Evaluation of Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in a Mouse Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Summary

A method was developed to visualize dye extravasation due to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown by administering two fluorescent dyes to mice at different time points. The use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant facilitated immunohistochemistry on the same sample.

Abstract

Fluorescent dyes are used to determine the extent of dye extravasation that occurs due to blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. Labeling with these dyes is a complex process influenced by several factors, such as the concentration of dyes in the blood, permeability of brain vessels, duration of dye extravasation, and reduction in dye concentration in the tissue due to degradation and diffusion. In a mild traumatic brain injury model, exposure to blast-induced shock waves (BSWs) triggers BBB breakdown within a limited time window. To determine the precise sequence of BBB breakdown, Evans blue, and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran were injected intravascularly and intracardially into mice at various time points relative to BSW exposure. The distribution of dye fluorescence in brain slices was then recorded. Differences in the distribution and intensity between the two dyes revealed the spatiotemporal sequence of BBB breakdown. Immunostaining of the brain slices showed that astrocytic and microglial responses correlated with the sites of BBB breakdown. This protocol has broad potential for application in studies involving different BBB breakdown models.

Introduction

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and dysfunction are caused by systemic inflammation, infections, autoimmune diseases, injuries, and neurodegenerative diseases¹. In mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) resulting from exposure to blast-induced shock waves (BSWs), a significant correlation has been observed between the intensity of BSWs and the amount of fluorescent dye leakage due to BBB breakdown^2,3,4. One notable feature of BBB breakdown in mTBI is that it begins immediately or within a few hours after exposure to BSWs and is us....

Protocol

All experiments were conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines for animal experiments established by the National Defense Medical College (Tokorozawa, Japan). The study protocol was approved by the Committee for Animal Research at the National Defense Medical College (approval no. 23011-1). Male C57BL/6J mice aged 8 weeks and weighing 19-23 g were used in this study. Details of the reagents and equipment used are listed in the Table of Materials.

1. Animal prep.......

Discussion

A novel double-labeling technique using Evans blue and FITC-dextran was used to accurately visualize the precise spatiotemporal distribution of BBB breakdown in a single brain. In the low-intensity BSW model, noticeable variations in the extent, location, and degree of dye extravasation were observed in examined brains (Figure 2 and Figure 3). Between-dye mismatches revealed that BBB breakdown commenced approximately 3 h after BSW exposure, with substantial remo.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
10% Formalin Neutral Buffer Solution	FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals	062-01661
Anti GFAP, Rabbit	DAKO-Agilent	IR524
Anti Iba1, Rabbit	FUJIFILM Wako Chemicals	019-19741
Chicken anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 488	Thermo Fisher Scientific	A-21200
Cryo Mount	Muto Pure Chemicals	33351	tissue freezing medium
Domitor	Orion Corporation		medetomidine
Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor 546	Thermo Fisher Scientific	A10040
Evans Blue	Sigma-Aldrich	E2129
Falcon 24-well Polystyrene Clear Flat Bottom Not Treated Cell Culture Plate, with Lid, Individually Wrapped, Sterile, 50/Case	CORNING	351147
Fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran average mol wt 40,000	Sigma-Aldrich	FD40S	FITC-dextran
Glass Base Dish 27mm (No.1 Glass)	AGC TECHNO GLASS	3910-035	35 mm glass bottom dish
IX83 Inverted Microscope	OLYMPUS
MAS Hydrophilic Adhesion Microscope Slides	Matsunami Glass	MAS-04
Matsunami Cover Glass (No.1) 18 x 18mm	Matsunami Glass	C018181
Midazolam Injection 10mg [SANDOZ]	Sandoz
Paraformaldehyde EMPROVE ESSENTIAL DAC	Merck Millipore	1.04005.1000
Peristaltic Pump	ATTO	SJ-1211 II-H
RODENT BRAIN MATRIX Adult Mouse, 30 g, Coronal	ASI INSTRUMENTS	RBM-2000C	brain slicer
Vetorphale	Meiji Animal Health	VETLI5	butorphanol