Name: modified posterior vertebral column resection for patients with thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity
Uploaded: 2022-09-16T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity at JoVE.com

The protocol follows the guidelines of the Ethics Committee of the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University. Informed consent was obtained from the patients for including them and the data generated as a part of this study.
1. Pre-operative preparation
<ol>
	<li>Select patients according to the following inclusion and exclusion criteria. For the patients undergoing the surgeries, the inclusion criteria are as follows: 1) nerve compression due to thoracolumbar kyphosis, 2) ...

<ol>
	<li>Petitt, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failure+of+conservatively+managed+traumatic+vertebral+compression+fractures:+A+systematic+review.">Failure of conservatively managed traumatic vertebral compression fractures: A systematic review.</a> World Neurosurgery. 165, 81-88 (2022).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+lumbar+sagittal+profile+on+pelvic+orientation+and+pelvic+motion+during+postural+changes+in+patients+with+ankylosing+spondylitis-related+thoracolumbar+kyphosis+following+pedicle+subtraction+osteotomy.">Influence of lumbar sagittal profile on pelvic orientation and pelvic motion during postural changes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis-related thoracolumbar kyphosis following pedicle subtraction osteotomy.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery Spine. 36 (4), 624-631 (2022).</li><li>Khanna, K., Sabharwal, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+tuberculosis:+A+comprehensive+review+for+the+modern+spine+surgeon.">Spinal tuberculosis: A comprehensive review for the modern spine surgeon.</a> The Spine Journal. 19 (11), 1858-1870 (2019).</li><li>Zhang, H. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deformed+complex+vertebral+osteotomy+technique+for+management+of+severe+congenital+spinal+angular+kyphotic+deformity.">Deformed complex vertebral osteotomy technique for management of severe congenital spinal angular kyphotic deformity.</a> Orthopaedic Surgery. 13 (3), 1016-1025 (2021).</li><li>Schwab, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+comprehensive+anatomical+spinal+osteotomy+classification.">The comprehensive anatomical spinal osteotomy classification.</a> Neurosurgery. 74 (1), 112-120 (2014).</li><li>Tarawneh, A. M., Venkatesan, M., Pasku, D., Singh, J., Quraishi, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+pedicle+subtraction+osteotomy+on+health-related+quality+of+life+(HRQOL)+measures+in+patients+undergoing+surgery+for+adult+spinal+deformity:+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Impact of pedicle subtraction osteotomy on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measures in patients undergoing surgery for adult spinal deformity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> European Spine Journal. 29 (12), 2953-2959 (2020).</li><li>Kose, K. C., Bozduman, O., Yenigul, A. E., Igrek, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+osteotomies:+Indications,+limits+and+pitfalls.">Spinal osteotomies: Indications, limits and pitfalls.</a> EFORT Open Reviews. 2 (3), 73-82 (2017).</li><li>Liu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expanded+eggshell+procedure+combined+with+closing-opening+technique+(a+modified+vertebral+column+resection)+for+the+treatment+of+thoracic+and+thoracolumbar+angular+kyphosis.">Expanded eggshell procedure combined with closing-opening technique (a modified vertebral column resection) for the treatment of thoracic and thoracolumbar angular kyphosis.