Name: population and single-cell analysis of antibiotic persistence in escherichia coli
Uploaded: 2023-03-24T13:50:00
Duration: 12 min 29 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Population and Single-Cell Analysis of Antibiotic Persistence in Escherichia coli at JoVE.com

Work in the Van Melderen lab is supported by the ARC actions 2018-2023, the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS CDR J.0182.21F). T.O. is supported by a ULB fellowship. T.S. is supported by an FRIA fellowship (FNRS). J.C. is supported by a post-doctoral fellowship &#34;charg&#233; de recherches&#34; (FNRS).

<ol>
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The authors declare no competing interests.

The protocol presented in this paper allows the analysis of the persistence phenotype observed in response to antibiotic treatment at the population and single-cell levels. The experiments were performed with the E. coli MG1655 strain, which was grown in a chemically defined medium (MOPS glycerol 0.4%). Time-kill assays and microscopy experiments were carried out on exponential-phase cultures. We used OFX, a fluoroquinolone, at a concentration of 5 &#956;g&#183;mL&#8722;1 to reveal the persister cells. The approaches described here can be applied to other bactericidal antibiotics, such as &#946;-lactams, aminoglycosides, or antimicrobial compounds31. Accordingly, other bacterial strains, media, or growth conditions can be used. Monitoring different fluorescent fusions in a similar setup to that described here can be useful for following cellular processes such as DNA replication32, DNA repair25,33, and cell division34 before, during, and after the antibiotic treatment. Similarly, fluorescent reporters can be exploited to investigate distinct aspects of cell physiology, such as intracellular pH35, ATP36, or ROS37 levels. Alternatively to fluorescent fusions, chemical dyes could also be applied. For example, the hupA-mCherry fusion could be replaced by 4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), a fluorescent dye that stains DNA38. Performing time-lapse microscopy coupled with such fluorescent dyes should, however, be avoided, as these staining techniques can perturb the dynamics of the cell cycle during time-lapse experiments. Alternatively, such experiments can be replaced by time-course analyses of snap-shot imaging at relevant timepoints.
While such fluorescent reporters are helpful, the amount of information that can be extracted through the analysis of phase-contrast images should not be neglected. Here, we monitored cell length evolution throughout the growth, OFX treatment, and recovery stages. Other parameters based on phase-contrast images, such as cell width, phase-contrast intensity, and curvatures of the bacterial cells, can also be extracted with ease by using adequate software, such as MicrobeJ27.
In summary, the procedure described here can be applied to other conditions and bacterial species to monitor cellular responses to changing environments or stressors18,19. By using other fluorescent reporters (transcriptional and translational reporters, chemical dye) in combination with a population analysis, such as flow cytometry/FACS, interesting questions can be addressed in a multi-scale framework.

