Name: visualization of metabolites identified in the spatial metabolome of traditional chinese medicine using desi-msi
Uploaded: 2022-12-16T14:50:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Metabolites Identified in the Spatial Metabolome of Traditional Chinese Medicine Using DESI-MSI at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan province (No. 2022NSFSC0171) and the Xinglin Talent Program of Chengdu University of TCM (No. 030058042).

1. Sample preparation
<ol>
	<li>Collect cleaned roots and leaves from a 2-year-old Salvia miltiorrhiza plant&#160;(Figure 1A), and directly slice at a cross-sectional thickness of approximately 3-5 mm by hand. Then, stick the sample onto an adhesion microscope glass slide using double-sided tape (Figure 1B). 
	NOTE: Ensure the size of the double-sided tape is bigger than the sample. If the tissues are dried, soak them in water or...

<ol>
	<li>Buchberger, A. R., DeLaney, K., Johnson, J., Li, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectrometry+imaging:+a+review+of+emerging+advancements+and+future+insights.">Mass spectrometry imaging: a review of emerging advancements and future insights.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 90 (1), 240-265 (2018).</li><li>Karlsson, O., Hanrieder, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+mass+spectrometry+in+drug+development+and+toxicology.">Imaging mass spectrometry in drug development and toxicology.</a> Archives of Toxicology. 91 (6), 2283-2294 (2016).</li><li>Qiu, Z. -. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+toxicity+prediction+of+Aconitum+stewing+system+using+extractive+electrospray+ionization+mass+spectrometry.">Real-time toxicity prediction of Aconitum stewing system using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.</a> Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 10 (5), 903-912 (2020).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+metabolomics+in+nephrotoxicity+of+aristolochic+acids+based+on+air+flow-assisted+desorption+electrospray+ionization+mass+spectrometry+imaging.">In situ metabolomics in nephrotoxicity of aristolochic acids based on air flow-assisted desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging.</a> Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B. 10 (6), 1083-1093 (2020).</li><li>Jiang, H., Gao, S., Hu, G., He, J., Jin, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innovation+in+drug+toxicology:+Application+of+mass+spectrometry+imaging+technology.">Innovation in drug toxicology: Application of mass spectrometry imaging technology.</a> Toxicology. 464, 153000 (2021).</li><li>Unsihuay, D., Mesa Sanchez, D., Laskin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+mass+spectrometry+imaging+of+biological+systems.">Quantitative mass spectrometry imaging of biological systems.</a> Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. 72, 307-329 (2021).</li><li>Parrot, D., Papazian, S., Foil, D., Tasdemir, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+unimaginable:+desorption+electrospray+ionization-imaging+mass+spectrometry+(DESI-IMS)+in+natural+product+research.">Imaging the unimaginable: desorption electrospray ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (DESI-IMS) in natural product research.</a> Planta Medica. 84 (9-10), 584-593 (2018).</li><li>Meistermann, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomarker+discovery+by+imaging+mass+spectrometry:+transthyretin+is+a+biomarker+for+gentamicin-induced+nephrotoxicity+in+rat.">Biomarker discovery by imaging mass spectrometry: transthyretin is a biomarker for gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rat.</a> Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. 5 (10), 1876-1886 (2006).</li><li>Kadar, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MALDI+mass+spectrometry+imaging+of+1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium+(MPP+)+in+mouse+brain.">MALDI mass spectrometry imaging of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) in mouse brain.</a> Neurotoxicity Research. 25 (1), 135-145 (2014).</li><li>Bruinen, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectrometry+imaging+of+drug+related+crystal-like+structures+in+formalin-fixed+frozen+and+paraffin-embedded+rabbit+kidney+tissue+sections.">Mass spectrometry imaging of drug related crystal-like structures in formalin-fixed frozen and paraffin-embedded rabbit kidney tissue sections.</a> Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. 27 (1), 117-123 (2016).</li><li>Mullen, A. K., Clench, M. R., Crosland, S., Sharples, K. 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The emergence of MS technology has opened a new insight in natural product research at the molecular level during recent years24. The MS instrument, with its high sensitivity and high throughput, enables targeted and untargeted analysis of metabolites in natural products, even with trace concentration25. Therefore, MS is currently widely used in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) chemistry. The qualitative and quantitative research on the chemical composition o...