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 23 (1), 42-48 (2015).</li><li>Yang, D. L., Yang, S. D., Chen, Q., Shen, Y., Ding, W. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+treatment+evaluation+for+osteoporotic+Kummell+disease+by+modified+posterior+vertebral+column+resection:+Minimum+of+one-year+follow-up.">The treatment evaluation for osteoporotic Kummell disease by modified posterior vertebral column resection: Minimum of one-year follow-up.</a> Medical Science Monitor. 23, 606-612 (2017).</li><li>Fennell, V. S., Palejwala, S., Skoch, J., Stidd, D. A., Baaj, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Freehand+thoracic+pedicle+screw+technique+using+a+uniform+entry+point+and+sagittal+trajectory+for+all+levels:+Preliminary+clinical+experience.">Freehand thoracic pedicle screw technique using a uniform entry point and sagittal trajectory for all levels: Preliminary clinical experience.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 21 (5), 778-784 (2014).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+clinical+and+radiological+improvement+between+the+modified+trephine+and+high-speed+drill+as+main+osteotomy+instrument+in+pedicle+subtraction+osteotomy.">Comparison of clinical and radiological improvement between the modified trephine and high-speed drill as main osteotomy instrument in pedicle subtraction osteotomy.</a> Medicine. 94 (45), 2027 (2015).</li><li>Li, X., Ding, W., Zhao, R., Yang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+factors+of+total+blood+loss+and+hidden+blood+loss+in+patients+with+adolescent+idiopathic+scoliosis:+A+retrospective+study.">Risk factors of total blood loss and hidden blood loss in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A retrospective study.</a> BioMed Research International. 2022, 9305190 (2022).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unilateral+posterior+vertebral+column+resection+for+severe+thoracolumbar+kyphotic+deformity+caused+by+old+compressive+vertebrae+fracture:+A+technical+improvement.">Unilateral posterior vertebral column resection for severe thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity caused by old compressive vertebrae fracture: A technical improvement.</a> International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 8 (3), 3579-3584 (2015).</li><li>Liu, F. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modified+posterior+vertebral+column+resection+for+Kummell+disease:+Case+report.">Modified posterior vertebral column resection for Kummell disease: Case report.</a> Medicine. 96 (5), 5955 (2017).</li><li>Policicchio, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pedicled+multifidus+muscle+flap+to+treat+inaccessible+dural+tear+in+spine+surgery:+Technical+note+and+preliminary+experience.">Pedicled multifidus muscle flap to treat inaccessible dural tear in spine surgery: Technical note and preliminary experience.</a> World Neurosurgery. 145, 267-277 (2021).</li><li>Yang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Posterior+vertebral+column+resection+in+spinal+deformity:+A+systematic+review.">Posterior vertebral column resection in spinal deformity: A systematic review.</a> European Spine Journal. 25 (8), 2368-2375 (2016).</li><li>Tang, H. Z., Xu, H., Yao, X. D., Lin, S. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-stage+posterior+vertebral+column+resection+and+internal+fixation+for+old+fracture-dislocations+of+thoracolumbar+spine:+A+case+series+and+systematic+review.">Single-stage posterior vertebral column resection and internal fixation for old fracture-dislocations of thoracolumbar spine: A case series and systematic review.</a> European Spine Journal. 25 (8), 2497-2513 (2016).</li></ol>

