Direct Vagus Nerve Injection Protocol For Rats

Summary

We present a protocol for direct vagus nerve injection in rats, enabling drug delivery directly into the nerve without post-injection complications. This method applies to preclinical neurological studies involving autonomic nervous system manipulation. It can be used for direct nerve injection for other nerves in rats and other species, with necessary modifications.

Abstract

There is a relative abundance of strategies and methodologies to facilitate drug delivery to the central nervous system. However, drug delivery directly to the peripheral nervous system is less common, with fewer detailed methods publications available to aid researchers. Here, we describe a direct nerve injection method for peripheral nervous system drug delivery, using the vagus nerve as a model nerve. This method can be used in the treatment of autonomic nervous system disorders through targeting of the left vagus nerve, although this general injection method can be extrapolated to injection of other nerves with minor modification. This method explains all critical steps involved in the procedure involving microsurgery in anesthetized adult rats under a dissecting microscope. The use of a tracking dye is described to facilitate the monitoring of injection fidelity in real time. Illustrations of successful and failed injections are provided. If carried out properly, direct vagus nerve injections can be conducted in a safe manner that is well-tolerated by the rat without post-delivery complications. For example, once the surgeons were trained in this method, six out of six rats were successfully injected without any complications. This method of direct nerve injection for preclinical rat studies is capable of delivering agents (including but not limited to gene therapy) to peripheral nerves.

Introduction

The application of the correct method of drug administration is one of the critical factors in achieving successful therapeutic results. Despite the abundance of methods for therapeutic agent delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), only a few methods are reported for peripheral nervous system (PNS) delivery by direct nerve injection. Direct nerve injection, such as injection into the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in rats, has been tried in preclinical studies for better understanding of pain mechanisms, drug toxicity, gene transfer^1,2,3, and general method development

Protocol

The following protocol is conducted in accordance with institutional ethics guidelines and approval from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

1. Housing preparation

NOTE: This protocol is for adult rats aged at least 2 months. Smaller animals (including mice and younger rats) are possible but are not recommended and will be considerably more difficult.

1. Provide moist chow or any other soft food (veterinary recovery gel) for 48 h prior to vagus nerve surgery. As animals may face difficulty eating after the procedure, introduce these items to the animals before surger....

Results

Six adult rats (3 males and 3 females) were used in the present study. Out of six, one rat was injected multiple times to demonstrate a condition of failure injection that shows a diffusion of dye around the injection site Figure 5A. All the other rats showed smooth injection and nerve staining, as shown in Figure 4B and Figure 5B.

Discussion

The method for direct injection into the left vagus nerve can be done safely and without post-surgery complications in rats. Drug delivery to the vagus nerve can be used to target the autonomic nervous system (ANS). This involves certain critical steps that require practice and a moderate to high degree of surgical skill.