This protocol aims to analyze the bacterial persistence phenotype in response to specific antibiotic treatment at the single-cell and population levels. Persistence describes the capacity of small subpopulations within an isogenic population to endure high doses of bactericidal antibiotics (fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, &#946;-lactams, etc.), with the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the so-called persister cells being identical to that of the bulk of the population. Biphasic killing dynamics, when measuring bacterial survival over time in the presence of an antibiotic, reveal the presence of transiently drug-tolerant cells, with an initial rapid eradication of the non-persister cells, followed by a much slower killing rate of the persister cells. Upon antibiotic removal, these cells give rise to a genetically identical population that displays similar killing dynamics when treated with the same antibiotic1,2. In contrast to persistence, antibiotic resistance is defined at the population level and is generally a consequence of either de novo mutations or the horizontal gene transfer of a resistance-conferring plasmid3. While the mutations responsible for resistance are mostly located in the target of the drug or in the promotor regions of the drug efflux pumps, genes altering the persistence frequency identified by genome-wide and targeted mutant analysis approaches have proven to be numerous and diverse2,3,4,5,6,7,8. Therefore, it is likely that bacterial cells can enter the persister state through multiple pathways9,10,11, and approaches to investigate the persistence phenomenon at the single-cell level are needed to characterize the physiology of these persister cells.
The recent development of microfluidic tools used in combination with fluorescence microscopy has paved the way for the characterization of the persistence phenotype and highlighted the role of key cellular processes, such as chromosome replication12, DNA repair13, and cell division14, in persister cell formation. In this paper, we describe an integrated approach combining classical microbiology assays with single-cell live imaging to characterize persister cells generated in exponentially growing Escherichia coli cultures treated with a high dose of ofloxacin. The protocol described here can be applied to study the antibiotic persistence phenomenon in other bacterial species, such as Bacillus subtilis15, or conditions (e.g., antibiotic persistence following &#946;-lactam treatment16) and can easily be modified to investigate the many phenomena involving phenotypic heterogeneity17,18,19. Furthermore, the setup described in this paper can be combined with other fluorescent reporters to investigate distinct cellular parameters of interest, such as intracellular levels of pH20 or ATP21 at the single-cell level, which may potentially produce novel insights into the antibiotic persistence phenomenon.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Axio Observer</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inverted fluorescence microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2.2H2O&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.02382.0250</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellASIC ONIX Microfluidic System&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>CAX2-S0000&#160;</td>
			<td>Microfluidic system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellASIC ONIX2 FG</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>ONIX2 1.0.1&#160;</td>
			<td>Microfluidic software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellASIC ONIX2 Manifold Basic&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>CAX2-MBC20</td>
			<td>Manifold system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CoCl2.6H2O</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.02539.0100</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CuSO4.5H2O</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.02790.0250</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7021-1KG</td>
			<td>Carbon source for MOPS glucose 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli K-12 MG1655 CF1648 (fnr+)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>BE10</td>
			<td>wt reference strain, lab strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E. coli K-12 MG1655 CF1648 (fnr+) hupA-mCherry::FRT-kan-FRT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>BE16</td>
			<td>HU-mCherry fusion integrated via P1 transduction at the native locus, lab strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FeSO4.7H2O&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR Chemicals</td>
			<td>24244.232</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiji</td>
			<td>ImageJ</td>
			<td>https://fiji.sc/&#160;</td>
			<td>Image software; Schindelin et al. if used in publication</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>56815</td>
			<td>Carbon source for MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Greiner CELLSTAR&#174; multiwell culture plate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>M8812-100EA</td>
			<td>24-well clear flat bottom 2ml volume culture plate for automated plate reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H3BO3&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6768-1KG</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamamatsu ORCA Flash 4.0 digital camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>C13440-20CU</td>
			<td>Digital Image Acqusition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2HPO4</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.05099.1000</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KOH</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.05029.1000</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2SO4&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.05153.0500</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria-Broth agar medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>22700041</td>
			<td>Growth medium for plating assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luria-Broth medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12780029</td>
			<td>Growth medium for MIC determination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2.6H2O&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.05832.1000</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>7487-88-9</td>
			<td>Dilution solution for bacterial survival assay used at 10mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicrobeJ&#160;</td>
			<td>Imagej/Fiji plugin</td>
			<td>https://www.microbej.com/</td>
			<td>Microscopy image analysis plugin. Ducret et al.for in publication; Detection settings: For bacteria : Area (&#956;m2): 0,1-max; Length (&#956;m): 0,5-max; Width (&#956;m): 0,6-max; Range (&#956;m): 0,5-max; Angularity (rad): 0-0,3; 0-max for all other parameters.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microfluidic Plates CellASIC ONIX</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>B04A-03-5PK&#160;</td>
			<td>Plate for microfluidic system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MnCl2.4H2O</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.05927.0100</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS, Free Acid ULTROL&#174; Grade</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>475898-500GM</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>SIgma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5886-1KG</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.01180.0250</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4Cl&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.01145.0500</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ofloxacin</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>82419-36-1</td>
			<td>Fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat the bacterial cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) pH 7.4, 1x</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>P3813</td>
			<td>Dilution buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GENESYS 10S UV-Visible Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;840-208200</td>
			<td>UV-Visible Spectrophotometer, Single/Six Cell Holder with PrinterMeasurement of optical density OD600nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SoftMax Pro</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Microplate reader software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SpectraMax i3x</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Microplate reader</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-[Tris(hydroxym&#233;thyl)-m&#233;thyl]-glycine</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.08602.0250</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss&#174; immersion Oil 518F</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Immersion oil to increase resolution of microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zen3.2 Pro</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Microscopic image acquisition and processing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZnSO4.7H2O&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1.08883.0500</td>
			<td>For MOPS glucose 0.4% and MOPS glycerol 0.4% growth medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

population and single-cell analysis of antibiotic persistence in escherichia coli