The steps of placing the temporary fixation rod and the deformity correction mentioned in the protocol are the critical steps during the surgery. By preserving one side of the pedicle and loading a temporary fixation bar, stability is preserved during the osteotomy procedure. During the surgical progress of the deformity correction, the nerve roots must be protected to prevent serious postoperative neurological complications. If the surgeons are uncertain about the location of the nerve roots, the exposure of the nerve r...

Thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity is a primary or secondary disease generally caused by vertebrae fracture, vertebral body development, ankylosing spondylitis, and spinal tuberculosis1,2,3,4. Severe kyphotic deformity often induces spinal cord compression or severe low back pain. Once conservative treatment becomes ineffective, a surgical approach is necessary due to the complications caused by the deformity. However, the appropriate surgical treatment remains controversial.
The surgical approach to treat severe kyphotic deformity usually needs grade 3 or higher osteotomy5. Pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) is a technique in which a three-column osteotomy can be achieved, which is reported with correction between 30&#176; and 40&#176;6. When the kyphotic deformity is more than 40&#176;, vertebral column resection is recommended, but it can shorten the spine and induce spinal cord bulk7. Partial body and disc resection (BDBO; grade 4) and posterior vertebral column resection (PVCR; grade 5) require complete interception of the anterior and middle columns of the spine, which may cause huge damage to the spine with severe neurologic complications due to spinal instability in the operation or postoperative implant settlement7,8. For general operators, the technique is hard to master, and the surgical damage is enormous for the patients. Thus, a method that is easier to perform with less damage is needed.
In this report, we introduce a refined surgical technique with a modified trephine to treat thoracolumbar kyphosis by removing the vertebral and adjacent discs unilaterally and placing a titanium mesh with autologous bone on the same side. This technique aims to minimize the damage to the patient while achieving good results. In our previous research, the refined surgical procedure showed significantly greater outcomes and reduced the damage to the spine through the preservation of the contralateral pedicle and part of the vertebral body9.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesive</td>
			<td>Biatain</td>
			<td>3420</td>
			<td>12.5 cm x 12.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar electrocoagulation tweezers</td>
			<td>Juan&#39;en Medical Devices Co.Ltd</td>
			<td>BZN-Q-B-S</td>
			<td>1.2 mm x 190 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bone wax</td>
			<td>ETHICON</td>
			<td>W810T</td>
			<td>2.5g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curette</td>
			<td>Qingniu</td>
			<td>20739.01</td>
			<td>300 x &#216;9 x 5&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double jointed forceps</td>
			<td>SHINVA</td>
			<td>286920</td>
			<td>240 mm x 8 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High frequency active electrodes</td>
			<td>ZhongBangTianCheng</td>
			<td>GD-BZ</td>
			<td>GD-BZ-J1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminectomy rongeur</td>
			<td>Qingniu</td>
			<td>2054.03</td>
			<td>220 x 3.0 x 130&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminectomy rongeur</td>
			<td>Qingniu</td>
			<td>2058.03</td>
			<td>220 x 5.0 x 130&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pedicle screw</td>
			<td>WEGO</td>
			<td>800386545</td>
			<td>6.5 mm x 45 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pedicle screw</td>
			<td>WEGO</td>
			<td>800386550</td>
			<td>6.5 mm x 50 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pituitary&#160;rongeur</td>
			<td>Qingniu</td>
			<td>2028.01</td>
			<td>220 mm x 3.0 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pituitary&#160;rongeur</td>
			<td>Qingniu</td>
			<td>2028.02</td>
			<td>220 mm x 3.0 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rod</td>
			<td>WEGO</td>
			<td>800386040</td>
			<td>5.5 mm x 500 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical drainage catheter set</td>
			<td>BAINUS MEDICAL</td>
			<td>SY-Fr16-C</td>
			<td>100-400 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical film</td>
			<td>3L</td>
			<td>SP4530</td>
			<td>45 cm x 30 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium&#160;cage</td>
			<td>WEGO</td>
			<td>9051228</td>
			<td>19 mm x 80 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trephine</td>
			<td>NATON MEDICAL GROUP</td>
			<td>DJD04130</td>
			<td>12 mm/10 mm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modified posterior vertebral column resection for patients with thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity

Old compression vertebrae fracture or congenital kyphoscoliosis with abnormal vertebral body development and other diseases that invade the spine may cause severe thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity, often accompanied by intractable low back pain or compression of the spinal cord, leading to severe neurological symptoms or even paralysis. If conservative treatment cannot relieve the symptoms or correct the deformities, surgical treatment is usually needed. For severe kyphotic deformity, reconstruction of the physiological curvature and rigid fixation determine the prognosis of the patients. Osteotomy and orthopedics are the standard procedure for deformities with severe compression of the front and middle column, but the trauma to the patients is high, with a long operation time and massive blood loss. To avoid these disadvantages, we have developed a modified technique to remove the diseased vertebra unilaterally. In this technique, we use a modified trephine to resect the vertebral columns like in the pedicle screw technique by adding a locking instrument that can restrict the trephine to lower the risk of osteotomy and shorten the surgery time and blood loss.

About 330&#176; decompression can be achieved by using the unilateral PVCR technique. The transverse process and the rib head need to be removed to make sure the abduction angle is enough to remove the contralateral bone.
By using the modified trephine, the bone of the diseased vertebrae can be removed easily by rotating it with mild stress. When the trephine is locked, one should pull out the trephine and probe together, and then a cylinder of cancellous bone can be obtained (<strong class="x...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity at JoVE.com

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

We describe a modified technique for resecting the posterior vertebral column unilaterally based on a modified trephine for patients with thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity.

Old compression vertebrae fracture or congenital kyphoscoliosis with abnormal vertebral body development and other diseases that invade the spine may ...