Visualization of metabolite distribution has become a crucial topic in plant science, especially in traditional Chinese medicine, as it unveils the formation process of specific metabolites within the plant. With reference to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it provides information regarding the active components and guides the application of plant parts in pharmaceutical applications. Normally, visualization of metabolites is achieved by in situ hybridization, fluorescence microscopy, or immunohistochemistry, however the number of compounds detected by these experiments conveys limited chemical information. Combined with tissue staining, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) can provide large amount of data and supply spatial distribution information of compounds by scanning and analyzing tissue slices at micron-level1. MSI uses analytes for desorption and ionization from the sample surface, followed by mass analysis of the resulting vapor phase ions and application of imaging software to integrate the information and plot a two-dimensional image recording a specific ion abundance. This technology can determine both exogenous and endogenous molecules by detecting the characteristic distribution of drugs and their induced metabolites in target tissues and organs2,3,4,5.
Various imaging MS modalities have been developed over recent decades; the most prominent among them are desorption electrospray ionization-based MSI (DESI-MSI), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)6. DESI-MSI is often used in biological research due to its atmospheric operation, high throughput, and higher accuracy7. MALDI has been applied to identify a transthyretin fragment as a potential nephrotoxic biomarker for gentamicin and to analyze the distribution of the neurotoxic metabolite 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium after the management of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice brains8,9. MALDI and DESI have been used to determine the composition of drug-induced crystal-like structures in the kidney of dosed rabbits; these structures are mainly composed of metabolites formed due to the demethylation and/or oxidation of the drug10. Additionally, MSI has been applied in the localization of metabolic distribution of drug toxicity in target organs. However, the cells in plant tissue vary and are different from animals and require special sectioning procedures.
In plants, by using MALDI imaging, so far, the distribution of different compounds in wheat (Triticum aestivum) stem, soya bean (Glycine max), rice (Oryza sativa) seeds, Arabidopsis thaliana flowers and roots, and barley (Hordeum vulgare) seeds have been analyzed11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18. Recent studies have reported that DESI-MSI is emerging in the metabolite analysis of natural drugs and products, especially in TCMs such as Ginkgo biloba, Fuzi, and Artemisia annua L19,20,21. In these studies, the protocols for the preparation of plant material samples differ, and some require more complex equipment, like a freezing microtome. DESI-MSI has strict requirements for the surface flatness of the detected sample. When analyzing the organ or tissue of an animal, the sample is usually made by cryo-sectioning22. However, the procedure for cryo-sectioning is complicated and more expensive, and the commonly used adhesive optimal cutting temperature (OCT) method has a strong signal when imaging. In addition, the medicinal tissues of TCM vary; for instance, the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza, known as&#160;Danshen in Chinese, is medicinally used, while in Zisu (Perilla frutescens), the leaf is used23,24. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the sample preparation procedures to promote the utilization of DESI in metabolite analysis for TCM.
As a perennial herb and a commonly used TCM, S. miltiorrhiza was initially recorded in the oldest medicine monograph, Shennong&#39;s Classic of Materia Medica (known as Shennong Bencao Jing in Chinese). In this study, we optimized sectioning and DESI imaging procedures and developed a more cost-effective method to identify the distribution and categorize the compounds in tissues of S. miltiorrhiza. This method can also overcome the disadvantages associated with dry tissues - that they usually easily fracture under the nitrogen blow - and promote the development of TCM. The study will promote the standardization of TCM/ethnic medicine for research-related technologies.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Propanol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>CAS:67-63-0</td>
			<td>HPLC grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>Number-75-05-8</td>
			<td>LC-MS grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adhesion Microscope slides</td>
			<td>Citotest scientific</td>
			<td>80312-3161</td>
			<td>Microscope glass slides&#160; can adhere to&#160; the sample&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air cooled dry vacuum pump</td>
			<td>EYELA</td>
			<td>FDU-2110</td>
			<td>Air-vaccum equipment at -80&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic Acid</td>
			<td>ACS</td>
			<td>F1089 | 64-18-6</td>
			<td>LC-MS grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LE (Leucine Enkephalin)</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>186006013-1</td>
			<td>LC-MS grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>Number-67-56-1</td>
			<td>LC-MS grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm&#160;</td>
			<td>Bemis Company</td>
			<td>sc-200288</td>
			<td>Laboratory Sealing Film</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-aldrich</td>
			<td>V900894</td>
			<td>Reagent grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Q-Tof Mass Spectrometer with DESI source</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>Synapt XS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualization of metabolites identified in the spatial metabolome of traditional chinese medicine using desi-msi

