradigm presents a prime picture or word (e.g., dog) followed by a target picture or word that is either related (e.g., cat) or unrelated (e.g., pencil) to the prime. This paradigm can thus be used to evaluate semantic processing across different modalities, and to compare lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing abilities in individuals with ASD and how they might differ from TD individuals. The specific steps involved in creating the stimuli, performing the EEG testing, and analyzing the EEG data are discussed. Representative results illustrate how the N400 component of the event-related potential (ERP) is reduced following semantically-related prime-target pairs compared to unrelated pairs. Comparisons of the N400 between conditions, modalities, and groups can provide estimates of the success of semantic processing, and can thereby be used to characterize semantic deficits in individuals with ASD or other clinical populations.

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

This paper describes a semantic priming ERP task using within-modality pairs of pictures and words to investigate semantic processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

Decomposing the Variance in Reading Comprehension to Reveal the Unique and Common Effects of Language and Decoding

The Simple View of Reading is a popular model of reading that claims that reading is the product of decoding and language, with each component uniquely predicting reading comprehension. Although researchers have argued whether the sum rather than the product of the components is the better predictor, no researchers have partitioned the variance explained to examine the extent to which the components share variance in predicting reading. To decompose the variance, we subtract the R2 for the language-only model from the full model to obtain the unique R2 for decoding. Second, we subtract the R2 for the decoding-only model from the full model to obtain the unique R2 for language. Third, to obtain the common variance explained by language and decoding, we subtract the sum of the two unique R2 from the R2 for the full model. The method is demonstrated in a regression approach with data from students in grades 1 (n = 372), 6 (n = 309), and 10 (n = 122) using an observed measure of language (receptive vocabulary), decoding (timed word reading), and reading comprehension (standardized test). Results reveal a relatively large amount of variance in reading comprehension explained in grade 1 by the common variance in decoding and language. By grade 10, however, it is the unique effect of language and the common effect of language and decoding that explained the majority of variance in reading comprehension. Results are discussed in the context of an expanded version of the Simple View of Reading that considers unique and shared effects of language and decoding in predicting reading comprehension.

Here we present a protocol for decomposing the variance in reading comprehension into the unique and common effects of language and decoding.

The Simple View of Reading is a popular model of reading that claims that reading is the product of decoding and language, with each component uniquely ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...