This protocol can help surgeons master surgical procedure on a modified technique. Unilateral posterior vertebral column resection with modified trephine which is used to treat thoracolumbar kyphotic deformity. This technique can reduce operation time, blood loss, the trauma to patients during the surgeries and this technique is easy to learn.To begin, make a median dorsal incision centered on the diseased vertebra with a scalpel, covering two vertebral bodies above and below. To ensure the pedicle screw can be placed in, keep the incision length longer than the two vertebrae adjacent to the lesion on each side. Use a scalpel to cut the skin and subcutaneous tissue vertically along the mark.Then, stop the bleeding using bipolar coagulation. Using electrocoagulation electrotome to separate the latissimus dorsi and multifidus muscles along the muscle attachment points until the posterior spinous process and vertebral plate are revealed. Use osteo forceps to remove part of the facet joints of the two vertebrae above and below the lesion until the articular surface is completely exposed.Then, use the positioning needle to confirm the correct position of the pedicle screws under C-ARM guidance. Choose the entry point, 0.3 milliliters coddle to the junction of the transverse process in the thoracic vertebra. The entry point of the lumbar vertebra is the intersection of the horizontal line of the transverse processes midpoint and the vertical line of the superior articular process.Insert eight pedicle screws bilaterally in the upper and lower segments using a reaming probe to expand the path. Depending on the disease, insert another pedicle screw on one side of the lesioned segment. If the patient suffers from osteoporosis, use bone cement injectable cannulated pedicle screws to strengthen the vertebral bodies.Place a temporary fixation rod opposite the osteotomy side on the pedicle screw caps and fasten the nuts. Then use a rongeur to excise the lesion's segments spinous process. Next, use the laminectomy rongeur to remove the lamina adjacent to the spinous and inferior articular processes on the osteotomy side.Following these procedures, use the rongeur to cut off the transverse process on the same side. Perform the osteotomy in the surgery using a modified trephine. First, insert the pedicle probe into the lesioned vertebra.Then use a modified trephine to remove the bone by twisting the handle into the vertebra. When the top of the trephine reaches the tip of the probe, the locking instrument will restrict its movement and prevent the serrated top from injuring the anterior tissue. Hold on to the trephine and probe, then slowly pull them out and collect the cancellous bone in the trephine for later use.Then repeat the same procedure to remove the bone quickly. Sometimes the bone may not come out with the trephine. Use a nucleus pulposus clamp to remove it.Remove the contralateral bone by changing the angle of the probe and ensuring that the trephine does not injure the nerves, preserving the vertebral arch and part of the bone. Next, use the laminectomy rongeur and nucleus pulposus clamp to remove the remaining small cancellous bone fragments and discs, then, use a curette to scrape the upper and lower end plate cartilage. The osteotomy will be complete when the space is large enough to implant the titanium mesh.Under the isolation of the dura by the nerve dissector, use the reverse curette and osteotome to remove the posterior wall of the vertebra. Once the compression to the spinal cord is relieved, gently pull the spinal cord into a position where the titanium cage can be safely implanted. Be careful not to damage the spinal dura mater to avoid cerebrospinal fluid leakage.Remove the temporary fixation bar and place an orthopedic rod pre-corrected to the proper curvature. Screw and fasten the nuts on the opposite side of the osteotomy. Fill an appropriately sized titanium cage with the amputated autologous bone.Then place it in the correct position to prevent forward flexion of the spine. Implant the autologous fragmented bones, peripherally. Place another fixing rod with the same curvature as the rod placed previously on the osteotomy side and screw and fasten the nuts.Use a large amount of saline to flush the operative field and stop active bleeding with bipolar electrocoagulation. Then, use gelatin sponges to fill the void and insert one or two closed suction drains to prevent postoperative hematoma. Close the incision layer by layer and ensure that each layer is not sutured to the drains.Use interrupted absorbable sutures to suture the muscle and continuous absorbable sutures to close the fascia. Use a skin stapler to close the skin. Combining the unilateral PVCR technique and modified trephine allowed removal of the lesions and rebuilding of spinal stability for patients with Kummell disease, especially for patients with kyphotic deformity and obvious nerve-oppressed symptoms.The nerve roots and the spinal cord must be protected to prevent severe posterior neurological complications during the surgery.

modified-posterior-vertebral-column-resection-for-patients-with

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Computerized Dynamic Posturography for Postural Control Assessment in Patients with Intermittent Claudication

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic conditions. As part of a diagnostic assessment, the early detection of postural deficits is important so that appropriate and targeted interventions can be prescribed. The Sensory Organization Test (SOT) on the EquiTest determines an individual&#39;s use of the sensory systems (somatosensory, visual, and vestibular) that are responsible for postural control. Somatosensory and visual input are altered by the calibrated sway-referenced support surface and visual surround, which move in the anterior-posterior direction in response to the individual&#39;s postural sway. This creates a conflicting sensory experience. The Motor Control Test (MCT) challenges postural control by creating unexpected postural disturbances in the form of backwards and forwards translations. The translations are graded in magnitude and the time to recover from the perturbation is computed.
Intermittent claudication, the most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, is characterized by a cramping pain in the lower limbs and caused by muscle ischemia secondary to reduced blood flow to working muscles during physical exertion. Claudicants often display poor balance, making them susceptible to falls and activity avoidance. The Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) is a noninvasive method for indicating the presence of peripheral arterial disease and intermittent claudication, a common symptom in the lower extremities. ABPI is measured as the highest systolic pressure from either the dorsalis pedis or posterior tibial artery divided by the highest brachial artery systolic pressure from either arm. This paper will focus on the use of computerized dynamic posturography in the assessment of balance in claudicants.