Antibiotic persistence refers to the capacity of small bacterial subpopulations to transiently tolerate high doses of bactericidal antibiotics. Upon bactericidal antibiotic treatment, the bulk of the bacterial population is rapidly killed. This first rapid phase of killing is followed by a substantial decrease in the rate of killing as the persister cells remain viable. Classically, persistence is determined at the population level by time/kill assays performed with high doses of antibiotics and for defined exposure times. While this method provides information about the level of persister cells and the killing kinetics, it fails to reflect the intrinsic cell-to-cell heterogeneity underlying the persistence phenomenon. The protocol described here combines classical time/kill assays with single-cell analysis using real-time fluorescence microscopy. By using appropriate fluorescent reporters, the microscopy imaging of live cells can provide information regarding the effects of the antibiotic on cellular processes, such as chromosome replication and segregation, cell elongation, and cell division. Combining population and single-cell analysis allows for the molecular and cellular characterization of the persistence phenotype.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Population and Single-Cell Analysis of Antibiotic Persistence in Escherichia coli at JoVE.com

Population and Single-Cell Analysis of Antibiotic Persistence in Escherichia coli

Antibiotic persistence describes the ability of small subpopulations within a sensitive isogenic population to transiently tolerate high doses of bactericidal antibiotics. The present protocol combines approaches to characterize the antibiotic persistence phenotype at the molecular and cellular levels after exposing Escherichia coli to lethal doses of ofloxacin.

Population and Single-Cell Analysis of Antibiotic Persistence in Escherichia coli

Antibiotic persistence refers to the capacity of small bacterial subpopulations to transiently tolerate high doses of bactericidal antibiotics. Upon ...

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JoVE Journal

Biology

An Assay for Measuring the Activity of Escherichia coli Inducible Lysine Decarboxyase

An Assay for Measuring the Activity of Escherichia coli Inducible Lysine Decarboxyase

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High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

High Throughput Screening of Fungal Endoglucanase Activity in Escherichia coli

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Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays

Phenotypes  are determined by a complex series of physical (e.g. protein-protein) and  functional (e.g. gene-gene or genetic) interactions (GI)1. While ...

Identification of Protein Complexes in Escherichia coli using Sequential Peptide Affinity Purification in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Identification of Protein Complexes in Escherichia coli using Sequential Peptide Affinity Purification in Combination with Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Since most cellular processes are mediated by macromolecular assemblies, the systematic identification of protein-protein interactions (PPI) and the ...

Rapid Protocol for Preparation of Electrocompetent Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae

Rapid Protocol for Preparation of Electrocompetent Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae

Electroporation has become a widely used method for rapidly and efficiently introducing foreign DNA into a wide range of cells. Electrotransformation has ...

Detection of Live Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cells by PMA-qPCR

Detection of Live Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cells by PMA-qPCR

A unique open reading frame (ORF) Z3276 was identified as a specific genetic marker for E. coli O157:H7. A qPCR assay was developed for detection of E. ...

Non-chromatographic Purification of Recombinant Elastin-like Polypeptides and their Fusions with Peptides and Proteins from Escherichia coli

Non-chromatographic Purification of Recombinant Elastin-like Polypeptides and their Fusions with Peptides and Proteins from Escherichia coli

Elastin-like polypeptides are repetitive biopolymers that exhibit a lower critical solution temperature phase transition behavior, existing as soluble ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

The Multifaceted Benefits of Protein Co-expression in Escherichia coli

The Multifaceted Benefits of Protein Co-expression in Escherichia coli

We report here that the expression of protein complexes in vivo in Escherichia coli can be more convenient than traditional reconstitution experiments in ...

Method for Labeling Transcripts in Individual Escherichia coli Cells for Single-molecule Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Experiments