This surgical procedure requires balanced general anesthesia in rats. The surgeon aims to finish the surgery within a shorter duration to limit the exposure of anesthetics f.......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1 mL BD Tuberculin Syringe with Detachable 25 G x 5/8". Needle	Becton, Dickinson and Company	SKU:309626	Used to connect with curved needle to pull the vagus nerve and hold it at the time of injection.
0.5% Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection	Hospira	NDC 0409-1162-19	Local anesthetics used to anesthetize local tissue.
100 mL 0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation USP	Stericare Solutions	Item #6240	Normal saline, used to rehydrate rat and tissue.
20 Blunt, Retractor Tips, 7.5 mm	Kent Scientific Corporation	Surgi 5018	Used to pull apart and hold tissues at the time of surgery.
3 mL BD-Luer-Lok Syringe, Sterile, Single Use	Becton, Dickinson and Company	SKU # 309657	Used to inject saline in rat and fill the saline into the Polythene tubing.
AK-Fluor10%	Akorn	NDC 17478-253-10	Fluorescein dye visible within the nerve. Used to track injection fidelity.
Animal Weighing Scale	Kent Scientific Corporation	SCL 4000	Used to measure body weight of rat.
Ansell ENCORE Perry Style 42 PF Surgical Gloves	Ansell	ASTM D3577	Sterilie glove, it is used at the time of surgery by a surgeon.
Artificial Tears Ointment 3.5g	Pivetal	NDC 46066-753-55	Used in eyses to prevent excessive dryness of eyes.
Baby-Myxter Hemostat	Fine Science Tools	13013-14	Used to stop bleeding in case of emergency. Also used to bend the 25 G x 5/8" in needle.
BD Intramedic PE Tubing	Becton, Dickinson and Company	14-170-12A	Used in the injection set up system to connect with Hamilton needle and NanoFil Needles. It also holds the injection mixture.
BD Precison Glide Needle, 25 G x 5/8"	Becton, Dickinson and Company	REF#305122	Used to inject saline in rat, and to make a curved needle.
BD Precison Glide Needle, 27 G x ½"	Becton, Dickinson and Company	REF#301629	Used to fill sterile saline into the BD Intradermic tubing.
Benchmark Accuris ”NextPette” Variable Volume Pipette Micro Starter Setincludes 4 pipettes: 10/20/200/1000 μL, plus stand	MilliporeSigma	BMSP7700S1	Used to pippette sterile solution.
Betadine, Povidine Iodine 10%	Honestmed	67618015017	Used to disinfect the surgical area.
Carprofen Injectable solution 50 mg/mL	Supplied by Covtrus (6451506845)	SKU 591149	In our case, we used diluted carprofen at the dose rate of 5 mg/kg provided by the Animal Resource Center of University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
Curved needle (custom made)	Becton, Dickinson and Company	REF#305122	BD PrecisionGlide 25 G x 5/8" in needle is curved to 90 degrees with the help of a hemostat. The tip of the needle is made blunt. It needs to be sterilized before use. It is used to hook the vagus nerve and hold it at the time of separation and injection.
Dissecting microscope	Motic	SMZ-171-BLED (Binocular with Lights)	Used to magnify the crifical anatomical area at the time of vagus nerve separation, injeciton, and to check injection leakage.
Drape sheet	Dynarex	Reorder#8122	Used as drape after sterilization.
Dukal Cotton Tip Applicators, Non-Sterile	Dukal	Item 9003	Used to blunt separation of tissue, needs to sterilize before use.
Dumont #7 - Fine Forceps	Fine Science Tools	11274-20	Used to separate the left vagus nerve from common carotid artery. It is curved so easy to use.
Ethicon PDS II Undyed Monofilament Suture - SUTURE, 4/0 18 PDS II CLR MONO PS	Ethicon	VA - Z682G	Used in suturing the wound.
Ethilon Nylon Suture Black Monofilament	Ethicon	1856G	Used in suturing the wound if non-absorbale suture is used. Also used to hook the rat tooth to fix nose inside the nose cone.
Fine Forceps - Mirror Finish	Fine Science Tools	11412-11	Used at the time of vagus nerve separation from the common carotid artery. This is straight.
Fine Scissors - Sharp	Fine Science Tools	14060-09	Ued to cut tissue.
Hamilton cleaning solution	Hamilton	HT18311	Used to clean the Hamilton after use.
Hamilton Needle, 27G, Small Hub RN Needle, 2”, PT3, 6/PK	Hamilton	7762-01	Used to connect BD Intramedic™ PE Tubing.
Hamilton Syringe , 710RN	Hamilton	7638-01	Used to hold drug at the time of vagus nerve injection.
Insulin Syringe	EXEL INT, Comfort point	REF 26027	Used to inject carprofen and local anesthetics.
Lidocaine 2% Injection	Covetrus	Reorder#002468	Used to mix with Bupivacaine and inject at the site of incision.
Luxol Fast Blue MBSN	Acros Organics	212170250	Dye visible within the nerve, used to mix with drug so that injection mixture is visible.
Micro Bead Sterilizer with Glass Beads	Fine Science Tools	Item No. 18090-46	Used to sterilize surgical tools in between the rat surgery.
NanoFil Needles-NF35BV-2	World Precision Instrument	NC9708956	Used to inject drug - dye mixture inside the vagus nerve.
Olsen-Hegar Needle Holders with Suture Cutters	Fine Science Tools	12002-12	Used in wound suturing.
Parafilm M Laboratory Wrapping Film, 4 Inches x 125 Feet, 1 Roll per Box, 12 Count	Honestmed	PM#996	Used to hold the aliquoted 5 uL of drug-dye mixture so that loading of drug-dye mixture into the BDTM intradermic tubing is accurate.
PDI Alcohol Prep Pads	Honestmed	NDC 10819-3914-2	Used to disinfect the surgical area.
Premium Care Sterile Type VII Gauze Sponges, 8-Ply, 2" x 2"	Dukal	Item C5119	Used as cushon under the neck of rat at the time of surgery.
Press’n Seal Cling Film	Glad		Used to cover a rat at the time of surgery like a drape.
Rat Retractor Set	Kent Scientific Corporation	Surgi 5002	Used to keep the incision open so that it is easy to separate the vagus nerve from the carotid artery.
RightTemp Jr.	Kent Scientific Corporation		20.3 cm W x 25.4 cm L (8 in W x 10 in L), used to keep rat warm.
S&T Forceps - SuperGrip Tips	Fine Science Tools	00632-11	Used at the time of suturing to hold tissue without damage.
S&T Suture Tying Forceps	Fine Science Tools	00272-13	Used to tight the suture.
Scalpel blade #15	Fine Science Tools	10015-00	Used to make an incision in the skin at the ventral side of neck.
Scalpel Handle-#7	Fine Science Tools	10007-12	Used to hold the scalpel blade.
Syringe Pump	KD Scientific	78-81-8052GL	Serial #D107034, Model#LEGATO-180, is a programmable pump that can pump small volume of mixture under a program.
TipOne Filter Tip Refill Starter Systems	USA Scientific	Item #1120-3510	Used to pipette the drug and dye mixture.
Vaporizer for Isoflurane, Funnel Filled	Kent Scientific Corporation	Vetflow 1231	Used to anesthetize rats.
Vetbond Tissue Adhesives	3M Science Applied to Life	ID B00016067	Used to seal tissue at the site of cut wound if suturing is not perfect.
Wahl BravMini+ Professional Cordless Clipper Kit	Kent Scientific Corporation	CL7300-Kit	Used to cut hair of rat.