Individuals with intermittent claudication exhibit poor balance compared to healthy controls. Computerized dynamic posturography is an objective method for measuring an individual's postural responses to balance disturbances. This provides an objective reflection of the person&#x2019;s ability to respond to situations under which sensory stimuli are altered and unexpected perturbations occur.

Computerized dynamic posturography with the EquiTest is an objective technique for measuring postural strategies under challenging static and dynamic ...

Murine Ileocolic Bowel Resection with Primary Anastomosis

Intestinal resections are frequently required for treatment of diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, with Crohn&#8217;s disease and colon cancer being two common examples. Despite the frequency of these procedures, a significant knowledge gap remains in describing the inherent effects of intestinal resection on host physiology and disease pathophysiology. This article provides detailed instructions for an ileocolic resection with primary end-to-end anastomosis in mice, as well as essential aspects of peri-operative care to maximize post-operative success. When followed closely, this procedure yields a 95% long-term survival rate, no failure to thrive, and minimizes post-operative complications of bowel obstruction and anastomotic leak. The technical challenges of performing the procedure in mice are a barrier to its wide spread use in research. The skills described in this article can be acquired without previous surgical experience. Once mastered, the murine ileocolic resection procedure will provide a reproducible tool for studying the effects of intestinal resection in models of human disease.

Ileocolic resection is commonly performed in several human diseases; however, little is known regarding the impact of intestinal resection on surgical illnesses. This article provides instruction on executing the procedure in mice with high success, providing a means to study the effects of ileocolic resection in models of disease.

Intestinal resections are frequently required for treatment of diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, with Crohn&#8217;s disease and colon cancer ...

Rat Model of Photochemically-Induced Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Posterior Ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a sight-devastating disease in clinical practice. However, its pathogenesis and natural history have&#160;remained poorly understood. Recently, we developed a reliable, reproducible animal model of PION and tested the treatment effect of some neurotrophic factors in this model1. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate our photochemically induced model of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and to evaluate its effects with retrograde labeling of retinal ganglion cells. Following surgical exposure of the posterior optic nerve, a photosensitizing dye, erythrosin B, is intravenously injected and a laser beam is focused onto the optic nerve surface. Photochemical interaction of erythrosin B and the laser during irradiation damages the vascular endothelium, prompting microvascular occlusion mediated by platelet thrombosis and edematous compression. The resulting ischemic injury yields a gradual but pronounced retinal ganglion cell dieback, owing to a loss of axonal input - a remote, injury-induced and clinically relevant outcome. Thus, this model provides a novel platform to study the pathophysiologic course of PION,&#160;and can be further optimized for testing therapeutic approaches for optic neuropathies as well as other CNS ischemic diseases.

The goal of this protocol is to photochemically induce ischemic injury to the posterior optic nerve in rat. This model is critical to studies of the pathophysiology of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, and therapeutic approaches for this and other optic neuropathies, as well as of other CNS ischemic diseases.

Posterior Ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is a sight-devastating disease in clinical practice. However, its pathogenesis and natural history ...

MRI-guided Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Patients with Medically-refractory Essential Tremor

Essential tremor (ET) is the most common type of tremor in adults. While ET does not result in decreased life expectancy, the disabilities associated with ET can have a significant impact on quality of life, mood, functional activities, and socialization. Patients suffering from ET not sufficiently treated with first line medications may be eligible for alternative strategies such as deep brain stimulation, radiofrequency ablation, and MRI guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS). High-intensity MRgFUS is an emerging modality to treat ET, its attraction for patients being that it is noninvasive and associated with short recovery time, as patients are home the day after treatment. While MRgFUS centers are still limited, it will become important for clinicians to consider MRgFUS as a treatment alternative, particularly in the case of a patient for whom open surgery is contraindicated. This article outlines the steps of patient selection, equipment setup, sonication, and post-treatment follow-up, as well as critical steps to be aware of when performing a MRgFUS procedure.