The medicinal use of traditional Chinese medicine is mainly due to its secondary metabolites. Visualization of the distribution of these metabolites has become a crucial topic in plant science. Mass spectrometry imaging can extract huge volumes of data and provide spatial distribution information about these by analyzing tissue slices. With the advantage of high throughput and higher accuracy, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) is often used in biological research and in the study of traditional Chinese medicine. However, the procedures used in this research are complicated and not affordable. In this study, we optimized sectioning and DESI imaging procedures and developed a more cost-effective method to identify the distribution of metabolites and categorize these compounds in plant tissues, with a special focus on traditional Chinese medicines. The study will promote the utilization of DESI in metabolite analysis and standardization of traditional Chinese medicine/ethnic medicine for research-related technologies.

This protocol can lead to the identification and distribution of compounds in plant samples. In the MS image of a specific m/z, the color of every single pixel represents the relative intensity of the m/z, thus can be associated with the natural distribution and the abundance of the metabolite ion throughout the sample. The higher the abundance of the chemical at the collecting position, the brighter the color is. The bar in the picture (Figure 4A-D) shows t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Metabolites Identified in the Spatial Metabolome of Traditional Chinese Medicine Using DESI-MSI at JoVE.com

Visualization of Metabolites Identified in the Spatial Metabolome of Traditional Chinese Medicine Using DESI-MSI

In this study, a series of methods are presented to prepare DESI-MSI samples from plants, and a procedure of DESI assembly installation, MSI data acquisition, and processing is described in detail. This protocol can be applied in several conditions for acquiring spatial metabolome information in plants.

The medicinal use of traditional Chinese medicine is mainly due to its secondary metabolites. Visualization of the distribution of these metabolites has ...

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Hyperlipidemia has become a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and liver injury worldwide. Fructus Phyllanthi (FP) is an effective drug ...

Using Multiple Light Scattering to Examine the Stability of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extracts Obtained with Different Extraction Methods

Using Multiple Light Scattering to Examine the Stability of Phyllanthus emblica L. Extracts Obtained with Different Extraction Methods

The extraction intermediate of traditional Chinese medicine is the key intermediate in the preparation process, and its stability has an important impact ...

Objectification of Tongue Diagnosis in Traditional Medicine, Data Analysis, and Study Application

Tongue diagnosis is an essential technique of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) diagnosis, and the need for objectifying tongue images through image ...

A Traditional Chinese Medicine Characteristic Therapy for Bronchial Asthma: Moxibustion

Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airway which can lead to symptoms such as recurrent wheezing, shortness of breath, chest ...

Standardized Tuina Protocol for Rat DRG Compression Model

Analgesic Effect of Tuina on Rat Models with Compression of the Dorsal Root Ganglion Pain

Analgesic Effect of Tuina on Rat Models with Compression of the Dorsal Root Ganglion Pain (Video) | JoVE 

Neuropathic pain is a prevalent condition that affects 6.9%-10% of the population and results from nerve damage due to various etiologies, such as lumbar ...

Treating Knee Osteoarthritis with Tuina in a Rabbit Model

Tuina Intervention in Rabbit Model of Knee Osteoarthritis

Using a Rabbit Model to Explore the Efficacy of Tuina in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis (Video) | JoVE

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is mainly characterized by degenerative changes in the knee joint's cartilage and surrounding soft tissues. The efficacy of ...

Liujunzi Decoction: An Effective Treatment for UC-CRC Prevention

Establishment of Coloproctitis Cancer Model in Mice and Evaluation of Therapeutic Effect of Chinese Medicine

Author Spotlight: Liujunzi Decoction as a Traditional Chinese Treatment for Coloproctitis Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignancy of the digestive system and has become the third most common malignancy worldwide and the second leading ...