High-intensity MRI guided focused ultrasound is an emerging noninvasive technique to precisely ablate brain tissue. It has been shown to be safe and effective in treating medically-refractory essential tremor. This article describes the protocol for thalamotomy from patient selection to equipment setup to post-treatment follow-up.

Essential tremor (ET) is the most common type of tremor in adults. While ET does not result in decreased life expectancy, the disabilities associated with ...

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal deviation. It has a long history with multiple variations. In this article, a modified endoscopic septoplasty procedure using the limited two-line resection (2LoRs) technique at the posterior and inferior junction of the cartilaginous and bony septum is presented based on embryologic and anatomic knowledge of the nasal septum and the biomechanics of cartilaginous behavior. With this procedure, the quadrangular cartilage can be preserved as much as possible, which is helpful in retaining the supporting framework and rigidness of the septum. 2LoRs has been proven effective and sound for the correction of nasal septal deviation with rare complications. This modified procedure can be applied to correct the deviated nasal septum in the absence of any external nasal deformity to improve nasal patency or to improve access to the middle meatus or to the axillary region of the middle turbinate. It may also be used to expand the indications of septoplasty to children and adolescents because of its minimally invasive approach.

Endoscopic septoplasty is a time-honored surgical procedure with multiple variations. This paper focuses on a step-by-step surgical approach to perform a modified septoplasty procedure known as limited two-line resection. This surgical technique can be applied to correct a deviated nasal septum in the absence of an external nasal deformity.

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal ...

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of disorders of consciousness, disrupted higher brain function, and verbal disturbances. As a consequence of an insufficient ability to communicate, objective evaluations are needed from family members, medical staff, and caregivers. One such evaluation is the assessment of functioning brain areas. Recently, multimodal brain imaging has been used to explore the function of damaged brain areas. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) is a successful tool for examining brain function. However, the assessment of brain glucose metabolism based on [18F]FDG-PET/CT is not standardized and depends on several varying parameters, as well as the patient&#39;s condition. Here, we describe a series of semiquantitative assessment protocols for a region-of-interest (ROI) image analysis using self-produced [18F]FDG tracers in patients with sTBI. The protocol focuses on screening the participants, preparing the [18F]FDG tracer in the hot lab, scheduling the acquisition of [18F]FDG-PET/CT brain images, and measuring glucose metabolism using the ROI analysis from a targeted brain area.

Semi-quantitative Assessment Using [18F]FDG Tracer in Patients with Severe Brain Injury

[18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography is useful for studying glucose metabolism related to brain function. Here, we present a protocol for an [18F]FDG tracer set-up and semiquantitative assessment of the region-of-interest analysis for targeted brain areas associated with clinical manifestations in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.

Patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) have difficulty knowing whether they are accurately expressing their thoughts and emotions because of ...

Posterior Approach for Debridement of the Psoas Abscess

This method focuses on outlining a safe zone for irrigation and debridement of a psoas abscess through a posterior approach. Initially, an anterior approach to the spine was performed to ensure that the anterior longitudinal ligament and the psoas muscle could be visualized. All the abdominal organs were removed. Subsequently, a posterior approach was performed to remove the paraspinal muscles from L1&#8211;L5. The transverse processes, pars interarticularis and lamina of L1&#8211;L5 were identified. The exiting nerve root was identified between the transverse processes and followed into the substance of the psoas muscle. Using the anterior and posterior approach, the lumbar plexus was isolated from the substance of the psoas muscle. Before and after various steps of dissection, digital photographs were obtained. These images were uploaded into ImageJ and multiple measurements, including the distance between the lateral superior and inferior tip of each TP to the most lateral region of the plexus, the distance between the lateral superior and inferior tip of the TP to the lateral edge of the psoas, and the width of the lumbar plexus were recorded. The safe zone for entering the substance of the psoas muscle was defined between the lateral edge of the psoas muscle and the lateral edge of the lumbar plexus. The relationship of this interval to the tip of the transverse process at each level was measured and reported.

This is a cadaveric study investigating the landmarks for the posterior approach for irrigation and debridement of the psoas abscess. The interval between the transverse processes (TP) was used to access the substance of the psoas muscle.

This method focuses on outlining a safe zone for irrigation and debridement of a psoas abscess through a posterior approach. Initially, an anterior ...

Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction

Ovarian function progressively declines during aging and in some pathophysiological conditions including karyotype abnormality, autoimmune diseases, chemo- and radiation-therapies, as well as ovarian surgeries. In unmarried women with severe ovarian dysfunction, fertility preservation is important for future pregnancies. Although oocyte cryopreservation is an established method for fertility preservation, these patients could only preserve a limited number of oocytes even after ovarian hyperstimulation, leading to repeated stimulations to ensure sufficient oocytes to guarantee future pregnancy. To solve this issue, we have recently developed a drug-free in vitro activation (IVA) procedure, which enable us to stimulate early stages of ovarian follicles to develop to the preantral follicle stage. These preantral follicles can respond to the unique protocol of gonadotropin stimulation, resulting in increased number of retrieved oocytes per ovarian stimulation for cryopreservation. The drug-free IVA comprised from the surgical approach and ovarian stimulation. We removed a part of cortex from one or both ovaries from patients under laparoscopic surgery. The ovarian cortical tissues were cut into small cubes to disrupt the Hippo signaling pathway and stimulate the development of early stage follicles. These cubes were grafted orthotropically into remaining ovaries as well as beneath the serosa of both Fallopian tubes. We have already published the surgical procedure of the drug-free IVA and the protocol of subsequent ovarian stimulation, but herein we present the details of laboratory methods required for drug-free IVA.

We present details of laboratory procedures for drug-free in vitro activation (IVA) of ovarian follicles for patients with severe ovarian dysfunction. This method could increase the number of retrievable oocytes per ovarian hyperstimulation and benefit fertility preservation for those patients.

Ovarian function progressively declines during aging and in some pathophysiological conditions including karyotype abnormality, autoimmune diseases, ...

Enema of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is characterized by high mortality rates, numerous complications, and extreme difficulties in treatment. A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) enema has been widely utilized in clinical and experimental studies of SAP. It has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in protecting pancreatic function and delaying disease progression. The procedure of TCM enema is to perfuse the Chinese medicinal liquid of raw rhubarb (Rheum officinale Baill. DaHuang) from the anus into the rectum and colon. Basic steps of the procedure include boiling the herbal solution in advance, using a disposable enema kit to assist patients in taking a left lying position, raising the patient's hip 10 cm, and carefully inserting the enema 30-35 cm into the anus, with a drip speed of 60-80 drops/min. The medicine liquid temperature should be equivalent to the patient's body temperature, typically between 37-39 &#176;C. The end of the enema operation should be slow, and Tui na (massage therapy) should be administered before extubation. The medication liquid should be kept in the rectum for more than 1 h. After issuing an enema, it is essential to observe the patient's feces and abdomen, and to evaluate the remission of abdominal signs and symptoms.

An enema is a type of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy used to treat severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). The therapy involves instilling a TCM liquid into the rectum and colon through the anus to keep the liquid in the intestine, absorbing through the intestinal mucosa. This study aims to standardize the enema procedure for SAP patients.

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is characterized by high mortality rates, numerous complications, and extreme difficulties in treatment. A traditional ...

Clinical Application of Single-Surgeon, Three-Port, Laparoscopic Resection for Colorectal Cancer with Natural Orifice Specimen Extraction

Reduced-port laparoscopic surgery (RPLS) has been widely used for the radical resection of gastrointestinal tumors. Single-surgeon, three-port, laparoscopic radical resection for sigmoid colon or high rectal cancer with natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) has the advantage of a small incision, quick postoperative recovery, and short hospital stay. Yet, there are still only a few reports on NOSES. This paper describes the indications, preoperative preparations, surgical steps, and precautions for single-surgeon, three-port, laparoscopic radical resection of the sigmoid colon and high rectal cancer, and intraoperative specimen collection through the natural orifice. 
The protocol focuses on the steps of radical dissection and the main technical points of resection and reconstruction. At the same time, a procedure for fixing an anvil seat by self-traction of extracorporeal silk thread, used for purse-string suture fixation after the proximal anvil was placed in the abdominal cavity, was creatively improved. This operation could effectively avoid problems such as an insufficient proximal intestinal tube, shaking off the anvil seat, and weak purse-string suture during a single operation. The surgical care had less variability and was easy to perform, effectively avoiding postoperative anastomotic leakage and bleeding due to excessive intraoperative anastomotic tissue. This surgery could be widely promoted in primary hospitals.

Here, we present a protocol to successfully perform single-surgeon, three-port, laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer with natural orifice specimen extraction.